Symbol Of Identity Research Articles

RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKIYE AND UZBEKISTAN: POSTKARIMOV PERIOD

The chance to forge new ties between Uzbekistan and Turkiye emerged in 2016 with the change of leadership, following about 20 years of ups and downs. The strained relations were due to several political hiccups like Turkiye’s asylum to Uzbek dissidents, Currencycrisis of Turkiye, banning of Gulen schools and the Andijan event. This study focuses on the relations between Turkiye and Uzbekistan in the post-Karimov period. The focus will be on the development of political relations and the opening of new ventures due to current geopolitics in Turkiye-Uzbekistan relationship dynamics. The geo-strategic position of Turkey enables it to become transit hub as it is situated in between energy scarce European market and energy rich countries on the other side. Uzbekistan needs to diversify its export partners where Turkey as a transit hub can play crucial role. The construction of trans-Caspian pipeline to move energy from Central Asia and the Caspian sea region to Turkey and for European markets, is primary strategic goal. Both sides needed constructive attitudes to further the relations. There have been a number of high-level political visits and signing of important strategic cooperation agreements. Both heads of the state frequently refer to Turkic-Islamic symbols of shared identity while addressing their relationship. The bilateral relations have been improving in all the fields majorly in trade. To deepen and strengthen the relations further the trade goal of $10 billion is set. In 2022, the relationship was elevated to a "comprehensive strategic partnership level".

Traditional Culinary Potentials as an Attractiveness and Gastro-Diplomacy for Madura Culinary Tourism

Traditional food is a symbol of cultural identity and plays an important role in preserving regional culinary tourism. The potential for Madura’s traditional food is very large if seen from the diversity of the traditional food types. The increasing number of visiting tourist every year also has the potential to develop Madura’s culinary tourism. The aim of this study is to carry out mapping to assess regional culinary potential, so that it can be used as a culinary tourism attraction in particular and improve the Madura tourism sector in general through diplomacy using culinary culture. The research approach used in this study is a qualitative method by field observations, documentation, and culinary management interviews. The focus of this research is the gastronomy of typical Madura’s traditional food as a cultural identity and the potential for Madura’s culinary and tourism development. The research results show that Madura’s traditional food is dominated by local food such as bebek songkem; bebek sinjay; sate madura; soto madura and kaldu kokot. The food characteristics are strong taste, predominantly salty, and made from animal raw materials. The rich taste and historical value of Madura’s traditional food is an attraction for tourist to visit.

IMAGE OF A HORSE AS A SYMBOL OF ETHNIC IDENTITY (on the example of Kazakh and Tuva theatres)

The article is devoted to the problem of cultural and ethnic identity in the national theatres of Kazakhstan and Tuva. In the national theatre the issue of socio-cultural ties is provided in theatrical performances through the manifestation on stage of cultural and national values, meanings and values as a reflection of ethnic identity, aesthetic and moral ideals of the people. Modern world theatre is a potential place of cultural forms reproduced by stage artists, offering to look through the eyes of the contemporary here and now, what we are today, what processes are taking place in the ethno-cultural society. The works of the authors of national theatres, as subjects of indigeneous culture, represent the presentation of cultural symbolic images, in which the ethnic identity of the people is reproduced. And in this connection, the question is raised how in modern conditions the ethnic is expressed in the national theatres of Kazakhstan and Tuva. The aim of the work is a comparative analysis of the symbolic image of the "horse" in the construction of the picture of the world in the national performances of the theatres of Kazakhstan and Tuva. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the consideration of the concept of a "horse" as a symbolic image of cultural and ethnic identity in Kazakh and Tuvan culture in the context of a theatrical performance has not been the subject of cultural analysis. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article are the works of foreign, Kazakh (A.Sh. Mirzabekova, 2006), Russian (V.N. Badmaev, 2005,) and Tuvan scholars (Ch.K. Lamazhaa, 2018) who studied the problems of national identity, as well as the works of Kazakh and Tuvan theatre scholars, philologists, and cultural scientists. The source base is theatre productions: the Kazakh play "Kulager" (directed by Farhad Moldagaliev, Kazakhstan) and the Tuvan play "Egil, ezhim, egil!" (directed by Alexey Oorzhak, Tuva). (directed by Alexei Oorzhak, Tyva). On the basis of the cultural analysis of the image of the horse, the authors of the article substantiated the concept of "horse" as a symbol of freedom and independence in the theatrical art of Kazakhstan and Tuva", revealed the symbolic image of "horse" in the Kazakh performance, reflecting the ethnic identity and traditional culture of this people, conducted an analysis of the image of "horse" in the national drama of Tuvinians as a cultural element that ensures the preservation and transmission of traditional values of this people.

Fostering team dynamics in university sport science student: a low-constraint social identity intervention

Traditionally, improving group dynamic has relied on cohesion and team building (TB) interventions. However, the time-intensive nature of TB interventions poses challenges for their implementation and effectiveness. Acknowledging the significance of the Social Identity Approach (SIA) in shaping group dynamic, this study aims to propose an enlightened TB intervention tailored for task-oriented groups. A total of 741 sports science students (Mage = 19.65; SD = 1.43; female = 187) participated in a 45-minutes intervention, based on an experimental scenario involving inter-group competition, forming 19 teams with stakes for the winners and losers. The identity group underwent a three-step intervention, including defining team boundaries, discussing team desirability and values, and creating a visual team identity symbol. The control group received a theoretical course on social identity theories. Results demonstrated a significant improvement in group belonging, ingroup ties, and cognitive centrality compared to the control group. The findings support the interest of a social identity approach for teams with demanding schedules to initiate preliminary work targeting optimal Group dynamic.

Constructing the image of the USSR in traditional media (on the example of Argumenty i Fakty): Experience of statistical and qualitative analysis of communication strategies

The article defines the communication strategies of creating the image of the USSR on the basis of statistical and qualitative analysis of the Argumenty i Fakty content. The empirical basis of the article is based on the material of the newspaper published from 1992 to 2022. The use of statistical methods to analyze all issues (by continuous sampling) made it possible to identify the range of articles that mention the lexemes “USSR”, “Soviet Union”, “Union Soviet”, “country Soviet”. Communication strategies are determined by analyzing the frequency of mentioning certain word forms in the media content. The use of the thematic modeling algorithm, namely, the method of machine learning allowed us to analyze the corpus of documents, to detect patterns of words and phrases that occur most often and thus characterize the content of Argumenty i Fakty, and to automatically group articles in which terms close in meaning occur. Thus, 5757 articles were classified and 95 clusters were identified, which in turn were reduced to 16 large thematic blocks: sports, cinema, economy, music, memory, ideology, politics, education, space, debts and credits, products, man, war in Afghanistan, intelligence, atomic project. The most prominent images of the USSR in the newspaper Argumenty i Fakty appear to be the following: the winner in World War II and the geopolitical rival of the USA in the Cold War. Statistical analysis of the articles proves the importance of the Soviet experience for understanding Russia’s domestic and foreign policy. Qualitative discourse analysis shows the prevalence of positive representation of the Soviet era, which allows to label the USSR as a significant “other” for contemporary Russia. Argumenty i Fakty is characterized as an important agent/subject of the contemporary politics of symbolic identification. Keywords: image of the USSR, quantitative content analysis, Argumenty i Fakty, traditional media, communication strategies.

‘The Scottish Warrior’ Drew McIntyre: celebrity-commodity, symbolic ethnicity and authenticity

ABSTRACT While domestic articulations of Scottish identity represent a shifting and complex arena for political discourse, North American articulations of Scottishness often rely on stereotypes. Enter Drew McIntyre, The Scottish Warrior of WWE fame. The performance of McIntyre’s identity has (re)deployed symbolic ethnicity as a prominent marker of his Scottishness. Symbolic identities are commonly used in professional wrestling to define and articulate performed selves as special or unique. Yet, by voluntarily drawing upon, and amplifying, iconic elements of Scottish culture, such as Tartanry and Kailyard, McIntyre’s Scottishness has become simultaneously authentic and inauthentic in nature. This discursive effect mediates the wrestling celebrity over the recognition of the individuated self. In reducing McIntyre to a series of mediated ethnic symbols, WWE produces an objectified version of McIntyre, The Scottish Warrior, which functions as a celebrity-commodity that has converted McIntyre into a product for exchange. As such, and by means of a case study of the mediascape surrounding McIntyre’s recent WWE run, this article explores how WWE use symbolic ethnicity in the construction of The Scottish Warrior as an easily communicable celebrity-commodity, unpacking the intersection of ethnicity, symbolism and (in)authenticity in the commodification of Andrew Galloway.

"Traditional Food Of Solo Strait As Immaterial Cultural Heritage: Protection, Preservation, And Promotion"

This study aims to examine the role of traditional Solo Straits food as an immaterial cultural heritage and investigate steps that can be taken to protect, preserve, and promote it. The research method used involved literature review, direct observation, interviews with cultural experts, and qualitative data analysis. The results that the traditional food of the Solo Strait has high cultural value as a symbol of tradition, togetherness, local wisdom, hospitality, and cultural identity. However, this traditional food faces threats in the form of changes in lifestyle, the influence of globalization, and the loss of traditional knowledge in food processing and serving. To protect, preserve, and promote the traditional food of the Solo Strait, steps are needed that involve legal recognition and protection, cultural education, preservation activities such as documentation and training, as well as support from the local community and related stakeholders. In addition, promotion strategies through social media, participation in culinary events, collaboration with tourism actors, and development of related products and services are also needed to introduce this traditional food as a culinary tourism attraction and support local economic development. This research provides a deeper understanding of the importance of traditional Solo Straits food as an immaterial cultural heritage and provides recommendations to local governments and local communities to protect, preserve, and promote this traditional food. It is hoped that by adopting the right policies and implementing strategies, the traditional food of the Solo Straits can be protected, preserved, and become a driver of sustainable local economic development.

Aemila Scauri Aurelia

Can a road, with its branches, be considered sustainable and be so important for a territory that it has always influenced its evolution and that of its inhabitants over the centuries? The main purpose of the research is to clarify how a road, via Aemilia Scauri – Aurelia, can become a symbol of culture and social identity of a territory, the Tigullio, through the centuries and millennia, investigating the visible material remains of the Roman and of medieval times. The Tigullio land is a part of Liguria in the so-called Levante Ligure, east of Genoa; enclosed between the sea and the mountains, this strip of land overlooks the Golfo del Tigullio which is part of the Ligurian Sea. Its landscape is predominantly mountainous, a feature that has always influenced the inhabitants, settlements, and roads. A complex study due to the paucity of archaeological finds, destroyed or buried under centuries of reconstruction, and the almost total absence of quotations from ancient scholars. Other problems are related to the lack of memories of the inhabitants of the area as they are mostly unaware of their historical past. Few ancient structures to understand how a road can be defined as important and sustainable for the people who have inhabited the area over the centuries, it is necessary to retrace the ancient route, identifying the few signs of the past that are still visible.

Exploring Iconic Foods of Hatay Cuisine as a Cultural Identity

Since food is important to define and embody the gastronomic characteristics of a place, it is considered as part of the cultural capital that represents the expression of a country, society and history. Therefore, the symbolic foods of the region form the basis of the culinary culture. Iconic foods culturally encompass historical depth, skills, knowledge, eating habits, and other traditions. Although it varies from culture to culture, foods that reflect the values of the countries or regions are seen as a symbol of cultural identity. In this context the main purpose of the current research is to determine what is the iconic foods in Hatay cuisine, where the variety of food is very high. For this purpose study is an exploratory research. The data related to the research were collected between April 30 - May 15 2023 by means of a questionnaire. In total, 412 questionnaires were obtained from public of Hatay. The results of the this study shows the potential of 55 the iconic dishes in Hatay cuisine. Origins of these foods and their cultural values shows that the of iconic dishes in Hatay cuisine is a symbol of cultural identity.

Teaching Islam Through Cultural Symbol: Educational Values of Rimpu in Bima West Nusa Tenggara

Covering aurat is one of Islamic teachings in which its implementation can vary according to the local cultural context. In Bima, West Nusa Tenggara, Rimpu stands as the symbols for women in adhering to Islamic law by covering their aurat properly. This present research is a qualitative study with an ethnographic approach to understand the cultural meaning of Rimpu. The findings of this study implies: (1) the educational values in Rimpu are cultural values containing moral, decency, aesthetics, and religious values as the identity and cultural symbol of the Bima community, especially for Bima women who preserve Rimpu culture as a symbol of Islamic law. By using Rimpu, Bima women adhere to the teachings of the Quran to cover their aurat properly, (2) Rimpu culture is a symbol of women's morality in performing good or bad deeds. For this reason, Rimpu culture symbolizes good morality for women. As in Islamic teachings regarding aurat, Rimpu teaches the limits of aurat, protects women when they leave their homes, preserves the honour of women from the direct gaze of non-mahram men, and control direct interaction and communication with men.

Tolerance Through Cultural Integration: Embedding Traditions and values of Sasak culture in School Environments

This study revealed that the integration of local Sasak culture as a solution toward intolerance that occurs in school’s environment in West Nusa Tenggara province. The phenomenon of brawls, bullying, and acts of discrimination in forcing the use of school uniforms as a symbol of identity impacted on tolerance between and within religious communities. Does the majority always discriminate against the minority? This study used descriptive method; the data analysed used Hary King Nomogram analysis, by phenomenological approach. The teaching materials of religious education in the schools do not teach thoroughly how to live together in the post truth era, while the various religious and cultural backgrounds can be used as a solution to manage the conflict, this study also explained the characteristics of advanced humans in the millennial era civilization by living together in various religious backgrounds.

DISCOURSE OF TOLERANCE: FRAME ANALYSIS IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECHES

The knowledge of lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and syntactic can help with political speeches allowing deconstructing the principal messages originally laid down in the address. The right uses of tolerance help to create an idea of a political leader, including based on their verbal manifestations. The use of frame analysis is relevant in modern linguistics since the world is undergoing considerable transformations. The formation of an idea of the discourse of tolerance in the modern world is necessary for every member of society, since through political texts and the introduction of implicit meanings in them, one can achieve a considerable influence on the audience. Framing analysis is the young method in the world of mass information that helps to form framing with public opinions. With this method there is the opportunity to manipulate people, when there is a potential threat or important information. The decoding of linguistic mechanisms allowed forming the main semantic, grammatical, and stylistic guidelines for the identification and interpretation of symbols, images, and meanings in a political context. The purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning of tolerance evoked by frames in particular contexts, to form the principal semantic prototypes within the political text and their structural implementation. The subject of the study was the final address of B. Obama (2016a) at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, on September 20, 2016, considered from the standpoint of the discourse of tolerance. To understand the genealogy of the discourse of tolerance there were used other political speeches of B. Obama. For the research were used such methods as discursive (for evaluation of final address of the B. Obama speeches), linguistic (analyse of verbal constructions), contextual and frame analysis, which include such stages as content analysis to quantify tolerance, framing each form of tolerance and context analysis. Semantic elements of tolerance with practices and knowledge became the main problem of this research. In the basis of the article lie Fillmore’s views that frames activate background knowledge containing scenes and situations; scenes are related to texts; word semantics is connected with text semantics. The research is designed systematically to locate tolerance and its forms quantitatively, contextually to textual interpretation which incorporates analysis of linguistic, discursive, pragmatic, and rhetorical elements. Also, it was defined that in the speeches B. Obama used four concepts of tolerance: in positive (A) (is a product of other human value) and negative (B) (emphasizes to tolerate) meanings, verbs in passive voice (C) (direct object) and adjective (D) (describe object founded around the world). Another feature of reference is the specification of a particular type of tolerance resulting from another human virtue, i.e., respect. In this utterance conjunctions of extension: two types of variation: alternative and replacive conjunctions are used. The following groups of synonyms are distinguished: “patience”, “forbearance”, “admittance” categories, etc.; hyponyms are arranged as “superior” and “inferior” components. In componential analysis, respect is in inferior relation to tolerance. However, in current utterance, respect is in superior relation to tolerance. The complex nature of tolerance discourse, showcasing its multifaceted linguistic expression, was investigated. Through various linguistic forms and contextual cues, the tolerance frame activates scenarios of conflict and crisis, offering itself as a solution against negative trends like intolerance. The research outlined how tolerance is strategically implemented into political addresses, invoking principles of respect, diversity, equity, and human rights to address challenges, including religious conflicts and societal disparities. The results of the research further can be used to create programs for semantic prototyping, placing frame markers in automatic mode, and developing language patterns.

A Study on Two Distinguished Culture by Poets’ on ‘Nature’

The concept of culture is the characteristic way of behaving and believing that a group of people in a country or region have evolved over time. Thus a people’s culture gives them a sense of who they are, provides them the capacity to adapt to circumstances, affect their emotion and lives. In human history, nature attraction and land cultivation are merged from the perspectives of culture. Natural beauty attracts the poets and they spontaneously reflect it in their writings. It is applicable for both the poets of east & west, especially in Romantic arena. They each require different psychological adaptations and transformations- needs, wishes, conflicts, anxieties and defenses. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Blake, Keats, Datta and Tagore beautifully mingle nature’s beauty and sooth human sufferings. We, the human beings, identify with them and feel beauty and joy from our unconscious and are able to transform our owes and pain. They are the symbols of unique cultural identity.

Indigenous Environmental Resilience: Decoding Ancient Rozvi Wisdom on Mountain Ecosystems as Disaster Management Solutions

Since time immemorial, Indigenous communities have always perceived the landscape as a complex web of living, physical, and spiritual things. These communities have always relied on their Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS), emphasizing ancestral burial grounds, mountains, caves, rivers, pools, forests, monuments, and other cultural diacritics as symbols of place identity. In addition, myriad metaphors like taboos, legends, tales, folklore, myths, proverbs, stories, and practices, also constituted an integral part of Indigenous cultural and nature connections. This heritage was constantly imagined and configured to cement human-nature relations. However, the advent of colonialism severely violated this status quo, thereby causing deep environmental, political, and social crises. Through imposing a hegemonic scientific paradigm, knowledge compartmentalization, and capitalist aggrandizing practices, the original harmonious human-nature praxis premised on IKS was disrupted. To this day, the exclusionary colonial legacy and poisoned ‘sense of place’ remains our greatest threat to climate and environmental stability. Thus, this paper advocates for the recentralization of IKS as a valid way of knowing with already inbuilt human and natural disaster management solutions. By pivoting Rozvi narratives premised on five mountains, namely; Manyanga in Bubi district, Mavangwe, MunwewaMwari and Bepe in Buhera district, and Mutikwiri in Maungwe near Rusape town, all situated in former Butua/Guruuswa regions of Zimbabwe as case studies, the power of ancient wisdom as a holistic epistemic approach towards sustainable human-nature relations is explicated.

Ukrainian Vytynanka Art: Historical Perspective and Modernity

The purpose of the research is to highlight of the vytynanka art as an integral component of traditional Ukrainian culture. The research methodology is based on the application of a systemic approach and includes the following methods: analytical, comparative-historical, art history, cultural for comprehensive reflection of the outlined issues and the formulation of substantiated conclusions. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to comprehensively consider the art of vytynanka in historical retrospect; the periodisation of traditional Ukrainian vytynanka art was presented; the main trends of the folk vytynanka development are defined; the types of paper ornaments as well as the technique of their manufacture, their typology and motifs of ornaments, tools and materials for the manufacture are revealed. Conclusions. Ukrainian vytynanka is a traditional type of decoration characteristic of Ukrainian culture. This art consists in creating patterns and images by cutting motifs out of paper. Vytynanka has deep historical and symbolic roots, associated with Ukrainian national identity. The main elements of Ukrainian vytynanka are geometric shapes, flowers, animals, birds, symbols and motifs from nature. The ears of corn, the sun, roosters and other symbols are popular motifs, because they have a deep cultural and symbolic meaning. It is often associated with holidays, especially spring and summer, when decorations from vytynanka are used to decorate houses and attributes of festive events. Thus, Ukrainian vytynanka is a beautiful form of decorative art, as well as the important symbol of Ukrainian culture and national identity, passing on heritage and traditions from generation to generation.
 Keywords: Ukrainian vytynanka, traditional culture, symbols, ornaments.

The effect of innovation on sustainable competitive advantage through local wisdom in Padang restaurants in Pekanbaru

Business competition due to a dynamic business environment that makes Padang restaurant businesses must have the ability to have a sustainable competitive advantage. This study aims to analyze the effect of innovation on sustainable competitive advantage through local wisdom as a mediating variable. A quantitative explanatory approach was used in this study with 100 respondents. It uses the accidental sampling technique of the Padang restaurant business in Pekanbaru. The analytical tool used is PLS, with research showing that innovation affects competitive advantage through local wisdom as a mediating variable. Local wisdom as a mediating variable shows the novelty of this research as a form of cultural integration to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The unique value contained in the product is a symbol of a strong identity so that it can appear different from competitors. The value of the authenticity and uniqueness of Padang food as a culinary and cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation is different from competitors. So, every innovation made by Padang restaurants in Pekanbaru based on the values of local wisdom will increase sustainable competitive advantage.

Влияние современной сетевой субкультуры «аниме» на сознание несовершеннолетних

Introduction. Nowadays, Russian society's attitude towards the anime subculture varies from panic to complete acceptance. Anime is a global culture with local communities and does not respect state borders. Anime community includes structure, norms, values and a certain level of relationships.
 The object of the study was a group of students of school №19 and school №39 in Krasnodar (90 questionnaires), the age of students is from 10 to 17 years old. The aim of the research is to study the specifics and get an idea of the anime subculture, to determine the degree of its influence on minors.
 Research methods consisted of theoretical analysis, identification of internal symbols, meanings and trends through content analysis of anime cartoons. The research included a social survey on media preferences in anime genres. Participatory observation in virtual space in forums, chat rooms, as well as media materials were also used. Legislative acts and decisions of authorities on blocking websites related to illegal content and prohibited propaganda of suicide and drugs were analysed.
 Results. The comprehensive study made it possible to develop recommendations on preventive measures and increased vigilance for parents of minors (or their legal representatives) to promptly remove prohibited information from the network.

Women farmers’ access to marshlands for agricultural food production in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Land is a crucial resource in agricultural food production and serves as a symbol of wealth, power, and identity for rural communities. Yet, the persistent gender gap in accessing land and other productive resources has resulted in the poor performance of largely female-dominated smallholder agriculture. This study applies a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from 232 participants to increase understanding of how women farmers access land for agricultural production in Kabare and Mulungwishi marshlands in the southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. We articulate our research around these questions: (i) How do women access land and perceive land tenure security in marshlands? (ii)What are the sources of inequality in land access patterns in marshlands, as perceived by women farmers? (iii) What factors affect women's desire to own or acquire farmland?The findings show significant differences in patterns of women's access to land, its size, and the perception of land tenure in the two regions. Women farmers interviewed are aware of gender inequalities firmly rooted in each area's customs and cultural norms, which tend to give men more opportunities to access and control family land resources.Interestingly, a considerable proportion of women (11%) often expressed a desire for land ownership, with marital status, household size, and income generated per cropping season being the significant predictors. The findings provide insights into women's pathways, determinants of acquiring land, and related challenges. Findings call for policy interventions to strengthen women's empowerment and prioritize their access to productive resources.

The Girl in the Hijab

The image of a young girl wearing a hijab can be seen to be an iconic representation of the complex intersection between feminism on the one hand, and religion and culture on the other. While the hijab is a visible marker of traditional gender norms in some Islamic communities, many modern Muslim women and girls have reclaimed it as a symbol of faith, identity, and choice. In keeping with contemporary feminist dialogue, we seek to understand and respect these nuanced perspectives.

More of me: Self-prioritization of numeric stimuli.

People process stimuli that have been arbitrarily associated with the self versus with a stranger preferentially, but congruence effects can modulate self-prioritization, as when the self is paired with, for example, symmetrical versus asymmetrical stimuli. In two experiments, we examined the interaction of self-prioritization with number magnitude when participants associated the self or a stranger with specific number symbols such as "2" presented as natural, negative, and ordinal number types (Experiment 1), or abstract numeric concepts, such as "larger than 5" (Experiment 2). Empathy and personal distance were also assessed. While self-prioritization emerged in both experiments, number type (natural, ordinal, and negative) had no effect on performance. Furthermore, correlations with empathy and personal distance did not emerge consistently. An interaction between number magnitude and self-assignment was observed for the magnitude comparison matching task (e.g., > 5) (Experiment 2), but not in the specific number (e.g., "8") matching task (Experiment 1). The null interaction may reflect the fact that encoding symbol identity, but not number magnitude, was sufficient for the symbol-matching task. The order of numbers and self-associations also had an effect. In sum, this study is the first to show that self-prioritization emerges for symbolic numbers and can even occur with abstract categories, such as a range of numbers (e.g., > 5). Furthermore, congruence effects between number concepts and labels (e.g., for the stranger, less is better) may also affect performance. However, this would appear to depend on the task context, such as whether numeric magnitude was needed to complete the task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).