Symbolic Component Research Articles

ОСМИСЛЕННЯ ЯК ЗВ’ЯЗНІСТЬ І ЗВ’ЯЗАНІСТЬ ЛЮДСЬКОГО БУТТЯ: ОНТОЛОГІЧНЕ ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ СЕНСУ

The article deals with the ontological aspects of the consolidation of social being. As a fundamental reproduction mechanism, there is a phenomenon of meaning. The meaning produces, transmits the practice of connectivity and the unity of co-existence both at the individual and social levels. It is a connection, involvement that continues in the nature, quality, stability of human relations with the outside world. This connection gives the status of reality, the truth of human existence. In its ontological significance, reality as materiality, conformity, is only in experience. Thereby it is revealed that the social and individual being reality is in the space of experience that a human acquires in social interaction. «Significance of experience» forms a connection with reality, which acts as an ontological basis of meaning and grows out of its metaphysical nature. Thus, it fills the meaning itself, makes a true, real human being. The meaning connects, transforms and gives perspective to social relations. It is noted that the basis of meaning is its ontological characteristic, that is, a phenomenon arising from the real life relationships of an individual with the outside world. The nature of the meaning, which is an integral, consolidating, is determined by its transcendence. The meaning is always in the objective world. In other words, human does not choose and does not invent meaning, on the contrary, by selfrealization, it forms its connection with the world – its life meaning. Therefore, human existence requires direction to someone (something) other than herself. This metaphysical connection of being and meaning ensures the connection of human co-existence. So the true life meaning is always outside the human self, and therefore requires unity with other people. This logic reveals the phenomenon of comprehension as an integral being element, its symbolic component. Because of this, the main task of human is to go beyond the limits of their own selfishness, to feel their connection with the surrounding world. In this perspective, the meaning phenomenon is revealed in the space of sacral transformation, the personality birth. The more human overcomes the power of selfishness in themselves, the more he reveals the uniqueness of the surrounding world, the more he improves, realizes himself, acquires understanding of his own personality. In other words, self-realization itself does not foresee a direction. When in the human creativity field there is no orientation towards another human, when he «creatеs» for himself, a human must be prepared to be disappointed. Such «creativity» is empty, unclaimed, since it is devoid of its main content – love, that is, meaning. In other words, self-realization in itself should not and can not be the goal of human life. It is the result of the life meaning realization that is achieved only in the harmonious human connection with the outside world, only in productive relations with others. Therefore, self-realization is only a side effect of the man’s release beyond his own self. Consequently, meaningful life is not concentrated on its own «I», but is connected internally and externally with the lives of others. Moreover, this life is not only connected but it is also integral, since the nature of human relationship with the surrounding reality is a projection of the attitude towards himself. Thus, the analysis of the consolidation mechanisms of human existence, of its integrity, harmony, must focus in the space of the meaning problem. In other words, it is a matter of gaining a real individual experience of unity with the world. It is precisely this perspective of studying problems of integration of social and individual order that allows you to offer tools and ways to solve the issue.

Greetings in male Guinea baboons and the function of rituals in complex social groups

Ritualized greetings, defined as exchanges of non-aggressive signals, are common among males living in multi-male groups and are thought to balance the trade-offs of male co-residence. While ritualized greetings are widespread in the animal kingdom, the behavioral repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, as it involves potentially harmful behaviors such as genital fondling. Although greetings are one of the most striking male social interactions in baboons, their function is still disputed. We investigated the function of male–male ritualized greeting behavior in wild Guinea baboons. This species lives in multilevel societies where several ‘units’ comprising a primary male, females with young, and occasionally a secondary male form a ‘party’, and two to three parties form a gang. Adult males maintain affiliative relationships with preferred male partners whom they support in coalitions, regardless of kinship. We examined the social behavior of 24 adolescent and adult males (∼900 h focal observations) in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, to test whether greetings reflect relationship quality or function to buffer tension. Greetings were ten times more frequent than aggression and twice as frequent as affiliation. Neither dyadic aggression nor tense context predicted greeting rate, discounting the buffering hypothesis. Greetings occurred almost exclusively between males of the same party, even when other parties were around. Within parties, spatially tolerant partners greeted more frequently but dyads did not greet due to proximity prior to the greeting. Although affiliation did not predict overall greeting rate, intense and potentially costly greetings were more likely between males with stronger affiliative relationships. Greetings in Guinea baboons appear to signal commitment among party members, test relationships among spatially tolerant partners, and accentuate relationship strength among highly affiliated males. Although ritualized baboon greetings lack the symbolic component of human rituals, they appear to serve similar functions, specifically to strengthen in-group affiliation and promote cooperation.

Life events and artistic events. Outstanding characteristics and common features

Life events and artistic events. Outstanding characteristics and common features

Regionalism and Nationalism in Migrant Marketplaces: Transnational Social Geographies and the Globalization of Italian Food

Transatlantic Italian foods offer a paradigmatic commercial and cultural product of a migrant marketplace in which waves of mobile cooks and eaters from used food as a material and symbolic component of their identity as Italians in America, while also shaping notions of Italian food and the Italian nation. This paper advances the migrant marketplace framework by showing how notions of culinary regionalism and nationalism were constructed through the transatlantic circulation of culinary and cultural imaginaries. Combining commodity chain analysis and ethnic studies methodologies reveals a long-term synchronization of taste between Italy and America and across social and regional lines in Italy. By the mid-twentieth century, the American food industry had standardized diverse Italian regional cuisines into an image of red sauce and pizza, but in the 1970s, a new generation of mobile Italians and Italian Americans recovered those regional traditions and raised the global status of Italian food.

Этнокультурная идентичность северных алтайцев в контексте города: символическое возрождение

Purpose. The article contributes to the study of urban life of Russian ethnic minorities. Our research was based on three groups of Northern Altaians: the Kumandins, the Tubalars, and the Chelkans, the indigenous ethnic minorities of Siberia. Results. Our research shows that Northern Altaians vary according to the degree of their urbanization with the Kumandins being the most urbanized ones. The main reason for an increase in number of Northern Altaians in cities is migration from village areas. They migrate primarily for the sake of education, job search, better living conditions, as well as a result of the state policy of eliminating ‘unpromising’ villages. However, in urban environments they tend to lose their traditional culture and native language, and their family identities become less distinct. Their lifestyles are essentially the same as the lifestyles of Russians city dwellers. Many Altaians remain loyal to their traditional cuisine, enjoy national holidays and gladly participate in celebrations. Conclusions. The ancestors of the Northern Altaians had earlier contacts with the Russians and Russian culture (in the 17th century) than Southern Altaians (in the 18th century). Due to the policy of Christian prozelytism, close contacts with Russians, mixed marriages and a strong process of Russification took place. In the late 19th century, assimilation continued to develop. Because of this, the Northern Altaians were often unable to resist the weakening of their ethnic and cultural identities as they migrated. In the 1990s, the Northern Altai intelligentsia admitted a certain degree of separation between their fellow Altaians and the cultural heritage of their ancestors. It was the period when a concept of national-cultural renaissance became popular among the Northern Altaians. The ethnic renaissance affected selfperception of urban Northern Altaians in a significant way. Nowadays, the Northern Altaians who live in cities possess strong cultural identities. However, these identities are beginning to get new shapes. They are no longer related to the degree of their language competence or common ethnic-cultural knowledge; rather, it is the symbolic component of cultural identities that is perceived as the most important one.

Del diagrama de Venn al Nudo Borromeo: recorrido de la planificación en América Latina

Venn's diagram and borromean knot are used as examples of growing complexity than can be applied to the development of planning, beginning with its critic in both the technical and political sides. The three registers: real, imaginary and symbolic, after Lacan, are compared with the "worlds" one, two and three, after Popper, describing its modifications and interactions and its transformation and complication. With that background, the course of planning is examined in Latin America, long four last decades and through the three registers. The need of deepen the dialog is concluded, emphasizing the symbolic component and its imperative integration with the others components of the problem.

SEMBOLİK TÜKETİMİN LÜKS MARKALARA OLAN İZDÜŞÜMÜ: LOUIS VUITTON MARKASININ DERGİ REKLAMLARINA YÖNELİK BİR ANALİZ

The phenomenon of luxury has a long history. It is a phenomenon closely associated with the increases in consumption that depend on the changing social and technological conditions of our time. In today’s world, where people self-actualize through consumption and shape their lifestyle in a consumption-oriented way, the concept of luxury has profoundly influenced the brands that are the most conspicuous symbols of the marketing world. Located at the center of production and symbolic consumption network, with their symbolic component, luxury brands, have come to the forefront as one of the dimensions of value in the concept of luxury. The literature review showed that concepts of luxury, luxury brands and symbolic consumption have been investigated in numerous studies, but there is little research on the relationship between luxury brands and advertisements, the marketing and communication tool, within the context of symbolic consumption. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to delve into the luxury brand products that cover all aspects of human life within the context of symbolic consumption and to identify potential associations between the cues in advertisements for luxury brands and symbolic consumption. To that end, the magazine advertisements of Louis Vuitton, the label with the highest brand value in the luxury category according to the data of BrandZ and Bloomberg in 2015, were analyzed using semiotic analysis. If a general assessment is made of advertisements on the basis of the Freudian model, conspicuous consumption theory and pseudo individualism theory, it can be said that the main points sought to be conveyed through symbols are not about the functionality of the advertised product, but rather the codes that direct people to symbolic consumption, such as being different, privilege, worth, status, exclusivity, feeling special, vanity, indulgence and identity.

La gárgola en la cultura visual actual

The gargoyle has been inhabited since ancient times the cornices of religious and civil buildings, serving for water evacuation and other missions with different interpretations. His great symbolic component makes it an exciting claim for the current audiovisual time. Among the manifestations found, we will study the vision of the gargoyle in the media and will assess their suitability to the medieval vision. By the appearance of medieval gargoyle in present times in form of characters and ornaments, and through the application of current images to new gargoyles, we can perform a visual and symbolic journey around the different views that the current culture makes them. But we can’t stay there; it is necessary to relate these new insights and meanings to the original, to establish whether it has made proper use of the image or crushed primal symbol structure.

Living and Working Together in Organizations: Traces and Ways

This article explores the state of the art in relation to the theme of living and working together in organizations and proposes a new theoretical model. A thorough examination of literature highlights that there are almost no works specifically coping with this theme, defining its theoretical perspective and specifying the choice of proposed indicators. Several, instead, are the works indirectly dealing with living and working together in organizations, mostly considered equivalent to the quality of interpersonal relationships, or developed starting from the theme of diversity and conflict. In reference to the social context, an important defining effort was carried out by Renzo Carli, who defines living together [convivenza in Italian] as the symbolic component of a social relationship, generated by three components: belonging systems, strangers and rules of the game. Living together means integrating these three elements of a relationship in order to create innovative products. This article proposes a review of this model, specifically designed for the organizational field. Living and working together in organizations is meant as the result of the cross among Identity, Otherness, and Work Purpose, within specific organizational Cultures of Diversity. Starting from this model, in dialogue with long-lasting research and intervention experience in various organizational contexts, we propose forms of living and working together in organizations that were empirically pointed out: generative-efficient, affiliating, performance-based, and chaotic-paralyzing styles.

Research of the Symbolic Component of Words Meanings in the Structure of Traditional Folk Rite

Research of the Symbolic Component of Words Meanings in the Structure of Traditional Folk Rite

Research of the Symbolic Component of Words Meanings in the Structure of Traditional Folk Rite

Based on the materials collected as a result of a comprehensive field research, an ethnographic description of the traditional festive ceremony Ushestye, the Ascension of Christ, recorded in the territory of the Russian-Belarusian border zone is given. The main stages of a local rite action, its participants are considered. Language material, representing the symbolic significance of the rite is analyzed. The symbolic meaning of the key words of the rite (Ushestye, arrow) is determined by the amount of variant semantic vectors the semantic field of which is outlined by the represented rite text. The amount of semantic vectors comprises the symbol semantic field in the rite discourse.

Reconfiguring organisational patterns of power: An ethnography on the functioning of academic credentials in Chile

The evolution of academic credentials is not only a technical process, but also a social one. Whereas the technical process involves skill development for the increasing technologisation and sophistication of work, the social process comprises phenomena such as power struggles and status construction. Exploring the interplay between doctors and nurses, this article analyses what ideologies, institutions and devices lie beneath patterns of powers affecting healthcare organisations in Chile, examining the extent to which academic credentials are used, on the one hand, to question established patterns of power and, on the other hand, to wield power, reshaping in the process internal logics of stratification by class and ethnicity. Drawing upon ethnographic data, the authors argue that the transformation of the nursing curriculum coupled with ongoing state reform has led to a more open attitude towards power collectively, a process intertwined with the development of a series of alliances and the performance of negotiating abilities resulting in the gradual access to high-ranking positions. This may well reflect a move from a technical component of credentials to a more symbolic component, shaping cultural expectations of capabilities and a new code of power.

A holistic picture of Austronesian migrations revealed by phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry

The peopling of Remote Oceanic islands by Austronesian speakers is a fascinating and yet contentious part of human prehistory. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic studies have shown the complex nature of the process in which different components that helped to shape Lapita culture in Near Oceania each have their own unique history. Important evidence points to Taiwan as an Austronesian ancestral homeland with a more distant origin in South China, whereas alternative models favor South China to North Vietnam or a Southeast Asian origin. We test these propositions by studying phylogeography of paper mulberry, a common East Asian tree species introduced and clonally propagated since prehistoric times across the Pacific for making barkcloth, a practical and symbolic component of Austronesian cultures. Using the hypervariable chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 sequences of 604 samples collected from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceanic islands (including 19 historical herbarium specimens from Near and Remote Oceania), 48 haplotypes are detected and haplotype cp-17 is predominant in both Near and Remote Oceania. Because cp-17 has an unambiguous Taiwanese origin and cp-17-carrying Oceanic paper mulberries are clonally propagated, our data concur with expectations of Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland, providing circumstantial support for the "out of Taiwan" hypothesis. Our data also provide insights into the dispersal of paper mulberry from South China "into North Taiwan," the "out of South China-Indochina" expansion to New Guinea, and the geographic origins of post-European introductions of paper mulberry into Oceania.

Identifying Ottomanisms: The Discursive Evolution of Ottoman Pasts in the Turkish Presents

This article problematizes the much-used but under-analysed concept of Ottomanism, exploring its discursive evolution from the concept's origins in the nineteenth century to its present practice. Investigating its roots in an elitist multicultural project, the paper examines its integral role as part of the opposing intellectual subculture during the early Republican era and its later re-politicization as ‘neo-Ottomanism’ in Turkey's Özal-era foreign policy. The current practice of ‘banal Ottomanism’ by the AK Party is analysed as a symbolic component of the current re-identification of Turkish society, facilitating the reintroduction of Islamic-Ottomanist traditions into everyday routines.

A knowledge-based system for prototypical reasoning

In this work we present a knowledge-based system equipped with a hybrid, cognitively inspired architecture for the representation of conceptual information. The proposed system aims at extending the classical representational and reasoning capabilities of the ontology-based frameworks towards the realm of the prototype theory. It is based on a hybrid knowledge base, composed of a classical symbolic component (grounded on a formal ontology) with a typicality based one (grounded on the conceptual spaces framework). The resulting system attempts to reconcile the heterogeneous approach to the concepts in Cognitive Science with the dual process theories of reasoning and rationality. The system has been experimentally assessed in a conceptual categorisation task where common sense linguistic descriptions were given in input, and the corresponding target concepts had to be identified. The results show that the proposed solution substantially extends the representational and reasoning ‘conceptual’ capabilities of standard ontology-based systems.

Histogram-valued data on value at risk measures: a symbolic approach for risk attribution

In this article, we develop the concept of histogram-valued data on value at risk for the classification of hedge fund risk. By using recent developments in data mining, it is a question of the classification of heterogeneous data in order to sort hedge funds by risk class. In practical terms, risk levels relative to measures of histogram-valued data on VaR are calculated as an aid to decision-making. The empirical study was carried out on 1023 HFR-based hedge funds, where we had estimated monthly ARMA-GARCH or asymmetric GARCH VaR and CVaR measures between 01 January 2003 and 31 December 2008. We identify two sub-periods: from 2003 to 2005, and from 2006 to 2008 in order to identify a recovery period after the 2001–2002 crisis and the impact of the 2007–2008 crisis. First, the symbolic approach allows us to construct the measures of histogram-valued data on VaR by optimizing the definition of categories. A symbolic principal component analysis shows that the indices coming from the VaR of the GARCH and asymmetrical GARCH are the most pertinent. Second, we apply a criterion of inter-class inertia and retain a partitioning of hedge funds into three classes by dynamic K-means cluster analysis. For each of our sub-periods and for each class, a risk level is defined on the basis of the categories of the most discriminating variable.

Signs of Power in Habsburg Spain and the New World by Jason McCloskey and Ignacio López Alemany, eds (review)

Reviewed by: Signs of Power in Habsburg Spain and the New World by Jason McCloskey and Ignacio López Alemany, eds Alejandro García-Reidy McCloskey, Jason, and Ignacio López Alemany, eds. Signs of Power in Habsburg Spain and the New World. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 2013. 246 pp. This volume includes ten essays that explore, from different perspectives, the representation of power in the Spanish monarchy during the early modern period. The authors of these essays develop their analysis by focusing on a variety of [End Page 586] cultural signs: literary, historical, and political texts, paintings, coins, and other kinds of elements of material culture. This approach allows them to examine an abstract notion such as power (understood basically as political, economic, military, religious, or judicial authority) through texts and objects that put it into motion as specific cultural practices and that can be subjected to critical inquiry. At the same time, the relationship of these signs with power is a complex one, for their creators frequently resorted to a symbolic component that required an interpretation by readers or viewers and consequently prevented a simplistic relationship between sign and meaning. This collection of essays therefore provides a fruitful intersection of two topics that have interested early modern Hispanists for some time: on the one hand, the complex reality of power in Spain and its American colonies, much less monolithic and unidirectional than presented by certain traditional historiographies; on the other hand, objects and their social use as a source of cultural analysis. The volume is divided into two sections. The first one, entitled “Myths of Power,” includes four essays that examine the use of various classical myths in relation to power. Anne Cruz focuses on a series of mythological paintings known as the poesie and painted by Tiziano for Philip II between 1553 and 1562, which she reads as reflections on the evolution of the prince-monarch’s marital and political circumstances. Lucia Binotti’s article, the most risqué and provocative in the volume, argues for a reading of La fábula de Polifemo y Galatea that expands the erotic interpretation of several passages of the text and highlights the role of ekphrasis, which leads the author to see the poem as a “stimulus and perhaps a supplement to sexual self-pleasuring” of the noblemen who read it in the privacy of their rooms (28). Frederick de Armas discusses the first meeting between Don Quixote and the false knight Sansón Carrasco by analyzing how the legendary Hercules models certain aspects of the relationship between these two characters. In the fourth work of this first section, Ignacio López Alemany examines how the myth of the Roman hero Marcus Curtius served as an idealized model for both the figure of the Renaissance courtier, as used by Luis de Milán, and the image of the perfect soldier, as exemplified in a fresco in the palace of the Marqués del Viso. The second part of the volume, entitled “Challenges for Power,” presents six essays that study specific practices that questioned the established power. Elvira Vilches shows how the currency devaluations that took place during the reigns of Philip III and Philip IV represented a decline in the confidence of the economic policies of these monarchs, and created certain uneasiness due to the instability of an object that was traditionally regarded as invariable and fully supported by political power. John Slater focuses on the interesting case of Juan de Palafox, Bishop of Puebla between 1639 and 1649, who was embroiled in a bitter controversy when he designed a modified royal coat of arms for the cathedral of Puebla. These changes questioned the supposedly stable meaning of every coat of arms by opening it up to interpretation, which, in the case of Juan de Palafox, might have been critical of Philip IV’s policies in relation to the kingdom of Aragon. Ana María G. Laguna studies the figure of Antonio Pérez, the secretary of Philip II who, after falling out of favor and being accused of treason, ended up seeking protection first in the kingdom of Aragon and later in England. Laguna examines two works by Pérez in...

No sabe - no contesta. Se es postprocesualista, interpretativo o fenomenológico: ¿hay un modelo a seguir?

This work is a reflection about the difficulty that exists in integrating into a coherent model, the principal positions included in the post-processual current. Until now, the multiple definitions are not sufficient to explain the post-processual current as is the theoretical interpretative position, as it is derived from the former postulates. It is still difficult to define because it acquired a certain complexity by consisting of numerous diverse theoretical notions. Since 1982 Ian Hodder has maintained that the culture includes a symbolic component, and it opened the door to numerous interpretations and debates, about the subjectivist postulates present in the culture. The pheno-menological position, as one of the subjectivist postulate, analyzes the subjective role of the archaeological records and can deduct from the discourses related to the material culture. In this analysis we try to clarify this problematic using examples stemming from the historical archaeology, particularly the spatial and architectural analysis of Gonzalez Catan City (Partido de La Matanza) between 1869 and 1910. This phenomenological model allows us to think about of the use of preconceived paradigms and their consequences on the archaeological interpretation. Equally so, the Phenomenological model offers a solution to overcome the interpretive limitations of the archeo-logical records using the introspection, the critic and the reconstruction of the archaeological object.

Early evidence of the ballgame in Oaxaca, Mexico

As a defining characteristic of Mesoamerican civilization, the ballgame has a long and poorly understood history. Because the ballgame is associated with the rise of complex societies, understanding its origins also illuminates the evolution of socio-politically complex societies. Although initial evidence, in the form of ceramic figurines, dates to 1700 BCE, and the oldest known ballcourt dates to 1600 BCE, the ritual paraphernalia and ideology associated with the game appear around 1400 BCE, the start of the so-called Early Horizon, defined by the spread of Olmec-style symbols across Mesoamerica. Early Horizon evidence of ballgame paraphernalia both identical to and different from that of the Gulf Coast Olmec can be seen on figurines from coastal Chiapas and the central highlands of Mexico, respectively. The Mexican state of Oaxaca, however, has yielded little data on early involvement in the ballgame. The discovery of a ballplayer figurine in the Mixteca Alta region of Oaxaca demonstrates the early participation of this region in the iconography and ideology of the ballgame. In lieu of an actual ballcourt, the focus may have been on the symbolic component of ballplayers and their association with supernatural forces, as part of emerging leaders' legitimization strategies.

Masonic Allusions in the Dedications of Two Canons by J.S. Bach: BWV 1078 and 1075

Masonic Allusions in the Dedications of Two Canons by J. S. Bach: BWV 1078 and 1075 MaryGreer This between and is rituals the compositions first ofthe in a Freemasons. series by of J.S. articles Bach in and which theideals, I explore symbols, links betweencompositions byJ.S. Bach and theideals,symbols, andrituals oftheFreemasons. The compositional virtuosity Bachdisplays inhiscanonsandthe factthathe wrote so manyindicatethathe relishedthe sheer intellectual challengeof thismost rigorousof musicalgenres.In addition, however, certaincanonsalmostcertainly have a symbolic component. In thepagesthatfollow, I pointoutcorrelations between thededication accompanying thesevenvoicecanon ,BWV 1078,and the guidingprinciplesand secretpasswordsof Freemasonry that indicate that Bachwasfamiliar withtheidealsandrituals oftheorder. I also offera new interpretation of the puzzlingwordingof the dedicationto thetwo-voicecanon,BWV 1075, thatmay,in turn, providea newavenueforidentifying thededicatee. Source Situańon, BWV 1078 The seven-voice canon,BWV 1078,together withitsdedication and solution,survive in a copymadebyJohannPhilippKirnberger sometimebefore1754. It is heldat theStaatsbibliothek zu BerlinPreu ßischerKulturbesitz.Nothing further is known about the provenance ofthemanuscript.1 !Mus. ms. Bach P611. Reproduced with the kind permission ofthe Staatsbibliothek zuBerlinPreu ßischer Kulturbesitz, Musikabteilung mit MendelssohnArchiv . 1 2 Bach J.P.Kirnberger's copyofBach'scanon, BWV1078 Bach and Freemasonry 3 An early print ofthecanon,without thededication andthesolution, appears in Friedrich WilhelmMarpurg'sAbhandlung vonderFuge , published inBerlinin 1754.2 The reinforced lettersand unorthodoxcapitalizations in the dedicationin Kirnberger's copy give everyindicationthathe has scrupulously reproduced theorthography ofBach's autograph.3 Fa Mi,etMi Fa esttota Musica F,A,B,E, Repetatur Canonsuper FaMi,a 7.postTempus Musicum4 DominePossessor Fidelis Amici Beatum Esse Recordari, tibi haudignotum: itaque BonaeArtis Cultorem Habeas verum amlcum Tuum. Lipsiae d.1.Martdi 1749. 2Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg, Abhandlung von der Fuge (Berlin: HaudeundSpener, 1754), Teil II,Tab. XXXVII, Figures 6-7. AsChristoph Wolff observes, wecannot besure ifKirnberger wascopying direcdy from the autograph itself orfrom anexact copy (Wolff, Neue Bach-Ausgabe [NBA], 8/1KB,26-27). In oldterminology, theterm "Tempus musicum" means onebreve, or two measures. Inthe course ofhis insightful discussion ofBach's Trias harmonica (BWV 1072), ariddle canon for two choirs offour voices each, Christoph Wolff points out that thebreve wasa central component of themedieval system of musical mensuration. Before the clock was invented, large segments oftime could bemarked only bythe movements ofthe earth, andsmaller units oftime could bequantified only bythe human heartbeat. Ina treatise entitled Arscantus mensurabilis dating to around 1250, Franco ofCologne laid out asystem ofmeasured music and called the principal unit for measuring time tempus musicum ,or"breve." Thebreve, ineffect, served asa link between the heartbeat ofanindividual human being andthe time scheme ofthe universe. Wolff alsopoints outthat Bachemploys the term tempus musicum inanother riddle canon: BWV1078. SeeJohann Sebastian Back The Learned Musician (New York: W.W.Norton, 2000), 337. 4 Bach Fa Mi,andMi Fa arethewholeofMusic F,A,B,E, Repeat CanononFaMifor 7 [parts], following oneBreve SirOwner Recalling a faithful friend means happiness ascanhardly beunknown toyou:therefore take theCultivator oftheGoodArt asyour true friend. Leipzig, 1March 1749.5 Previous Hypotheses Regarding the Identity ofthe Dedicatee In his monumentalstudyof Bach publishedin 1873-1880, PhilippSpittaproposedseveralcandidatesas thelikely dedicateeof thecanon.6However,he apparently didnotconsiderthepossibility thatthededicateemight havebeennamed"Faber,"andautomatically assumedthatBachmusthavebeenaddressing someonebythename of "Schmidt"(in English,"Smith"),as the Latin word "faber"is usuallytranslated.7 Among the candidatesSpitta proposed was BalthasarSchmidtof Nuremberg who publishedseveralworksby SebastianBach andhissonEmanuel,andwhowas a skilled musician himself. However,as thereis no evidenceof theclose relationship between Sebastian Bach and BalthasarSchmidtthat would be consistent withthetworeferences to "truefriend" inthededication, SpittaconcludedthatJohannSchmidt,the organistat St. Blasius Churchin Zella,Thuringia, was a morelikely candidate.It mayhave 5SeeWerner Neumann andHans-Joachim Schulze, eds., Bach Dokumente , vol.I (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1963), Nr.177, 246-47[hereafter, BDokI];HansT.David, Arthur Mendel, andChristoph Wolff, eds., The New Bach Reader. A Ufeof Johann Sebastian Bach inLetters and Documents (NewYork: W.W.Norton, 1998), 236-37; Malcolm Boyd, ed., J.S. Bach. Oxford Composer Companions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 167. 6Spitta, Job. Seh. Bach ,trans. Clara Bell&J. A.Fuller-Maidand (London: Novello & Co,1889), vol.3,237-38. 7TheLatinword"faber" is generally translated intoGerman as "Schmied" ("blacksmith'*), butit canalsodenote "Handwerker" (craftsman), "Arbeiter" (worker), or"Künstler" (artist orartisan). Bach and Freemasonry 5 beenhisassumption thatthededicateewas fromThuringia thatled himto conjecture thatthecapitalized letters "I" and "T" inthefinal lineoftheinscription stoodforIsenaco-Thuringum ,theLatinwordsfor Bach's birthplace, "Eisenach" in "Thuringia,"a readingthathas become entrenched in theliterature.8 However,in theabsenceof a candidatewithclose tiesto...