Symmetric Band Research Articles

Isolation, biological evaluation and validated HPTLC-quantification of the marker constituent of the edible Saudi plant Sisymbrium irio L.

Phytochemical investigation and chromatographic purification of the n-hexane fraction of the aerial parts of the edible Saudi plant Sisymbrium irio led to the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2) and β-sitosterol-β-d-glucoside (3). The cytotoxic effects of the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested against three cancer cell lines viz., MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2, using the crystal violet staining (CVS) method, while the antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacterial strains, was also estimated using the broth microdilution assay. The n-hexane fraction showed potent cytotoxic activities against all tested human cancer cell lines (IC50: 11.7–13.4μg/mL), while the dichloromethane fraction was particularly potent against HCT-116 cells (IC50: 5.42μg/mL). On the other hand, the n-hexane and EtOAc fractions demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against the Gram positive bacteria S. pyogenes and C. perfringens; and the Gram negative bacterium S. enteritidis. Our results warrant the therapeutic potential of S. irio as nutritional supplement to reduce the risk of contemporary diseases. Additionally, a validated high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the quantitative analysis of biomarker β-sitosterol glucoside (isolated in high quantity) from the n-hexane fraction. The system was found to furnish a compact, sharp, symmetrical and high resolution band for β-sitosterol glucoside (Rf=0.43±0.002). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for β-sitosterol glucoside was found to be 21.84 and 66.18ngband−1, respectively. β-sitosterol glucoside was found to be present only in n-hexane fraction (2.10μg/mg of dried fraction) while it was absent in the other fractions of S. irio which validated the high cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of n-hexane fraction of S. irio.

Bank of Russia Liquidity Management of the Banking Sector: Observations Based on the Past Three Years Experience

Short-term money market interest rate management within the framework of symmetrical interest rate band is based on central bank open market operations that aim to compensate for a structural deficit and surplus of liquidity in the banking sector to make sure that the money market overnight interest rate is close to the middle of the interest rate band. The Bank of Russia practice in this form of management amid structural deficit of liquidity over the past three years has shown that the period average money market interest rate has been above the key interest rate by more than 0.5 percentage points in half of 14 key rate periods.

Ultrasensitive CuInS2 Quantum Dots for Detection of Nickel Ions in Drinking Water

Quantum dots (QDs) have been applied in many research fields such as chemistry, biology and medicine because of their unique physical-chemical properties such as broad absorption spectra, narrow symmetric emission bands and high photo-stability [1]. QDs showed great promises for detection of organic and inorganic analysts. For example, CuInS2 as QDs have been used for detection of ascorbic acid and folic acid [2]. In this study, a sensitive and simple method based on the fluorescence quenching of CuInS2 quantum dots (QDs) were used for the determination of nickel ions (Ni(II) ions) in drinking water samples. Water-soluble and biocompatible 3-mercaptopropionic acid-capped CuInS2 QDs was synthesized by one step aqueous route. The fluorescence intensity of synthesized QDs significantly decreased in the presence of Ni(II) ions. The emission intensity of CuInS2 QDs has an inversely proportional with the concentration of Ni(II) a linear fit with negative slope. The detection range was for Ni2+ concentration in the range of 133 to 2133 ppm. The method showed good sensitivity and was satisfactorily applied to the determination of Ni2+ contamination in real water samples, obtained from tap water.

Observations on germ band development in the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides.

Most recent studies of spider embryonic development have focused on representatives of the species-rich group of entelegyne spiders (over 80% of all extant species). Embryogenesis in the smaller spider groups, however, is less well studied. Here, we describe the development of the germ band in the spider species Pholcus phalangioides, a representative of the haplogyne spiders that are phylogenetically the sister group of the entelegyne spiders. We show that the transition from radially symmetric embryonic anlage to the bilaterally symmetric germ band involves the accumulation of cells in the centre of the embryonic anlage (primary thickening). These cells then disperse all across the embryonic anlage. A secondary thickening of cells then appears in the centre of the embryonic anlage, and this thickening expands and forms the segment addition zone. We also confirm that the major part of the opisthosoma initially develops as a tube shaped structure, and its segments are then sequentially folded down on the yolk during inversion. This special mode of opisthosoma formation has not been reported for entelegyne spiders, but a more comprehensive sampling of this diverse group is necessary to decide whether this peculiarity is indeed lacking in the entelegyne spiders.

(Invited) Epitaxial Oxides on Silicon for CMOS and Beyond

A very promising way to realize advanced future devices is using single-crystalline, closely lattice matched oxides, which will be grown on the substrate of choice. The ability to integrate crystalline metal oxide dielectric layers into silicon structures can open the way for a variety of novel applications which enhances the functionality and flexibility ranging from high-K replacements in future MOS devices to oxide/silicon/oxide heterostructures for nanoelectronic application in quantum-effect devices. We present results for crystalline gadolinium oxides on silicon in the cubic bixbyite structure grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy. This material has a large band gap of about 6 eV and nearly symmetrical band offsets as well as a low lattice mismatch of about -0.4 % to Si. Layers grown by an optimized process display a sufficiently high-K value to achieve equivalent oxide thickness values below 1 nm, combined with ultra-low leakage current densities, good reliability, and high electrical breakdown voltage. A variety of MOS devices has been fabricated based on these layers. The dielectric properties of such oxides are sensitive to small variations in structure and symmetry. It is known that thin layers of crystalline rare earth oxides can exhibit significant larger dielectric constants compared to bulk materials. For example, thin crystalline Gd2O3 films epitaxially grown on silicon exhibit dielectric constants up to 25 although the known bulk value is only around 13. The reason for that “enhancement effect” is not fully understood yet. As model systems, we chose Gd2O3 and Nd2O3 having very similar bulk dielectric constants and band gaps. The crystalline structures are also identical. On the other hand, the lattice spacing in Nd2O3 is larger while that of Gd2O3 smaller than the lattice spacing in silicon; i.e. one layer should be under compressive strain and the other under tensile strain. First, we will report on the dependence of the dielectric constant on layer thickness for epitaxial Gd2O3 on Si(111). The K-value strongly decreases with increasing layer thickness and reaches the bulk value at around 8 nm. Controlling the oxide composition in ternary (Gd1-xNdx)2O3 thin films enables us to tune the lattice mismatch to silicon, and thus the strain-induced variation in the dielectric constants of the layer from 13 (close to the bulk value) up to 20. Finally, we will show that solely tetragonal distortion of the cubic lattice is not sufficient to explain the huge lattice-mismatch induced enhancement in K-values. Thus, we will explain these effects by more severe strain induced structural phase deformations. Further, dielectric properties of epitaxial oxide thin films grown on Si have been found to improve significantly by incorporation of suitable dopants. We observe substantial reduction of the leakage current density in nitrogen-doped Gd2O3 layers. To achieve optimum electrical properties from such doped oxides it is important to understand the correlation between doping and the electronic structure of the material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations revealed band gap narrowing in epitaxial Gd2O3 due to nitrogen doping, which leads to reduction in the valence band offset to Si. The observed reduction of the leakage current densities in the these layers with increasing nitrogen content suggests that nitrogen doping can be an effective route to eliminate the adverse effects of the oxygen vacancy induced defects in the oxide layers. We will finally demonstrate different approaches to grow Si nanostructures embedded into crystalline rare earth oxides. By efficiently exploiting the growth kinetics one could create nanostructures exhibiting various dimensions, ranging from three dimensionally confined quantum dots to the quantum wells, where the particles are confined in one of the dimensions. Double-barrier structures comprising epitaxial insulator as barriers and Si as quantum-well are attractive candidate for resonant tunneling devices. Embedded Si quantum dots (with average sizes below 5 nm) exhibit excellent charge storage capacity with competent retention and endurance characteristics suitable for nonvolatile memory device applications.

Bandgap properties in locally resonant phononic crystal double panel structures with periodically attached spring–mass resonators

Bandgap properties of the locally resonant phononic crystal double panel structure made of a two-dimensional periodic array of a spring–mass resonator surrounded by n springs (n equals to zero at the beginning of the study) connected between the upper and lower plates are investigated in this paper. The finite element method is applied to calculate the band structure, of which the accuracy is confirmed in comparison with the one calculated by the extended plane wave expansion (PWE) method and the transmission spectrum. Numerical results and further analysis demonstrate that two bands corresponding to the antisymmetric vibration mode open a wide band gap but is cut narrower by a band corresponding to the symmetric mode. One of the regulation rules shows that the lowest frequency on the symmetric mode band is proportional to the spring stiffness. Then, a new design idea of adding springs around the resonator in a unit cell (n is not equal to zero now) is proposed in the need of widening the bandwidth and lowering the starting frequency. Results show that the bandwidth of the band gap increases from 50 Hz to nearly 200 Hz. By introducing the quality factor, the regulation rules with the comprehensive consideration of the whole structure quality limitation, the wide band gap and the low starting frequency are also discussed.

High-sensitivity in situ QCLAS-based ammonia concentration sensor for high-temperature applications

A novel quantum cascade laser (QCL) absorption sensor is presented for high-sensitivity in situ measurements of ammonia (\(\hbox {NH}_3\)) in high-temperature environments, using scanned wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) with first-harmonic-normalized second-harmonic detection (scanned WMS-2f/1f) to neutralize the effect of non-absorption losses in the harsh environment. The sensor utilized the sQ(9,9) transition of the fundamental symmetric stretch band of \(\hbox {NH}_3\) at \(10.39\,{\upmu }\hbox {m}\) and was sinusoidally modulated at 10 kHz and scanned across the peak of the absorption feature at 50 Hz, leading to a detection bandwidth of 100 Hz. A novel technique was used to select an optimal WMS modulation depth parameter that reduced the sensor’s sensitivity to spectral interference from \(\hbox {H}_2\hbox {O}\) and \(\hbox {CO}_2\) without significantly sacrificing signal-to-noise ratio. The sensor performance was validated by measuring known concentrations of \(\hbox {NH}_3\) in a flowing gas cell. The sensor was then demonstrated in a laboratory-scale methane-air burner seeded with \(\hbox {NH}_3\), achieving a demonstrated detection limit of 2.8 ± 0.26 ppm \(\hbox {NH}_3\) by mole at a path length of 179 cm, equivalence ratio of 0.6, pressure of 1 atm, and temperatures of up to 600 K.

Improving the luminescence properties of aequorin by conjugating to CdSe/ZnS quantum dot nanoparticles: Red shift and slowing decay rate

Changing the properties of photoprotein aequorin such as the wavelength emission and decay half-life by using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) phenomenon is the main aim in this paper. BRET system was set up with CdSe/ZnS quantum dot nanoparticles as an acceptor molecule and photoprotein as an energy donor molecule. Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles with very interesting optical properties, including broad excitation spectra, narrow and the symmetric band width emission spectra, tunable by their sizes, compositions, negligible photo-bleaching and good chemical and photo-stability. In this QD-BRET system, aequorin is conjugated to the carboxyl groups on quantum dot surface by EDC/NHS chemistry as cross linker. Bioluminescence energy generates by aequorin upon adding Ca2+ and transfers to the quantum dots in a radiationless manner and emits at a longer wavelength. The determined bioluminescent parameters for this method included aequorin activity, emission spectra and decay half-life time. In fact, this spectrum tuning strategy resulted in a change in bioluminescent properties of photoprotein, therefore, the maximum emission wavelength shifted from 455 to 540nm and the decay time increased from 3.76 to 12.11s. Nowadays, photoproteins with different characteristics are capable of being employed as a reporter in multi-analyte detections and in vivo imaging.

On-chip near-infrared spectroscopy of CO2 using high resolution plasmonic filter array

We report an ultra-compact, cost-effective on-chip near-infrared spectroscopy system for CO2 sensing using narrow-band optical filter array based on plasmonic gratings with a waveguide layer. By varying the periodicity of the gratings, the transmission spectra of the filters can be continuously tuned to cover the 2.0 μm sensing window with high spectral resolution around 10 nm. Our experimental results show that the on-chip spectroscopy system can resolve the two symmetric vibrational bands of CO2 at 2.0 μm wavelength, which proves its potential to replace the expensive commercial IR spectroscopy system for on-site gas sensing.

Red and blue emitting borate phosphor excited by near Ultraviolet Light

A highly intense reddish-orange and blue emitting borate phosphors YAl3(BO3)4:Sm3+ and LaMgB5O10:Ce3+ have been synthesized by a combustion synthesis method using urea as a fuel. Their luminescent properties have been studied over the 200–450 nm excitation range. The excitation and emission spectra of these phosphors were measured by a HITACHI F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer. The emission spectrum of Sm3+ in YAl3(BO3)4 phosphor monitored for 402 nm excitation composed of 564, 600, and 648 nm emission peaks, and the excitation spectra monitored at 600 nm emission shows peaks at 345, 362, 375, 402, 421 and 445 nm. The emission spectrum of Ce3+ in LaMgB5O10 phosphor exhibits a symmetrical band centered around 430 nm and excitation spectra monitored at 430 nm emission shows peaks at 272, 326 and 372 nm. The phosphors YAl3(BO3)4:Sm3+ and LaMgB5O10:Ce3+can be a promising red and blue-emitting phosphor for UV LED applications.

Interfacial Interaction between HfO2 and MoS2: From Thin Films to Monolayer

The interfacial interaction between high-κ dielectrics and two-dimensional channel materials plays an important role in determining electronic properties of high-performance electronic devices. In this study, via first-principles calculations, we show that the interaction between oxygen-terminated HfO2 (111) and the MoS2 monolayer is weak and dominated by the van der Waals force. This weak interaction results in symmetric band offsets which are larger than 1 eV. The presence of oxygen vacancies in HfO2 enhances the interfacial interaction significantly, leading to electron–hole puddles, larger effective masses, and localized midgap states in the MoS2. In contrast, strong interaction is found at the interface of hafnium-terminated HfO2 (111) and the MoS2 monolayer, but it results in inferior electronic properties. In addition, when the thickness of MoS2 increases, the formation of an oxygen-terminated HfO2 thin film on MoS2 becomes endothermic accompanied by asymmetrically increased band offsets due to red...

High Frequency Sensing with Enhanced Sensitivity in Graphene Nanogrid FET Immunosensor

:-FET based charge detection sensing mechanism with various nanostructures has many advantages like label free detection, femtomolar sensitivity and compatibility with electronic interface. However detecting charges in high ionic strength solution is a challenge due to the inherent problem of ionic screening beyond the Debye length.To overcome this effect, high frequency signal has been applied in single walled carbon nanotube structures which has enabled detection of biotin in presence of 100mM buffer solution [1]. But the limit of detection achieved is not satisfactory. In this work we superimpose a high frequency ac signal in the range of 100KHz to 10MHz across the drain and source terminal in a graphene nanogrid structure and applied it for detection of IgG-protein A binding in sub femtomolar regime. The graphene nanogrid structure has been developed on a nanoporous silicon oxide template as shown in Fig.1 and is an interconnected grid structure of bilayer reduced graphene oxide(RGO) which is composed of long and narrow strips alternating with series combination of short and narrow strips on planar regions and within pores.The long and short strips are interconnected during the deposition stage and hence the structure is expected to have fewer edges. Such a structure is expected to possess certain advantages in addition to the improved binding efficiency of the biomolecules due to large surface area to volume ratio. Firstly, in the nanopores, the biomolecules usually reside within a distance shorter than the original pore radius which statistically raises the charge transfer probability between the biomolecules and the surface even at high ionic strength of buffer. As a consequence, the heterogeneous charge transfer gets facilitated and the electrode potential reaches equilibrium faster for a given electrochemical system [2]. Secondly, such a graphene nanostructure has a size dependent effective energy gap which increases the transconductance of the device [3]. Due to the absence of edges, the conductance of the fabricated smooth nanogrid structure will be contributed by every section of the device and hence all the antigen molecules that get captured at any location contribute towards the change in conductance. Also there is a probable localization effect of the charge modulation after antigen capture within the corresponding quantum dots, which can result in an enhanced change of the overall carrier transport. Fabrication of the nanoporous silicon oxide template has been carried out by anodic etching of p-type silicon<100> wafers of 10–20 Ω-cm resistivity in a double pond electrochemical bath for 30 minute using a constant current density of 2.35 mA/cm2 with an electrolyte mixture of 48% hydrofluoric acid and dimethyl sulfoxide in the ratio of 1:9 by volume. The nanopores formed are of about 30nm thickness and 100 nm length. The silicon substrates have been oxidized for subsequent graphene deposition. Graphene has been deposited by electrophoretic method[4] and after that antibody has been immobilized through poly-l-lysine (PLL). Raman spectroscopic measurements have been performed for characterization of deposited graphene[Fig:2] and the spectra of the graphene shows three Raman bands at 1195,1590 and 2670 cm-1that assigned to the well-documented D,G, and 2D bands respectively in RGO. The bilayer thickness has been confirmed by the presence of a symmetric 2D band and 2D/G intensity ratio of around 1.4. The two lateral electrodes used for RGO deposition act as the drain and source electrodes. Graphene based FET has been realized with a platinum top gate electrode suspended in buffer. Protein A has been selected as the antigen and its different concentration has been listed using 100mM buffer in the range of 100KHz to 10MHz. An ac voltage of amplitude 20 mV has been fed between the drain-source terminal. The gate potential has been fixed at 0.2 V. It has been observed [Fig:3] that the drain current (Id ) decreases with frequency for 100mM which may be attributed to the slow decay of the surface potential resulting in effective increase of the Debye length and hence the capacitive impedance. We further plotted the sensitivity [Fig.:4], calculated as the fractional change in Id before and after Protein A attachment. A peak in sensitivity has been observed at a frequency of around 8MHz which corresponds to the optimum interaction of the antigen molecules with the graphene nanostructure. The intrinsic advantages of the graphene nanogrids(as discussed above) enable detection down to 0.1 fg/ml antigen in a high ionic strength buffer which has significant impact in point-of care applications. Figure 1

Discrete element analysis for shear band modes of granular materials in triaxial tests

ABSTRACTThe discrete element method (DEM) is adopted to simulate the triaxial tests of granular materials in this study. In the DEM simulations, two different membrane-forming methods are used to generate triaxial samples. One method is to pack the internal particles first, then to generate the enclosed membrane; the other is to generate the internal particles and the enclosed membrane together. A definition of the effective strain, which combines microscopic numerical results with macroscopic expression in three-dimensional space, is presented to describe the macroscopic deformation process of granular materials. With these two membrane generation methods, the effective strain distributions in longitudinal section and transverse section of the triaxial sample are described to investigate the progressive failure and the evolution of the shear bands in granular materials. Two typical shear band failure modes in triaxial tests are observed in the DEM simulations with different membrane-forming methods. One is a single shear band like a scraper bowl, and the other is an axial symmetric shear band like two hoppers stacking as the shape of rotational “X” in triaxial sample. The characteristics of the shear bands during the failure processes are discussed in detail based on the DEM simulations.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of sperm chromatin structure and DNA stability.

Sperm chromatin structure and condensation determine accessibility for damage, and hence success of fertilization and development. The aim of this study was to reveal characteristic spectral features coinciding with abnormal sperm chromatin packing (i.e., DNA-protein interactions) and decreased fertility, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Chromatin structure in spermatozoa obtained from different stallions was investigated. Furthermore, spermatozoa were exposed to oxidative stress, or treated with thiol-oxidizing and disulfide-reducing agents, to alter chromatin structure and packing. Spectroscopic studies were corroborated with flow cytometric analyses using the DNA-intercalating fluorescent dye acridine orange. Decreased fertility of individuals correlated with increased abnormal sperm morphology and decreased stability toward induced DNA damage. Treatment with the disulfide reducing agent dithiothreitol resulted in increased sperm chromatin decondensation and DNA accessibility, similar as found for less mature epididymal spermatozoa. In situ infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed that characteristic bands arising from the DNA backbone (ν1230, ν1086, ν1051cm(-1) ) changed in response to induced oxidative damage, water removal, and decondensation. This coincided with changes in the amide-I region (intensity at ν1620 vs. ν1640cm(-1) ) denoting concomitant changes in protein secondary structure. Reduction in protein disulfide bonds resulted in a decreased value of the asymmetric to symmetric phosphate band intensity (ν1230/ν1086cm(-1) ), suggesting that this band ratio is sensitive for the degree of chromatin condensation. Moreover, when analyzing spermatozoa from different individuals, it was found that the asymmetric/symmetric phosphate band ratio negatively correlated with the percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa.

Effects of band hybridization on electronic properties in tuning armchair graphene nanoribbons

We explore a model of armchair graphene nanoribbons tuned by functionalizing the edge states. Edge modifications are modeled by changing the electronic energy of the edge states in specific periodic patterns. The model can be considered to mimic a controlled doping process with different elements. The band structure, density of states, conductance, and local density of states are calculated, using the tight binding approach, Green’s function methodology, and the Landauer formula. The results show interesting behaviors, which are considerably different from the properties of the perfect nanoribbons. The hybridization of conducting bands with non-conducting bands, which appear perfectly flat in the perfect ribbon, opens up and modifies gaps in conductance near the Fermi level. One particular pattern of edge functionalization causes a strong, symmetric, and systematic band gap change about the Fermi level, modifying the electronic characteristics in the energy dispersion, density of states, local density of states, and conductance.

Design of a compact symmetricalc-Band Micro Strip Band Pass Filter with Periodic Saw tooth Grooves

Design of a miniaturized symmetrical band pass filter (BPF) using parallel-coupled half-wavelength micro strip resonators with improved stop band characteristics and 2nd harmonic suppression is presented. The proposed filter is designed at a center frequency of 5.25 GHz with a stop band insertion loss greater than-10dB at 5.15 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 20% (4.74–5.80GHz). The conventional parallel-coupled line band pass filter structure has been folded symmetrically about the horizontal plane and consecutive saw tooth periodic grooves are introduced to the parallel lines. Thus there has been a significant improvement in 2ndharmonic suppression to almost-34.51dB. Size reduction of 46.73% is accomplished with respect to the conventional filter.

The asymptotic trace norm of random circulants and the graph energy

We compute the expected normalized trace norm (matrix/graph energy) of random symmetric band circulant matrices and graphs in the limit of large sizes, and obtain explicit bounds on the rate of convergence to the limit, and on the probabilities of large deviations. We also show that random symmetric band Toeplitz matrices have the same limit norm assuming that their band widths remain small relative to their sizes. We compare the limit norms across a range of related random matrix and graph ensembles.

Symmetric band complexes of thin type and chaotic sections which are not quite chaotic

In a recent paper we constructed a family of foliated 2-complexes of thin type whose typical leaves have two topological ends. Here we present simpler examples of such complexes that are, in addition, symmetric with respect to an involution and have the smallest possible rank. This allows for constructing a 3-periodic surface in the three-space with a plane direction such that the surface has a central symmetry, and the plane sections of the chosen direction are chaotic and consist of infinitely many connected components. Moreover, typical connected components of the sections have an asymptotic direction, which is due to the fact that the corresponding foliation on the surface in the 3-torus is not uniquely ergodic.

FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis of Molecular Vibrations in Gasoline Fuel Under 200 mT Static Magnetic Field Highlighted Structural Changes of Hydrocarbons Chains

Sample of 15 mL of gasoline fuel were exposed up to 2 h to a 200 mT static magnetic field and subjected to FTIR spectroscopy analysis. Symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH3 and CH2 did not change after exposure. In contrast, CH2 bending vibration around 1465 cm−1, CH3 symmetrical band at 1378 cm−1 and C–C stretching at 1610 cm−1 decreased significantly after 1 and 2 h of exposure, whereas CH2 twisting band around 1230 cm−1 increased significantly after exposure. These results can be explained assuming that a reorientation of hydrocarbons chains was induced by the applied field.

Кінетика елементарних актів окисно-відновних реакцій на межі фаз «тверде тіло–електроліт»

Within the framework of the quantum-mechanical theory of elementary acts of non-adiabatic electrochemical reactions and using the model of isotropic spherically symmetric band, the calculation of the discharge current of ions at the “solid–electrolyte” interface has been carried out. It is shown that our results generalize the analogical formulae, which are available in the literature. The average densities of states in the valence band and in the conduction band of the solid electrode under the heterogeneous charge transfer are found.