Symbolic Tree Research Articles

Sosialisasi Pemanfaatan Lahan Kosong Untuk Tanaman Cepat Panen Guna Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan Masyarakat Taman Raya Rajeg Tangerang

Public awareness of utilizing the narrow land in the Taman Raya Rajeg housing complex is still relatively low. Not all people understand the use of land for food crops. The activity was carried out one day and was attended by 54 participants, the majority of whom were housewives. Education on understanding food security for the community starting from the household is the focus of education this time. The resource person also talked about food security by planting fast-harvesting crops. Community interaction was very good from PKM activities and discussions went well. The activity ended with the handover of 84 fast-harvesting plants such as chilies, tomatoes and eggplants to activity participants and symbolic tree planting.

THE POETRY BY MYKHAILO OREST: IDEAS AND FIGURATIVE STRUCTURE

The paper explores the structure of Mykhailo Orest’s poetry, delving into its main elements such as concepts of time, forest, silence, and word, as well as the motives of eschatologism and reincarnation. It focuses on the ideological and aesthetic originality of Orest’s poetry, examining his views on the nature of language and the essence of art. The distinctive feature of Orest’s poetry is a metaphor of time that comprises various philosophical meanings, including the eschatological understanding of time as “the world of the night,” the era of “the departure of God,” and “the end of things” as opposed to the concept of “the eternal day.” Orest’s eschatological poetics is rooted in medieval imagery and biblical metaphors. His poetic vision of the Apocalypse combines motives and images of diverse meanings and origins. Orest’s pantheism is seen as growing from romantic aesthetics, primarily the works of German romantics. The poet’s pantheistic ideas find expressive reflection through the cult of the forest, the symbolism of trees, particularly the archetype of the world tree. They are also related to the myth of birth and death, interpreted in Orest’s poetry, and the motive of metamorphosis. Medieval mythology takes a special place in Orest’s poetic world. In particular, the poet reinterprets the myths of Grail, Parsifal, Lohengrin, and Tannhäuser. The creative thought of Mykhailo Orest was constantly in search — a romantic inclination towards the irrational to a conscious interest in the world of things and the establishment of a complex system of relationship with it.

Seeds of latent hope: The figurative entwinement of children, adolescents, and plants in Maja Lunde’s "The Dream of a Tree"

Drawing on theorizations of climate fiction, previous studies of plants in climate fiction (cli-fi) for young adults, perspectives from critical plant studies, and discussions on the symbolism of seeds and trees, this study traces metaphorical relationships between plants and the child- and adolescent characters in Maja Lunde’s latest climate fiction, The Dream of a Tree (Drømmen om et tre, 2022). The novel is the last volume in Lunde’s “climate quartet”, where she, for the first time in her series, employs a young adult protagonist. The plot revolves around a group of children, stranded on the archipelago of Svalbard that hosts the Global Seed Vault. The study aims to show how the child and adolescent characters in Lunde’s climate fiction are embedded in metaphorical patterns associating them with growth and hope in ways that serve to move Lunde’s climate quartet from a dystopian towards a more utopian resolution.

Symbolic Cognitive Diagnosis via Hybrid Optimization for Intelligent Education Systems

Cognitive diagnosis assessment is a fundamental and crucial task for student learning. It models the student-exercise interaction, and discovers the students' proficiency levels on each knowledge attribute. In real-world intelligent education systems, generalization and interpretability of cognitive diagnosis methods are of equal importance. However, most existing methods can hardly make the best of both worlds due to the complicated student-exercise interaction. To this end, this paper proposes a symbolic cognitive diagnosis~(SCD) framework to simultaneously enhance generalization and interpretability. The SCD framework incorporates the symbolic tree to explicably represent the complicated student-exercise interaction function, and utilizes gradient-based optimization methods to effectively learn the student and exercise parameters. Meanwhile, the accompanying challenge is that we need to tunnel the discrete symbolic representation and continuous parameter optimization. To address this challenge, we propose to hybridly optimize the representation and parameters in an alternating manner. To fulfill SCD, it alternately learns the symbolic tree by derivative-free genetic programming and learns the student and exercise parameters via gradient-based Adam. The extensive experimental results on various real-world datasets show the superiority of SCD on both generalization and interpretability. The ablation study verifies the efficacy of each ingredient in SCD, and the case study explicitly showcases how the interpretable ability of SCD works.

Analyzing Biomedical Datasets with Symbolic Tree Adaptive Resonance Theory

Biomedical datasets distill many mechanisms of human diseases, linking diseases to genes and phenotypes (signs and symptoms of disease), genetic mutations to altered protein structures, and altered proteins to changes in molecular functions and biological processes. It is desirable to gain new insights from these data, especially with regard to the uncovering of hierarchical structures relating disease variants. However, analysis to this end has proven difficult due to the complexity of the connections between multi-categorical symbolic data. This article proposes symbolic tree adaptive resonance theory (START), with additional supervised, dual-vigilance (DV-START), and distributed dual-vigilance (DDV-START) formulations, for the clustering of multi-categorical symbolic data from biomedical datasets by demonstrating its utility in clustering variants of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease using genomic, phenotypic, and proteomic data.

ARDST: An Adversarial‐Resilient Deep Symbolic Tree for Adversarial Learning

The advancement of intelligent systems, particularly in domains such as natural language processing and autonomous driving, has been primarily driven by deep neural networks (DNNs). However, these systems exhibit vulnerability to adversarial attacks that can be both subtle and imperceptible to humans, resulting in arbitrary and erroneous decisions. This susceptibility arises from the hierarchical layer‐by‐layer learning structure of DNNs, where small distortions can be exponentially amplified. While several defense methods have been proposed, they often necessitate prior knowledge of adversarial attacks to design specific defense strategies. This requirement is often unfeasible in real‐world attack scenarios. In this paper, we introduce a novel learning model, termed “immune” learning, known as adversarial‐resilient deep symbolic tree (ARDST), from a neurosymbolic perspective. The ARDST model is semiparametric and takes the form of a tree, with logic operators serving as nodes and learned parameters as weights of edges. This model provides a transparent reasoning path for decision‐making, offering fine granularity, and has the capacity to withstand various types of adversarial attacks, all while maintaining a significantly smaller parameter space compared to DNNs. Our extensive experiments, conducted on three benchmark datasets, reveal that ARDST exhibits a representation learning capability similar to DNNs in perceptual tasks and demonstrates resilience against state‐of‐the‐art adversarial attacks.

Interpretable Imitation Learning with Symbolic Rewards

Sample inefficiency of deep reinforcement learning methods is a major obstacle for their use in real-world tasks as they naturally feature sparse rewards. In fact, this from-scratch approach is often impractical in environments where extreme negative outcomes are possible. Recent advances in imitation learning have improved sample efficiency by leveraging expert demonstrations. Most work along this line of research employs neural network-based approaches to recover an expert cost function. However, the complexity and lack of transparency make neural networks difficult to trust and deploy in the real world. In contrast, we present a method for extracting interpretable symbolic reward functions from expert data, which offers several advantages. First, the learned reward function can be parsed by a human to understand, verify and predict the behavior of the agent. Second, the reward function can be improved and modified by an expert. Finally, the structure of the reward function can be leveraged to extract explanations that encode richer domain knowledge than standard scalar rewards. To this end, we use an autoregressive recurrent neural network that generates hierarchical symbolic rewards represented by simple symbolic trees. The recurrent neural network is trained via risk-seeking policy gradients. We test our method in MuJoCo environments as well as a chemical plant simulator. We show that the discovered rewards can significantly accelerate the training process and achieve similar or better performance than neural network-based algorithms.

Tree Failure Assessment of London Plane (Platanus × acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.) Street Trees in Nanjing City

The London plane (Platanus × acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.) street tree is a symbolic tree species in Nanjing City, which is known as the “city card”. However, accidents such as street trees falling over cars, affecting traffic, and hurting people have seriously affected the daily lives of citizens. Thus, it is of vital significance to accurately assess the potential for tree failure in London plane street trees in Nanjing City. This study comprehensively considers the growth condition of London plane street trees and their impact on traffic, establishes a scientific street tree failure assessment scheme that contains eight characteristics, creates a tree failure assessment database by thoroughly collecting data on trees, and develops a tree failure assessment model based on factor analysis and k-means clustering. The assessment results show that street trees that pose a high or medium potential for failure are present in proportions of 4.47% and 34.85%, respectively, and are mostly found in Gulou District, Xuanwu District, and Qinhuai District. The average tree failure score of London plane street trees on Changjiang Road in Xuanwu District is the highest, while the road with the lowest tree failure score is Mufu East Road in Gulou District. The results will provide a scientific basis for the maintenance of London plane street trees in Nanjing City and have reference significance for other street tree failure assessment studies.

Injective Split Systems

A split system mathcal S on a finite set X, |X|ge 3, is a set of bipartitions or splits of X which contains all splits of the form {x,X-{x}}, x in X. To any such split system mathcal S we can associate the Buneman graph mathcal B(mathcal S) which is essentially a median graph with leaf-set X that displays the splits in mathcal S. In this paper, we consider properties of injective split systems, that is, split systems mathcal S with the property that {{,textrm{med},}}_{mathcal B(mathcal S)}(Y) ne {{,textrm{med},}}_{mathcal B(mathcal S)}(Y') for any 3-subsets Y,Y' in X, where {{,textrm{med},}}_{mathcal B(mathcal S)}(Y) denotes the median in mathcal B(mathcal S) of the three elements in Y considered as leaves in mathcal B(mathcal S). In particular, we show that for any set X there always exists an injective split system on X, and we also give a characterization for when a split system is injective. We also consider how complex the Buneman graph mathcal B(mathcal S) needs to become in order for a split system mathcal S on X to be injective. We do this by introducing a quantity for |X| which we call the injective dimension for |X|, as well as two related quantities, called the injective 2-split and the rooted-injective dimension. We derive some upper and lower bounds for all three of these dimensions and also prove that some of these bounds are tight. An underlying motivation for studying injective split systems is that they can be used to obtain a natural generalization of symbolic tree maps. An important consequence of our results is that any three-way symbolic map on X can be represented using Buneman graphs.

Olive Symbolism in Palestinian and Spanish Poetry: A Comparative Study

This comparative study aims at highlighting the symbolism of the olive tree in Palestinian and Spanish poetry. Since the olive tree is elemental in both cultures, the study attempts to tackle four main themes of such a dominant tree: resistance, peace, eternity, and homeland. In order to conduct the study, a number of poems employing the olive tree are investigated and analyzed in order to highlight the closeness between the Palestinian and the Spanish cultures. The study tries to prove the matchfullness between the symbolism of the olive tree in both poetries. The selection of the poems is based on the common ground of the olive tree symbolism in Palestine and Spain. The only theme in which the poetry in the two cultures does not completely coincide is resistance. In Palestinian poetry, the olive is used to signify resistance against occupation, while this tree is employed to denote the resistance to socioeconomic classism, urban sprawl, and natural disasters. In order to make an outstanding comparison in the three other themes, the author selected poems of both cultures where the olive tree signifies international symbolizations.

Parkia from Cerrado: phytochemical bioprospection, toxicity and in vitro bioactivities of bark and flower extracts.

Parkia platycephala is the only species of the genus Parkia that is endemic to the brazilian Cerrado and the tree symbol of the state of Tocantins, but there are still few studies regarding its bioprospecting. In this study, we aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, toxicity and bioactivities of the bark and flower of Parkia platycephala. Hot sequential extractions (Soxhlet) were performed using methanol and hydroethanolic solution (70%), after degreasing the sample (hexane). The presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids and alkaloids was detected in the preliminary screening. Trilinolein, (Z)-9-octadecenamide, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose were detected by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In the Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector (LC-PDA) analysis, it was detected exclusively ferulic acid (bark) and ellagic acid (flower). The ethanolic extract of the bark (IC50=10.69 ± 0.35 µgmL-1) has an antioxidant potential (DPPH• radical) higher than that of the rutin standard (IC50=15.85 ± 0.08 µgmL-1). All extracts showed excellent anticholinesterase potential (Ellman), with emphasis on the ethanol extract of the flower (IC50 =5.34 ± 0.12 µgmL-1). Regarding toxicity (Artemia salina), the methanolic extract of the bark and the ethanolic extract of the flower presented high and moderate levels, respectively. Such results limit the concentrations of biological activities in this study, however, the antioxidant and anticholinesterase indices fall short of toxicity. The results demonstrated promising antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of both the bark and the flower of Parkia platycephala.

Nathan S. French. A Theocentric Interpretation of :הדעת טוב ורע The Knowledge of Good and Evil as the Knowledge for Administering Reward and Punishment

Nathan S. French. <i>A Theocentric Interpretation of :הדעת טוב ורע The Knowledge of Good and Evil as the Knowledge for Administering Reward and Punishment</i>

“Wood” symbolism in the decoration of the Udmurt costume: origins, existence, meaning

Introduction. The article analyzes the semantics of the tree-like figures of the traditional female costume. The purpose of the work is to determine the origins of this image in the Udmurt ornamentation. Materials and Methods. The work uses the method of structural-semiotic analysis, allowing to consider costume ornament as a sign-symbolic system. Results and Discussion. The two prototypes that arose back in the period of the formation of human mentality: a woman and a totemic beast, formed the basis of the mythopoetic symbol of the world tree. Complex of Udmurt vorshud concentrated and preserved the echoes of the most ancient cult of a female – progenitor, endowed with a totem name. Each Udmurt clan had its own vorshud name. This name was associated with a natural totem, belonged to women of the clan, and passed down from generation to generation through the female line. A vorshud name was given to the ancestral territory, and its sacred center – vorshud in the sanctuary of kua. Vorshud demonstrates two key ideas of the world tree: connection and continuity of generations and the center of ancestral territory. Conclusion. During the study, the connection between the tree symbols of the costume ornament with the cult of Udmurt vorshud and the symbolism of the world tree was revealed. Therefore, it reveals the origins and semantics of wooden symbols in the Udmurt costume ornament.

SYMBOL I ARCHETYP „DRZEWA” W PROJEKTOWANIU MIEJSC PAMIĘCI NA WYBRANYCH PRZYKŁADACH STUDIALNYCH

The article presents the issues of interpretative possibilities and ways of presenting a tree symbol in the design of memorial sites. These studies are an introduction to in-depth research on the methodology of designing memorial sites. The work aims to study the "tree" symbol in shaping the morphological structure of the architecture of memorial sites. The work attempts to show the "tree" as a kind of "idiom," shaping the structural character of memorial sites. This goal was supported by the practice of designing memorial sites, in which selected cases are described in detail here.

‘In the End, There Was No End’: Colonial Modernism and Moral Perfectionism in Patrick White’s The Tree of Man

Abstract The modernism of Patrick White’s 1955 pastoral epic The Tree of Man is the focus of this study. The novel tracks the generational transition within one pioneering family around the time of the First World War in rural Australia, and its structure approximates the biblical pattern of edenic beginning, tragic fall, and eschatological recovery. Biblical motifs are evident in the novel’s treatment of natality and death, and in the way narrative landscapes are sign-posted with symbolic trees and riven by apocalyptic floods and fires that portend epiphany and judgement. My analysis of the novel draws on scholarship that characterises modernism in relation to settler colonialism, the temptations of scepticism, the negotiation of Christian inheritances, and the ambivalent ‘endings’ that occur in the wake of modernity’s ‘new beginnings’.

경북 영주시 소수서원의 생태와 생태관광 연구

This study analyzed Sosu-seowon, one of the nine Korean Seowon, declared by the World Heritage Center and UNESCO as the first private and ecological Neo-Confucian Academy. The ecological analysis of Sosu-seowon is not only applicable for the other eight Korean Seowons declared as a World Heritage but all Seowons in Korea. That is, the ecological study about Seowons analyzes natural ecology and human ecology simultaneously. Especially, the symbolic tree in natural ecology is essential for understanding human ecology and its value; however, it is not dealt with in the previous studies. Two Ginkgo biloba is acculturation of Haengdan. It is the place where Confucius taught his disciples. Moreover, the two trees consider that <italic>Ginkgo biloba</italic> is dioecism. Zelkova in Sosu-sewon is acculturation of pagoda tree. The case of the acculturation of the symbolic tree in Sosu-seowon is noteworthy because it created Korean culture while accommodating Chinese culture. Gyeong-ryeom-jeong, Tak-yeong-ji, Jewolgyo Bridge and Gwang-pung-jung are related to Chou, Tun-I in North Sung Dynasty. The first Seowon emphasized Chou, Tun-I’s ideas because he provided the basic concept of Neo-Confucianism. However, this study pointed out the problem that there are Nymphaea and not lotuses in Tak-yeong-ji. It damages not only his ideas but the value of Sosu-seowon. Furthermore, it is critical to collect historical records of Seowon. One of the reasons UNESCO decided to inscribe Korean Seowons as World Heritage is that there are numerous historical records about them. However, this study aims to record the symbolic trees in Seowons. A few records exist about <italic>Ginkgo biloba</italic> as the symbolic tree in Sosu-seowon. This study suggested that there remains a need to record and preserve trees in Korean Seowon such as <italic>Ginkgo biloba,</italic> Korean red pine, <italic>Prunus yedoensis</italic> and <italic>Zelkova.</italic> It could also be important for the historical record of Sosu-seowon. The records and preservation of trees in Korean Seowons contribute not just to tree culture in Korea, but in Seowon content development as well.

Linguo-Paradigmatic Aspects of the Concept “Tree”

In ancient Georgia, tree was designated as a beam, which is a common Kartvelian linguistic symbol. Tree is often used as a part, forming the complex basis and acquires another metaphorical meaning. Symbolic meaning of three is also very interesting which is met in Christian, as well as pagan world. A trace of worshiping a tree is met in oral telling, fairy tales and native poems and songs, as well as toponyms and the monuments of the objective culture. There are a lot of symbols of tree. Each type expresses different aspects of the sacral tree symbolism. A cult of a tree has a certain place in historical development of the Christian religion. In the Christian perception, an eternity of life is related to a tree. It is a metaphor creating the world. In the ecclesiastic poetry, “A tree of knowledge” and “A life tree”, both consider the Christ. Symbolism of a beam is also interesting. It is connected to the torment of the Savior as well. It is called as “a beam of life”, which underlies the vivifying power of a cross, which spread the blessing grace on the world. Symbolism of the tree yield is also distinguished. It is represented in various ways in the Bible and the Spiritual poetry.

Cedrus libani, a homeopathic medicinal product coming from a symbolic tree. From the pathogenetic trial, clinical cases and a reflection on the myths and botany of the Lebanon cedar

The homeopathic medicinal product Cedrus libani featured unexpected therapeutic properties during a multicentre pathogenetic trial performed in 2016, concerning the treatment of vascular congestion in the upper part of the body for patients with a specific psychological profile. The important symbolism linked to this tree, involved in the three main monotheistic religions expressed itself in the experimenters’ testimonies and in the clinical pictures of the few cured cases. The study of the botany and of the myths regarding the tree gives us an insight into the richness of this medicine, before further clinical practices confirm its indications.

An Anti-Imperial Mythology

Critics have read Howards End as if Forster ‘specifically barred’ the poor from the novel (Trilling), so that only the middle classes are considered and not in a ‘truly radical’ way (Crews). Yet Forster does, after all, concern himself with the very poor in his depiction of Leonard Bast, Jacky and other characters, and extensively in the thoughts of Margaret. Furthermore, he creates the myth he says England lacks, and, considered in relationship to the main narrative events and to the novel’s imagery, this takes the form of an anti-imperialist mythology. Mythic elements include epic journeys and battles, a symbolic sword and tree, a sacrificial death and a redemptive child. In the novel’s poetic passages and in its account of Margaret’s education on the ‘hard road of Henry’s soul’, the nature of England’s imperialism is revealed and defeated by an alternative radical and feminist vision of society.

Ko te Rākau Hei Tohu Mō te Rangahau Me te Tuhi Whakapapa: Tree Symbolism as a Method for Researching and Writing Genealogy

This article discusses a method for researching and writing whakapapa (genealogy) based on the symbolism of the tree. Utilizing tree symbolism as a method for researching and writing genealogy is conceived as a literary device for documenting both individual and collective life histories. It is an approach that was developed as being distinctively Māori, but at the same time able to be adapted by other ethnic groups and communities. The method consists of the following aspects of tree symbolism: the roots (family heritage); the trunk (what sustains and gives purpose to one’s life); the branches (the different paths our lives follow); the fruits (what we bring to our maturity); the forest (connections with others). Tree symbolism can be adapted for any ethnic group by utilizing the metaphor of a tree that has particular relevance to the particular group. It can also be adapted for community groups. For the most part, though, this article will focus on the Tōtara tree and its significance around researching and writing about whakapapa for Māori.