Synchronization Rate Research Articles

Upgrade of the synchronous data management system of the EAST poloidal field power supply

Poloidal field (PF) power supply is an important subsystem of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The upgrade of the PF control system of EAST is a great improvement over the original data management system which could not meet the requirements necessary for experiments on synchronization, modularity and sampling rate. In order to better analyze the power operation performance, the Synchronization Data Management System (SDMS) needs to be upgraded as well. This upgrade is based on distributed data acquisition and an MDSPLUS database. It consists of three data acquisition nodes synchronized by an reference clock from the EAST central timing system that also provides the start trigger of the EAST pulse. After being processed by a signal conditioning unit, experimental signals are digitized and written into the database in MDSPLUS format. Multi-channel, multi-tasking and continuous data storage have been achieved by using multi-threading technology on a Linux operation system. The SDMS has been used on the server in PF control system for the entire 2015 EAST campaign. The SDMS has had good performance during experiments and convenient human-machine interface to satisfy the requirements of all the experiments.

<italic>In-Situ</italic> Requirements Monitoring of Embedded Systems

We present a requirements-driven methodology enabling efficient runtime monitoring of embedded systems. The proposed approach extracts a runtime monitoring graph from system requirements specified using unified modeling language sequence diagrams with timing annotations. Nonintrusive, in-situ, on-chip hardware dynamically monitors the system execution, matches the specified requirements, and provides detailed information that can be analyzed in the event of a system failure. We present a case study using an autonomous vehicle subsystem demonstrating that the approach can achieve 100% detection rate of common failure types, including timing, dependency, synchronization, and sensor failures. We further analyze the relationship between coverage of system events, detection rates, and hardware requirements.

Effects of high energy feeding on estrus synchronization and conception rate of Black Bengal goats under semi-intensive system

The research was conducted to study the estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in Black Bengal goats under two feeding regimes in semi-intensive system. For estrus synchronization, the palpation of udder of does and the buck effect were studied. It was observed that the palpation method showed higher estrus rate than the buck effect. Goats were artificially inseminated by using vaginal speculum and locally developed inseminating device and it was found that about 50% goats conceived. The conception rate of artificial insemination was lower than the natural mating for both groups. It was observed that both, palpation and buck effect methods were lower than the hormonal method for estrus behaviour. However, palpation and buck effect methods are mainly managemental and are less costly than the hormonal method.

Effect of manipulating progesterone before timed artificial insemination on reproductive and endocrine parameters in seasonal-calving, pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows

Fertility to timed AI (TAI) is profoundly affected by progesterone (P4) levels during hormonal synchronization protocols. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows managed in a seasonal-calving, pasture-based production system were randomly assigned to 2 treatments to manipulate P4 before TAI during growth of the preovulatory follicle. Cows in the first treatment (High P4; n=30) were submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol {Pre-Ovsynch [GnRH; 7 d, PGF2α; 3 d, GnRH] followed 7 d later by Breeding-Ovsynch [GnRH (G1); 7 d PGF2α; 24 h, PGF2α; 32 h, GnRH (G2); 16 h, TAI]}. Cows in the second treatment (n=30; Low P4) received the same Double-Ovsynch protocol but with an additional PGF2α treatment 24 h after G1. Overall, synchronization rate did not differ between treatments and was 92% (55/60). Unexpectedly, 37% of Low P4 cows were detected in estrus ~24 h before scheduled TAI and were inseminated ~16 h before scheduled TAI. Overall, P4 did not differ between treatments at G1, whereas High P4 cows had greater P4 concentrations at PGF2α and G2 than Low P4 cows. High P4 cows had the smallest mean follicle diameter at G2, whereas Low P4 cows with no estrus before TAI had intermediate mean follicle diameter at G2, and Low P4 cows with estrus before TAI had the largest mean follicle diameter. Low P4 cows with estrus before TAI had larger corpora lutea 15 d after TAI than Low P4 cows without estrus before TAI or High P4 cows. In accordance with corpus luteum size on d 15, High P4 cows and Low P4 cows without estrus before TAI had lower P4 from 4 to 46 d after TAI than Low P4 cows with estrus before TAI. Relative mRNA levels of the interferon-stimulated genes ISG15, MX1, MX2, and OAS1 were greater for Low P4 than for High P4 cows, whereas relative mRNA levels of RTP4 were greater for High P4 than for Low P4 cows 18 d after TAI. Treatment did not affect plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein concentrations after TAI; however, pregnancy-associated glycoprotein concentrations were affected by pregnancy status and parity. Treatment did not affect pregnancy per artificial insemination at 29, 39, or 60 d after TAI, and no pregnancy losses were observed from 39 to 60 d after TAI. We concluded that (1) Low P4 cows were more likely to express estrus than High P4 cows; (2) the subpopulation of Low P4 cows that expressed estrus had larger preovulatory follicles and greater P4 concentrations after TAI; and (3) regardless of estrus before TAI, all Low P4 cows had greater mRNA expression for 5 of 6 interferon-stimulated genes than High P4 cows 18 d after TAI.

Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging and contralateral breast cancer occurrence among older women with ductal carcinoma in situ.

Although preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect mammographically occult contralateral breast cancers (CBCs) among women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the impact of MRI on the incidence of subsequent CBC events is unclear. We examined whether MRI use decreases CBC occurrences and detection of invasive disease among women who develop a CBC. Utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare dataset, we assessed overall, synchronous (<6months after primary cancer diagnosis), and subsequent (≥6months after diagnosis, i.e., metachronous) CBC occurrence in women aged 67-94years diagnosed with DCIS during 2004-2009, with follow-up through 2011. We applied a matched propensity score approach to compare the stage-specific incidence rate of CBC according to MRI use. Our sample consisted of 9166 beneficiaries, 1258 (13.7%) of whom received preoperative MRI. After propensity score matching, preoperative MRI use was significantly associated with a higher synchronous CBC detection rate (108.6 vs. 29.7 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio [HR]=3.65; p<.001) with no significant differences in subsequent CBC rate (6.7 vs. 6.8 per 1000 person-years; HR=0.90; p=.71). The 6-year cumulative incidence of any CBC (in situ plus invasive) remained significantly higher among women undergoing MRI, compared with those not undergoing MRI (9 vs. 4%, p<.001). Women undergoing MRI also had a higher incidence of invasive CBC (4 vs. 3%, p=.04). MRI use resulted in an increased detection of synchronous CBC but did not prevent subsequent CBC occurrence, suggesting that many of the undetected CBC lesions may not become clinically evident.

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior.

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With designs governed by the dynamic performance under human-induced loads, a strong demand exists for the verification and refinement of currently available load models. The present contribution uses a 3D inertial motion tracking technique for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior. The technique is first tested in laboratory experiments with simultaneous registration of the corresponding ground reaction forces. The experiments include walking persons as well as rhythmical human activities such as jumping and bobbing. It is shown that the registered motion allows for the identification of the time variant pacing rate of the activity. Together with the weight of the person and the application of generalized force models available in literature, the identified time-variant pacing rate allows to characterize the human-induced loads. In addition, time synchronization among the wireless motion trackers allows identifying the synchronization rate among the participants. Subsequently, the technique is used on a real footbridge where both the motion of the persons and the induced structural vibrations are registered. It is shown how the characterized in-field pedestrian behavior can be applied to simulate the induced structural response. It is demonstrated that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads. The main potential applications of the proposed methodology are the estimation of human-structure interaction phenomena and the development of suitable models for the correlation among pedestrians in real traffic conditions.

A novel multiple-channels scheduling algorithm based on timeslot optimization in the advanced orbiting systems

Multiple-channels data from satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles images have gained much attention. An advanced approach used in the advanced orbiting systems is to divide the space channels into multiple-channels, called virtual channels (VC), which are scheduled according to a special mechanism achieved through the feature learning of on-satellite models. Considering that the performance of the existing multiple-channels scheduling algorithm is not good enough and the buffer size is rarely considered, a novel multiple-channels scheduling algorithm based on timeslot optimization is presented and its performance under the finite buffer size is also studied. Firstly, an optimized timeslot assignment method is designed based on both the ratio of synchronous frames arrival rate to asynchronous frames arrival rate and the allowable maximum time delay of synchronous VC frames. Secondly, the periodical polling scheduling strategy is adopted to schedule the synchronous VCs at the synchronous timeslots. If there are no corresponding synchronous VC frames in a synchronous timeslot, another synchronous or asynchronous frame will be selected and scheduled according to the scheduling mechanism. Thirdly, a dynamic scheduling strategy based on the transmission urgency of VC is adopted to schedule the asynchronous VCs at the asynchronous timeslots. The research results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is much better than that of the other scheduling algorithms in terms of the time delay and channel utilization rate. The proposed multiple-channels scheduling algorithm for the finite buffer size is extensively studied and the upper bound of rate of frame-lost timeslots of each asynchronous VC is concluded.

DNS of a turbulent flow past two fully resolved aligned spherical particles

Direct numerical simulation with fully resolved immersed boundary method is employed to study a turbulent flow past two aligned spherical particles with different distances. A homogeneous isotropic turbulence field is generated as the inflow boundary condition and is kept developing throughout the simulation to avoid periodicity. The particle radius is about 4.7–7.9 times the Kolmogorov length and the turbulent intensities are about 12.9%, 24% and 36%. Validation is made comparing with former researchers and the distance effect is studied by comparing the hydrodynamic forces, particle induced extra dissipation, turbulent kinetic energy, and the synchronous rate of the cross-stream forces. It is shown that, under a mean flow with turbulent intensities, with enlarging the particle distances, the wake shedding behind the upstream particle is longer; the magnitudes of the stream-wise hydrodynamic forces exerted on both particles are higher. Increased turbulent intensity of the inlet condition or increased particle Reynolds number contributes to the particle induced kinetic energy and the increase of Reynolds number diminishes the difference on the particle boundary at its lateral sides. The monotonic decrease of synchronous rate of the cross-stream forces is observed with increasing particle distances when Rep=80, while it fails under higher Reynolds number.

A 2.4-GHz ISM RF and UWB hybrid RFID real-time locating system for industrial enterprise Internet of Things

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a 2.4-GHz radio frequency (RF) and ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) hybrid real-time locating system (RTLS) for industrial enterprise Internet of Things (IoT). It employs asymmetric wireless link, that is, UWB radio is utilised for accurate positioning up to 10 cm in critical sites, whereas 2.4-GHz RF is used for tag control and coarse positioning in non-critical sites. The specified communication protocol and the adaptive tag synchronisation rate ensure reliable and deterministic access with a scalable system capacity and avoid unpredictable latency and additional energy consumption of retransmissions due to collisions. The tag, consisting of a commercial 2.4-GHz transceiver and a customised application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) UWB transmitter (Tx), is able to achieve up to 3 years’ battery life at 1600 tags per position update second with 1000 mAh battery in one cluster. The time difference of arrival (TDoA)–based positioning experiment at UWB radio is performed on the designed software-defined radio (SDR) platform.

Gradual Symbol Rate Switching for Synchronous Operation of Flexible Optical Transceivers

We propose and experimentally validate a novel synchronous symbol rate switching method for digitally shaped optical signals, based on synchronized transmit- and receive-side interpolators. We show that a gradually performed rate adjustment in small discrete steps allows the dynamic equalizer at the receiver to successfully track signal changes. The proposed technique may be exploited, e.g., to reduce power consumption during night-time. Furthermore, the released spectrum may be used to accommodate other short-living opportunistic demands, such as in data center traffic.

Novel Switching Jumps Dependent Exponential Synchronization Criteria for Memristor-Based Neural Networks

This paper investigates the problem of global exponential synchronization for memristor-based neural networks with delay. Based on the nonsmooth analysis and differential inclusion theory, a new analytic technique is employed to design a discontinuous state feedback controller, which ensures the memristor-based drive system exponential synchronize with the response system. The succinct synchronization conditions is closely relate to the switching jumps. The estimated rate of the exponential synchronization can be obtained by solving a sample algebra equation. Simulation results are given to show the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed methods.

A Turbo-Like Transceiver for Imperfect Orthogonal Access in UWB-IR Systems

The development of wireless personal area networks is one of the key challenges in the new frontier of communications. The standardization activities of the IEEE802.15.6 and IEEE802.15.4f workgroups along with the proposed 368-369 ECMA specifications open new roads to optimize performance in ultrawideband (UWB) communication links and services. In this perspective, new communications require high reliability, high throughput for multimedia content delivery, very low latency, and bit error rates are required. In this regard, this contribution deals with a turbo-like mechanism that, starting from an interference acquisition phase, proceeds with data-aided channel estimation and synchronization to data detection of ultrawideband impulse-radio (UWB-IR) terminals operating over broadband channels affected by multipath fading and in the presence of imperfect orthogonal access. The performance of the proposed transceiver has been evaluated in terms of both required number of pilot symbols for the channel estimation/data synchronization and bit error rate resulting from the channel estimation and interference analysis. Moreover, the performance related to system efficiency (i.e., data transmitted with respect to the whole information needed for estimation purposes) is evaluated by showing the balance between achieved transmission rate and bit error rate. Numerical comparisons have been performed as well as tests on real data and partial implementation of the proposed scheme.

New conditions on synchronization of memristor-based neural networks via differential inclusions

In this paper, a general framework named Filippov-framework and some new analytic techniques are presented for dealing with the exponential synchronization of memristor-based neural network system with time-varying delay. Several new sufficient conditions are established to guarantee two different types of exponential synchronization of the coupled networks based on master–slave (drive-response) concept and discontinuous state-feedback controller. In addition, we also provide an estimation of the exponential synchronization rate which depends on the time delay and system parameters. These conditions are good improvement and extension of the existing works on synchronization control of memristive or switching networks. Finally, the validity of our method and theoretical results is demonstrated by concrete examples with numerical simulations.

Different progestagen treatment duration on estrous synchronization during the natural breeding season in non-lactating Anatolian black goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of four progestagen treatments on estrous synchronization and pregnancy rate in non-lactating Anatolian black goats during the natural breeding season. All does were divided into four groups according to progestagen treatment duration using intravaginal sponges (60 mg MAP): group 1, 13 days (n = 23), group 2, 11 days (n = 25), group 3, 9 days (n = 25) and group 4, 6 days (n = 25). In addition, 24 h before sponges removal, each doe was injected with 0.075 mg of cloprostenol (PGF2α) and 500 IU eCG. The goats within the same group were naturally mated at fixed time 40 h following progestagen removal, using the same breed fertile bucks (1:5 mating ratio). The total estrous response for the first 12 h, total estrous response within 60 h, time to onset of the induced estrus, duration of the induced estrus and pregnancy rate were 3.0, 96.9%, 26.5 ± 0.7 h, 22.6 ± 0.8 h and 92.0%, respectively. In terms of the onset of induced estrus there were significant differences between group 1 and groups 3 and 4 and between group 2 and group 3 (P < 0.05). The protocols used were equally efficient in synchronizing and inducing estrus in non-lactating Anatolian black does during the natural breeding season. Conclude on pregnancy rate. In addition, pregnancy rates were similar results.

Bearings-Only Tracking of Manoeuvring Targets Using Multiple Model Variable Rate Particle Filter with Differential Evolution

In standard target tracking, algorithms assume synchronous and identical sampling rate for measurement and state processes. Contrary to these methods particle filter is proposed with variable rate. These filters use a restricted number of states, and a Gamma distribution is applied at state arrival time so that the maneuvering targets could be tracked. Although this structure is capable of tracking a wide range of targets motion features using linear, curvilinear motion dynamics, it suffers from a basic weak point. It cannot estimate the position of targets in high maneuvering regions. Thus, multiple model variable rate particle filter (MM-VRPF) is utilized to overcome this shortage using various dynamic models. A weak point of a particle filter is a phenomenon called degeneracy that even exists in MM-VRPF structure. In this study, differential evolution method, is exploited to improve the mentioned method and a novel structure called multiple model variable rate particle filter with differential evolution (MM-VRPF with DE) is introduced. The simulation results of a bearing only tracking achieved from a maneuvering target, revealed that the proposed structure has better performance while it maintains advantages of variable rate structure.

Comparative efficacy of G6G and Ovsynch protocols on synchronization and pregnancy rate in Nili–Ravi buffalo

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of G6G and Ovsynch protocols on synchronization and pregnancy rate in Nili–Ravi buffalo. For this, a total of fifty buffalo were assigned into two treatment groups: (1) G6G (n=25) and (2) Ovsynch (n=25). The blood samples were collected from all the treated buffalo on day (D) 7 (PGF2α injection of Ovsynch) to measure the progesterone (P4). All the buffalo were fixed time inseminated (FTAI) following last GnRH of Ovsynch. Ultrasonography was performed for follicular, corpus luteum (CL) dynamics and pregnancy diagnosis. The results revealed that synchronization rate and response to final PGF2α were significantly (P<0.05) higher in G6G compared to Ovsynch. The ovulation to first GnRH of Ovsynch was higher (P<0.05) in G6G (84%) than Ovsynch (56%). The mean dominant follicle size following last GnRH of Ovsynch showed significantly larger diameter in G6G (11.7±0.2mm) compared to Ovsynch (10.9±0.2mm). Moreover, the higher (P<0.05) P4 concentration was observed in G6G than Ovsynch. The presence of double CL on D 7 was higher (P<0.05) in G6G (64%) than Ovsynch (24%) group. The pregnancy rate (P=0.08) tended to be greater in G6G compared to Ovsynch. In conclusion, G6G treatment showed better ovulatory and luteolytic response to first GnRH and PGF2α compared to Ovsynch treatment. Moreover, the addition of GnRH and PGF2α prior to Ovsynch is helpful to improve synchronization application of Ovsynch protocol in Nili–Ravi buffalo.

Preoperative Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Contralateral Breast Cancer Occurrence Among Older Women With Breast Cancer.

Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects occult contralateral breast cancers (CBCs) in women with breast cancer, but the impact of detection on long-term CBC events is unclear. We examined whether MRI use decreases the occurrence of CBCs and the detection of stages II to IV disease among women who develop a CBC. Analyzing the SEER-Medicare database, we assessed overall, synchronous (< 6 months after primary cancer diagnosis), and subsequent (ie, metachronous) stage-specific CBC occurrences in women who were diagnosed with stages I and II breast cancer during 2004-2009 and who were observed through 2011. Among 38,971 women with breast cancer, 6,377 (16.4%) received preoperative MRI. After propensity score matching, and compared with women who did not undergo MRI, preoperative MRI use was significantly associated with a higher synchronous CBC detection rate (126.4 v 42.9 per 1,000 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio, 2.85; P < .001) but a lower subsequent CBC detection rate (3.3 v 4.5 per 1,000 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.68; P = .002). However, the 5-year cumulative incidence of CBC remained significantly higher among women undergoing MRI compared with those not undergoing MRI (7.2% v 4.0%, respectively; P < .001). The analyses of projected CBC events for 10,000 patients who receive MRI indicated that, after a 5-year follow-up, MRI use would detect an additional 192 in situ CBCs (95% CI, 125 to 279) and 120 stage I CBCs (95% CI, 62 to 193) but would not have a significant impact on stages II to IV CBC occurrences (∼ 6; 95% CI, -21 to 47). An increased synchronous CBC detection rate, attributable to MRI, was not offset by a decrease of subsequent CBC occurrence among older women with early-stage breast cancer, suggesting that preoperative MRI in women with breast cancer may lead to overdiagnosis.

Manipulation of progesterone to increase ovulatory response to the first GnRH treatment of an Ovsynch protocol in lactating dairy cows receiving first timed artificial insemination

Ovulation to the first GnRH (G1) treatment of the Ovsynch protocol improves synchronization rate and pregnancies per AI (P/AI). Elevated progesterone (P4) concentrations at G1 decrease the ovulatory response by decreasing the magnitude of the GnRH-induced LH surge. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect of temporarily decreasing P4 concentrations before initiation of an Ovsynch protocol on ovulatory response to G1 and P/AI. Lactating Holstein cows (n=800) at 53±3 (herd A) or 51±3 (herd B) d in milk (DIM) were synchronized using a modified Double-Ovsynch protocol [pre-Ovsynch protocol (d 0, GnRH; d 7, PGF2α; d 10, GnRH) followed 7 d later by an Ovsynch-56 protocol (d 0, G1; d 7, PGF2α; d 8, PGF2α; d 9.5, GnRH)] to receive first timed artificial insemination (TAI; 80±3 DIM) 16h after the last GnRH treatment. Cows were randomly assigned to receive 12.5mg of PGF2α (a half-dose of dinoprost tromethamine) 2 d before G1 (low-P4) or serve as untreated controls (high-P4). Overall, high-P4 cows had greater P4 concentrations at G1 compared with low-P4 cows (3.0 vs. 1.3ng/mL, respectively). Ovulatory response to G1 was greater for low-P4 than high-P4 cows [81.1 vs. 60.3%, respectively]. Premature luteal regression during the second Ovsynch protocol did not differ between treatments [15.0% vs. 10.7%; for low-P4 vs. high-P4 cows, respectively]. Overall, P/AI did not differ between treatments 32 d after TAI [56.3 vs. 52.9%, for low-P4 vs. high-P4 cows, respectively] or 67 d after AI [50.5 vs. 47.6%, for low-P4 vs. high-P4 cows, respectively]. Pregnancy loss from 32 to 67 d after TAI did not differ between treatments [9.9 vs. 9.3%, for low-P4 vs. high-P4 cows, respectively]. Overall, cows that ovulated to G1 had more P/AI than cows that did not ovulate [58.2 vs. 41.8%, respectively]. The increase in P/AI for cows that ovulated to G1 (16.4%) combined with the observed increase in ovulation to G1 due to treatment (20.8%; low-P4 – high-P4) resulted in the expected numerical increase in P/AI of 3.4% in low-P4 versus high-P4 cows observed in this experiment. We conclude that administration of a half-dose of PGF2α 2 d before G1 during a Double-Ovsynch protocol decreased P4 at G1 and increased ovulatory response to G1.

Synchronization in Moving Pulse-Coupled Oscillator Networks

This paper presents the synchronization of a population of identical moving pulse-coupled oscillators (MPCOs) that are confined to move in a plane with mutual interactions, which are controlled by some pre-determined state threshold values and only take effect inside some known communication radii. The states are allowed to evolve in a nonlinear and periodical manner in accordance with a smooth, monotonically increasing and concave down function. Sufficient conditions are established for synchronization and the general effects of system parameters on the synchronization rate are further probed into. It is found that increasing signal strength causes the synchronization rate to initially decrease, then remain almost constant, then increase again until it finally decreases. Furthermore, with increasing speed modulus the synchronization rate initially decreases then increases. The synchronization rate, however, decreases with an increasing communication radius. Finally, as a real-world application, the proposed model is used to synchronize the different clocks in an ultra-wide bandwidth wireless ad hoc network.

Periodic synchronization in delayed memristive neural networks based on Filippov systems

In this paper, we consider the possibility to implement the periodic synchronization control of memristive neural networks with time-varying delay. On the one hand, we apply a new method based on Kakutani׳s fixed point theorem of set-valued maps to obtain the existence of periodic solutions for memristive neural networks. On the other hand, by designing novel discontinuous state-feedback controller and introducing some new analytic techniques, the drive–response structure of memristor-based neural networks with periodic coefficients can realize the p-type exponential complete synchronization. Moreover, the estimated rate of exponential synchronization depends on the time delay and system parameters. The analysis in this paper is performed via functional differential inclusions following the Filippov theory. Finally, the proposed design method and theoretical results are verified by numerical example with MATLAB programming.