Symptoms Of Burning Research Articles

Oral Compared With Local Antifungal Treatment of Yeast Infection

INTRODUCTION: To measure and compare the time of onset of symptomatic relief (the relief of vulvovaginal itching, burning, or irritation) in women with vaginal yeast infections who had either used a local vaginal antifungal preparation or systemic oral antifungal. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-parallel group study. Participants presenting with symptoms of vulvovaginal itching, burning, or irritation, who were diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis by positive 10% potassium hydroxide wet preparation, were treated with either local vaginal antifungal preparation (1,200 mg miconazole nitrate ovule insert and 2% miconazole nitrate external vulvar cream) or systemic oral antifungal (150 mg fluconazole). First recorded time of symptom relief was summarized both separately by itching, burning, or irritation and for all symptoms combined based on change in total symptom scores. RESULTS: The median time to initial relief of symptoms of itching, burning, and irritation for the local vaginal antifungal preparation compared with systemic oral antifungal treatment group was 1.0 hours compared with 4.0 hours for individual symptoms and 4.0 hours compared with 16.0 hours for all the symptoms combined, respectively. For overall symptom relief, statistical significance was achieved between treatment groups for the time points 20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 1, 2, and 4 hours with P values <.004, <.017, <.002, <.007, and <.032, respectively. Greater than 72 hours postdose were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The local vaginal antifungal preparation system provided faster median times for initial relief of the vulvovaginal candidiasis symptoms of itching, burning, and irritation individually and for all symptoms combined than the systemic oral antifungal approach.

Oral medicine and the ageing population.

The oral cavity is subject to age related processes such as cellular ageing and immunosenescence. The ageing population bears an increased burden of intraoral pathology. In oral medicine, the majority of presenting patients are in their fifth to seventh decade of life. In this review, we discuss the ageing population's susceptibility to mucosal disorders and the increased prevalence of potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma, as well as dermatoses including oral lichen planus and immunobullous conditions. We also address the ageing population's susceptibility to oral discomfort and explore salivary secretion, ulceration and the symptoms of oral burning. Finally, we will describe orofacial pain conditions which are more likely encountered in an older population. This update highlights clinical presentations which are more likely to be encountered in the ageing population in a general practice setting and the importance of screening both new and long-term patients.

Dyspepsia.

Dyspepsia refers to symptoms of epigastric pain, burning, postprandial fullness or early satiety, sometimes with heartburn.1 The most common endoscopic findings for new cases are reflux esophagitis (40%), and gastric and duodenal ulcers (10%).2 Alarm symptoms ([Box 1][1])3 should prompt referral for

Burning mouth syndrome: An update

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by an oral burning sensation in the absence of any organic disorders of the oral cavity. Although the cause of BMS is not known, a complex association of biological and psychological factors has been identified, suggesting the existence of a multifactorial etiology. It is observed principally in middle-aged patients and postmenopausal women and is characterized by an intense burning type of pain, preferably on the tongue and in other areas of the oral mucosa. As the symptom of oral burning is seen in various pathological conditions, it is essential for a clinician to be aware of how to differentiate between symptom of oral burning and BMS. This article provides an overview of the literature on this syndrome with special reference to the etiological factors, clinical aspects, diagnostic criteria that should be followed and the therapeutic management with reference to the most recent studies.

Acupuncture in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome

The burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic orofacial disease characterized by symptoms of burning or burning in the oral mucosa without being able to detect lesions or clinical change. Its etiology is multifactorial and affects mainly women in the postmenopausal periods. Treatment should be multi-disciplinary, but the complexity of the etiology knowledge hinders the establishment of the most appropriate treatment. Therefore, this study evaluated the use of acupuncture in the treatment of BMS. Through literature review, it can be noticed that the union of the concepts with the teachings of traditional Chinese medicine can provide a new perspective for the treatment of pain/oral burning as acupuncture treats the individual as a whole, in an attempt to restore the balance between the organs. Thus, various pharmacological effects can be achieved, such as analgesic, muscle relaxing, sedative, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, repair stimulating, and immunity promoter, which might have a great efficacy in the treatment of BMS.

An Encapsulated Delusion of Photosensitivity

Background: Most dermatologic and psychiatric providers are familiar with the entity of delusional infestation (DI). DI involves the fixed, false belief that one is infested with animate or inanimate matter and is associated with abnormal cutaneous symptoms such as biting or crawling, in the absence of any objective evidence. Although DI is more commonly encountered and discussed in the psychodermatology literature, other types of less well-known encapsulated delusions occur. Patients may present with an isolated belief that they emit a foul odor, known as delusion of bromosis or that they have irregular, ugly or deformed body parts with delusion of dysmorphophobia. These types of delusions are currently classified as delusional disorder, somatic type within the most recent DSM-V. Case: Herein, we report an unusual case of a middle-aged woman who presented to our outpatient psychodermatology clinic with a fixed, false belief that she had persistent and severe sensitivity to light. She had been evaluated by multiple providers for potential medical and dermatologic conditions that could account for her cutaneous symptoms of severe burning that were associated with thirst, subjective fever and self-reported elevations in blood pressure while in sunlight. All laboratory examinations, photo patch testing and skin exams were unremarkable. The patient pursued self-treatment with beta-carotene in surplus amounts, as a natural supplement to help decrease photosensitivity and photodamage that resulted in carotenemia and carotenosis of the skin. Based on current diagnostic criteria, she was diagnosed with delusional disorder, somatic type and treated with pimozide. Conclusion: This case description aims to increase familiarity of providers, especially dermatologists to atypical presentations of somatic delusional disorders they may encounter in order to provide further guidance of treatment and approach to such cases.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society.

The terminology for the genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause was vulvovaginal atrophy, which does not accurately describe the symptoms nor is a term that resonates well with patients. In 2012, the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH) and the Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) acknowledged the need to review current terminology associated with genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause. The two societies cosponsored a terminology consensus conference, which was held in May 2013. The development of a new terminology that more accurately described the genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause. Members of the consensus conference agreed that the term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a medically more accurate, all-encompassing, and publicly acceptable term than vulvovaginal atrophy. GSM is defined as a collection of symptoms and signs associated with a decrease in estrogen and other sex steroids involving changes to the labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule/introitus, vagina, urethra, and bladder. The syndrome may include but is not limited to genital symptoms of dryness, burning, and irritation; sexual symptoms of lack of lubrication, discomfort or pain, and impaired function; and urinary symptoms of urgency, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Women may present with some or all of the signs and symptoms, which must be bothersome and should not be better accounted for by another diagnosis. The term GSM was presented and discussed at the annual meeting of each society. The respective Boards of NAMS and ISSWSH formally endorsed the new terminology--genitourinary syndrome of menopause--in 2014.

CIDP variants in diabetes: measuring treatment response with a small nerve fiber test

IntroductionChronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is eleven times more common among people with diabetes than the general population and is treatable with appropriate immunotherapy. Treatment response is usually measured clinically (symptomatic and functional improvement). We present a case of a patient with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CIDP whose treatment response was measurable with the Sudoscan sudomotor function test. This test may represent a new objective evaluation of the treatment of CIDP. Case DescriptionThe patient is a 60year old male initially referred to our center in August 2012, at which time he was diagnosed with CIDP based on AAN electrodiagnostic criteria (NCS). Autonomic functions were significant for low heart rate variability response to expiration/inspiration (E/I), Valsalva maneuver and the ratio of the RR interval for the 30th to the 15th beat upon standing (1.08, 1.12, 1.05 respectively), and frequency analysis of the total spectral power, the standard deviation of the normal RR intervals (sdNN) and their root mean squared (rmsSD). Sudoscan electrochemical skin conductances (ESC), measuring small nerve fiber function on the palms and soles, were very low: 23 μS in the feet and 32 μS in the hands. After one cycle of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG: 6 doses total, 75g each) the patient had no change in symptoms of burning, numbness, shooting pains, and gait impairment. However, E/I, Valsalva, and 30:15 ratios (1.19, 1.36, 1.39 respectively) were improved, as were NCS. Sudoscan scores for feet and hands were unchanged (23 μS and 32 μS). In March 2013, the patient's autonomic functions worsened (E/I, Valsalva, and 30:15 ratios 1.1, 1.07, 1.12 respectively), but feet and hand ESC started to show improvement (35 μS and 52 μS respectively). Azathioprine was started. Eight days after a second cycle of IVIG in January 2014, the patient reported for the first time less burning, shooting pains and tingling. E/I, Valsalva, and 30:15 ratios remained low (1.03, 1.07, and not analyzable, respectively), while foot and hand ESC scores continued to improve (43 μS and 55 μS respectively). DiscussionCIDP diagnosis and treatment response are difficult in the diabetic patient. We found that NCS and autonomic function tests did not correlate well with clinical status while numerical Sudoscan scores matched closely symptomatic changes. ESC have been found to correlate well with peripheral small fiber function and neuropathic symptoms in DPN. The findings in this patient warrant further investigation of the use of Sudoscan to monitor CIDP response to therapy.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: New terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and The North American Menopause Society

BackgroundIn 2012, the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH) and the Board of Trustees of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) acknowledged the need to review current terminology associated with genitourinary tract symptoms related to menopause. MethodsThe 2 societies cosponsored a terminology consensus conference, which was held in May 2013. Results and conclusionMembers of the consensus conference agreed that the term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a medically more accurate, all-encompassing, and publicly acceptable term than vulvovaginal atrophy. GSM is defined as a collection of symptoms and signs associated with a decrease in estrogen and other sex steroids involving changes to the labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule/introitus, vagina, urethra and bladder. The syndrome may include but is not limited to genital symptoms of dryness, burning, and irritation; sexual symptoms of lack of lubrication, discomfort or pain, and impaired function; and urinary symptoms of urgency, dysuria and recurrent urinary tract infections. Women may present with some or all of the signs and symptoms, which must be bothersome and should not be better accounted for by another diagnosis. The term was presented and discussed at the annual meeting of each society. The respective Boards of NAMS and ISSWSH formally endorsed the new terminology—genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)—in 2014.

Benign vulvar tumors

In the last few decades, gynecological visits for vulvar conditions have increased, often for symptoms of vulvar itching and burning. Although benign vulvar tumors are an uncommon condition of the lower genital tract, it is important to consider these tumors in the differential diagnosis of vulvar complaints. To date, there is no accepted classification for benign tumors. However, these tumors can be differentiated by clinical criteria, such as benign cystic and solid tumors. Common benign tumors of the vulva include the Bartholin gland cyst or abscess, epidermoid inclusion cysts, and angiomas. Many benign vulvar tumors are asymptomatic and are found only on self-examination. Depending on the type of lesion, most do not require excisional treatment. It is important for the gynecologist to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions as malignant tumors require proper treatment.

Effects of sea buckthorn oil intake on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

BackgroundVaginal atrophy, the thinning and drying of vaginal mucosa, is associated with menopause. The standard estrogen treatment is not suitable for all women. ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of oral sea buckthorn (SB) oil supplementation on vaginal atrophy. MethodA total of 116 postmenopausal women experiencing symptoms of vaginal dryness, itching or burning were randomized to this placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Ninety-eight participants completed the intervention of three months, during which they consumed 3g of SB or placebo oil daily. At the beginning and end, factors of vaginal health were scored by a gynecologist, vaginal pH and moisture were measured and vaginal health index was calculated. Symptoms of atrophy and menopause were evaluated at study visits and by daily logbooks. Serum samples were collected for the analysis of circulating lipids, liver enzymes and C-reactive protein. ResultsCompared to placebo, there was a significantly better rate of improvement in the integrity of vaginal epithelium in the SB group when both compliant and noncompliant participants were included (odds ratio (OR)=3.1, 95% CI 1.11–8.95). A beneficial trend was observed when only the compliant participants were included (OR=2.9; 95% CI 0.99–8.35). There was a tendency (P=0.08) toward better improvement of vaginal health index from baseline to the end in the SB group [(0.8 (SD 2.8)] compared to placebo [−0.1 (SD 2.0)]. ConclusionsSB oil showed beneficial effects on vaginal health, indicating it is a potential alternative for mucosal integrity for those women not able to use estrogen treatment for vaginal atrophy.

Managing a patient with burning mouth syndrome

A 64-year-old woman presented with an increasing frequency of symptoms of heartburn and retrosternal pain over the last few months, and a constant and intense burning pain affecting her tongue...

Burning Mouth Syndrome. Update

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic disorder that predominately affects middle-aged women in the postmenopausal period. The condition is distinguished by burning symptoms of the oral mucosa and the absence of any clinical signs. The etiology of BMS is complex and it includes a variety of factors. Local, systemic and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety and depression are listed among the possible causes of BMS. BMS may sometimes be classified as BMS Type I, II or III. Although this syndrome is not accompanied by evident organic alterations and it does not present health risks, it can significantly reduce the patient's quality of life. This study analyzes the available literature related to BMS, and makes special reference to its therapeutic management. The pages that follow will also discuss the diagnostic criteria that should be respected, etiological factors, and clinical aspects. We used the PubMed database and searched it by using the keywords "burning mouth syndrome", "BMS and review", and "burning mouth and review", in the title or abstract of the publication. BMS treatment usually steers towards the management of the symptoms; however, the specific local factors that could play a significant role in worsening the oral burning sensation should be eradicated. The most widely accepted treatment options that show variable results include tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines and antipsychotic drugs; nevertheless there are other therapies that can also be carried out. Professionals that work in the field of dentistry should formulate standardized symptomatic and diagnostic criteria in order to more easily identify the most effective and reliable strategies in BMS treatment through multidisciplinary research.

Necrotizing Sialometaplasia of The Inferior Lip: Case Report And Conservative Management

Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a self-limited inflammatory condition that affects the minor salivary glands and rarely the lip region. Often the clinical appearance is similar to that of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Man, 65, was referred to the service with a lesion in the lip after trauma that did not heal for 15 days. Clinical examination revealed an ulcer on the right lower lip that was hard and well-defined, with a grey-white pseudomembrane and symptoms of burning. The differential diagnoses were lymphoma, SCC, and necrotizing sialometaplasia.

Ramipril Induced Burning Mouth Symptoms

We report a case of a 74-year-old female patient who presented with symptoms of burning mouth. The patient suffered from hypertension and had been using the following antihypertensive drugs: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)-ramipril with felodipine (calcium channel blocker) (Triapin-2.5mg a day) during the past year and a half. After one year of Triapin intake, symptoms of burning mouth evolved. Seven days after the replacement of the offending drug with losartan (angiotensin II receptor antagonist), the burning symptoms disappeared. This case stresses the fact that in cases of patients with oral burning, the symptoms can easily vanish after the withdrawal of the offending drug.

Effects of substrate and salinity in hydroponically grown Cichorium spinosum

The present work, examined the effect of salinity (5, 40 and 120 mmol L-1 NaCl) in the growth and the quality of hydroponic culture of stamnagathi (Cichorium spinosum L.). Plants were developed in perlite, pumice, rockwool and sand respectively. High salinity decreased leaf number, leaf size and plant biomass in plants grown in perlite, pumice and sand. Reduced plant biomass also observed in plant grown in rockwool, although an increased number of leaves were produced. Leaf area reduced in plants grown in rockwool and sand under 120 mmol L-1 NaCl. Low salinity maintained almost similar status as the control treatments. Symptoms of tip burn appeared in 120 mmol L-1 NaCl treated stamnagathi for perlite and pumice. No differences observed in leaf chlorophyll content, leaf fluorescence and in symptoms of discoloration. When the perlite was used as substrate, salinity increased total phenols and decreased protein content. Finally, the low concentration of salinity improved some plant quality parameters as recorded by panelists, following organoleptic test. Thus, stamnagathi proved to successfully tolerate low salinity concentration in hydroponically grown plants.

Diagnostics of Epistomatal Wax of Californian Pine Needles, and Their Association with Ozone-Caused Chlorotic Mottle

Tropospheric ozone is a worldwide phenomenon causing injuries to forest trees. Californian ponderosa and Jeffrey pines are well known for their sensitivity to ozone, while other pine species have varied in their susceptibility. Sensitive pine species are known for their chlorotic mottle and tip burn symptoms, caused by ozone air pollution. Epistomatal wax plugs and filamentous waxes around stomata are typical for pine needle surfaces. In this study, we investigated epistomatal and epicuticular needle waxes in eight species of field-grown pines in 1985, 1986 and 2006. The epistomatal wax plugs were present in asymptomatic needles without chlorotic mottle (23% of needles). A lack of wax plugs in needles with chlorotic mottle and tip burn symptoms was common (76% of needles). More abundant existence of mottling associated with stomata without wax plugs in two-year-old needles, compared with one-year-old needles (43% and 33%, respectively), indicated chronic injury development over time.

An Unusual Pathology of Cecal Dilation

Purpose: A 64-year-old male with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and alcohol abuse was started on plaquenil for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as an outpatient. Seven days after treatment initiation, papular eruption developed on his chest and progressed to diffuse erythematous eruption with symptoms of burning. He presented to the emergency room with these complaints, and was noted to have tachycardia and a prominent leukocytosis of 32,000 per microliter. He was subsequently admitted to the ICU, and developed mental status changes attributed to alcohol withdrawal. On day one, patient was noted to have significant abdominal distention, and an abdominal X-ray was obtained, which showed an isolated cecal dilation of 15 cm, with the cecum rotated centrally toward the midline and no evidence of any small bowel dilation. Conservative measures failed to improve his continued dilation. Gastroenterology consult service was then consulted, and after discussion with radiology and general surgery, it was felt that there was low probability of cecal volvulus, and the decision was made to attempt a colonic decompression. Colonoscopy showed stool in the ascending colon, and there was difficulty in intubating the cecum. A follow up X-ray showed a continued cecal dilation of 12 cm. Six hours later, and on follow up imaging, it was noted to be 16 cm, and at this time the patient was taken to the operating room. Intra-operatively a cecal bascule was noted. Cecal bascule is a rare type of intestinal obstruction that occurs when a mobile cecum folds upward over the ascending colon and obstructs the ascending colon. It is a rare diagnosis, and it is estimated that 0.2% of all intestinal obstructions are cecal bascules. Over the last 20 years, only a handful of cases have been reported (less than 10). It is frequently confused with cecal volvulus on x-rays, and plain films will frequently demonstrate a massively dilated cecum with or without evidence of small bowel obstruction. Computed tomography scan is much more sensitive and can clearly define the large bowel anatomy. Cecal bascule is defined as type 3 cecal volvulus, and is a rare diagnosis that should be considered in all patients who present with findings of cecal dilation and if there is concern for volvulus.Figure

Comparative study of salinity effects on ionic balance and compatible solutes in nine Iranian table grape (&lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; L.) genotypes

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim&lt;/strong&gt;: To study the salinity tolerance of own rooted grape cuttings taken from nine table grape (&lt;em&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/em&gt; L.) genotypes growing in the Urmia Salt Lake region (Iran): LaaleBidaneh, Gharashani, Sachagh, Shahroodi, LaaleSefid, Khalili, Chawga, GhezelUzum and Gharagandomeh.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and results&lt;/strong&gt;: Plants were treated with nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl for two weeks. Shoot and root growth and dry weights (DW) were significantly (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.05) reduced in all treatments. Chloride (Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) and sodium (Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) ions highly accumulated in the various parts of the vines with increasing external NaCl concentration. Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; accumulation exceeded that of Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; in all treatments and all genotypes. However, Gharashani showed a higher ability to restrict Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; and Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; accumulation in lamina (1.08% of DW and 2.56% of DW, respectively) in comparison to the other genotypes, particularly to GhezelUzum (4.1% of DW and 9.10% of DW, respectively), which showed intensive leaf burn symptoms. Lamina soluble sugar, proline and glycine betaine contents increased with increasing salinity. Correlation analysis (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.01) indicated that there was a high positive correlation between Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; and Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; contents and osmolyte accumulation in lamina.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Taken together, it seems that Gharashani and GhezelUzum, respectively, had a higher and a lower capacity to alleviate salt stress symptoms when compared to the other genotypes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significance and impact of the study&lt;/strong&gt;: Salinity is a serious environmental stress in the regions around Urmia Salt Lake and grapevine is one of the most economically important fruit crops in Urmia. Therefore, screening the native grape genotypes for salt tolerance and using the tolerant genotypes directly as rootstocks or producing hybrids with desirable traits could be one of the improvement programs for viticulture in this area.&lt;/p&gt;

Tu2093 Distinction Between Gastric and Small Intestinal Symptoms After a Meal in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia

Background: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gastrointestinal function characterized by chronic epigastric symptoms. Traditionally, the stomach has been held responsible for the generation of symptoms. The latest reports, however, have pointed out that also the duodenum can be implicated in the pathophysiology of FD. The aim was to analyze the time course of dyspeptic symptoms after a meal in FD patients and to elucidate which symptoms specifically originate from the stomach and/or from the small intestine. Methods: Gastric emptying rate for solids was determined in 308 FD patients fulfilling Rome II criteria (87 men, mean age 42±1 years) using the 14C-octanoic acid breath test. Breath samples were taken before a meal and at 15 min intervals for a period of 240 min postprandially. At each breath sampling, the patients were asked to grade the intensity (03) of 6 symptoms (epigastric pain, postprandial fullness, bloating, nausea, epigastric burning and belching). Gastric half emptying time (t1/2) was calculated from the breath samples to determine the gastric phase and the small intestinal phase per individual. The gastric period was defined as the time interval between time point 15 min and t1/2; the small intestinal phase was defined as the time interval between 3*t1/2 (stomach emptied 87.5%) and the end of the measurement. For each symptom, the average of the severity scores during the gastric and the small intestinal phase was calculated and compared using a paired Student's t test. Data are given as mean±SEM. In addition, time curves of each symptom were analyzed from time point 30 min until 240 min using mixed models with linear effects of time as a continuous independent variable. Results: 161 patients (49 men, mean age 43±1 years) had a t1/2,75min and hence, both a gastric and small intestinal phase during the 4h test period. Numerical analysis revealed that scores for bloating, fullness and belching were higher during the gastric phase compared with the small intestinal phase, while intensities of epigastric pain, burning and nausea were similar for the gastric and small intestinal phase (Table 1). This was further supported by the results of the time curves (Table 2). Fullness, bloating, belching and nausea displayed a significant negative slope, indicating a decrease in symptoms with progression of food from the stomach into the small intestine. Symptom severity of burning and pain showed no decrease, indicating that these symptoms persist with food moving to the small intestine. Conclusion: These data suggest that the stomach as well as the small intestine contribute to the generation of postprandial symptoms in FD patients. Bloating, fullness and belching seem to originate mainly from the stomach; while symptoms of epigastric burning, pain and nausea seem to be driven by both stomach and small intestine. Table 1