Swimming Skills Research Articles

How intrinsically motivating are swimming instructors/lessons in the Netherlands? An observational study through the lens of self-determination theory.

It is desirable that (more) children continue swimming after having completed their swimming lessons to preserve their swimming skills and water safety, and as part of an active, healthy lifestyle. This may be encouraged by stirring children's intrinsic motivation for swimming during swimming lessons. However, it is currently unknown how intrinsically motivating swimming lessons are in Western countries. This study examined to what extent swimming instructors in the Netherlands cater to the basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which, according to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), promote intrinsic motivation. Additionally, it examined whether an SDT-based teaching program prompts instructors to better meet these needs, and to what extent the teaching program, the education and experience of the instructor, and the group size predict the employment of SDT in swimming lessons. A total of 128 swimming lessons given by equally many instructors were observed in the Netherlands and rated on a modified version of the SDT teaching style scale to assess autonomy, competence, and relatedness support. The swimming lessons referred to four teaching programs, one of which was explicitly based on SDT. Instructors exhibited autonomy-thwarting, weakly competence-supportive, and relatedness-supportive behaviors. The SDT-based teaching program scored higher on the provision of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in lessons. This finding was significant for autonomy. Teaching program was the only significant predictor of SDT employment by instructors. Further improvement is desirable in catering to the basic needs, particularly autonomy, which can be achieved by deliberately implementing the principles of SDT into teaching programs for swimming.

Swimming skills formation of junior school age children

Swimming skills formation of junior school age children

Integrating the Project-Based Learning and the Inclusive Teaching Style: An Innovation to Improve Freestyle Swimming Skills

Integrating the Project-Based Learning and the Inclusive Teaching Style: An Innovation to Improve Freestyle Swimming Skills

Effects of Snorkel on Teaching Principal Swimming Skills in Non-Swimmer Children and Adolescents with Fear of Water

Effects of Snorkel on Teaching Principal Swimming Skills in Non-Swimmer Children and Adolescents with Fear of Water

The influence of the low-volume high-intensity method training on the indicators of speed and strength qualities of young high skill level swimmers

A goal is to investigate the influence of the method of low-volume high-intensity training on the indicators of speed and strength abilities in young swimmers of high skill level. The following research methods were used: testing the level of special speed-strength qualities in the water with the help of equipment that allows underwater video recording, the parameters of the level of special speed-strength qualities in the water were recorded. The obtained results of the study allowed us to note an increase in the level of overall speed and strength qualities, the upper shoulder girdle power increased by 16.80% and speed increased by 13.48% in the experimental group. The increase in the speed and strength qualities of the shoulder girdle muscles was: power by 23.40% and speed by 21.17%. Increase in the level of speed and strength qualities of the lower extremities: power by 10.99% and speed by 2.74%. Evaluation by independent experts showed that the application of the method of low-volume high-intensity training also affects the basic swimming skills of students (technical elements of the chosen method swimming, development of general physical qualities of a swimmer; rational structure of swimming technique in the chosen way, the strength of the stroke; stability and variability of swimming technique, development special speed-strength endurance of a swimmer). The indicators improved by an average of 0.6 points. Keywords: high-intensity training; methods of improving speed and strength qualities; swimming; young swimmers.

Empowerment through participation in community-based participatory research-effects of a physical activity promotion project among socially disadvantaged women.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches are associated with a range of positive impacts on empowerment. However, only a few studies have investigated the influence of different modes of target group participation on empowerment. The present study examined the empowerment processes and outcomes of women in difficult life situations through their participation as co-researchers in the form of Photovoice in "Stark durch Bewegung" (English: "Strong through Movement"), a CBPR project for physical activity (PA) promotion. The extent to which women's participation as co-researchers leads to empowerment was compared with other forms of participation. The Photovoice approach consisted of three components: (1) photo task, (2) focus group interviews, and (3) exhibition of photos. It was then extended through participant observation. A total of 18 women took part in Photovoice. They took photos, were involved in four focus groups, helped in the analysis of data, and supported their exhibition. Two additional short focus group interviews in which four more women participated were conducted at the end of the project. The interview guideline was based on the SHOWeD questions proposed within the framework of Photovoice and enriched with various other questions (e.g., self-efficacy, social contacts, and community involvement). The data were analyzed based on a grounded theory approach. "Stark durch Bewegung" contributed to women's empowerment in several ways. By participating in the project's PA programs, the women reported numerous empowerment effects, such as improved self-efficacy, perceived competencies like swimming and language skills, and social networks. By participating as co-researchers, they perceived empowering processes on organizational and community levels that are comparable with other forms of participation (e.g., participation in a cooperative planning group) but also differ from them at relevant points (e.g., encouraging them to reflect on their own PA behaviors). The willingness to get involved in Photovoice was estimated to be significantly higher than in other possible forms of participation. Our findings support the notion that health promotion interventions with marginalized groups can contribute to their empowerment on multiple levels when participants become equal partners in the CBPR project. Involving women as co-researchers has advantages over other forms of participation in terms of their empowerment.

Assistance for the Introduction of Aquatic Sports through Swimkids in Early Childhood

Water activities (special swimming for those who are proficient) have many benefits. Can be compared, children learn to walk on the floor with children learning to swim directly. The different is that one is on the floor and theother is in the water. Children who learn to walk on the floor only a few motor muscles that move. While swimming all the motor muscles move. This means that children who learn to swim from a young age certainly have better motor skill. Physical improvent is more advanced in children who do not swim. Apart from being physical, swimming also stimulates more sctivr hormone, such as the hormone adrenaline. So that the end result, the level the end result, the level of intelligence can also be high. In development countries preschool aquatic sports progrsm are more focused. Introducing motormodeic aspect for basic swimming skills. Children are not taught to survive indepentently in the water and enjoy the activites they do. Swimming skil can be acquired more readily at the age of 5 years. Although some children younger that 4 years require longer introduction to learn swimming skill. Physically the child will succed in doing swimming movements after the muscle fibers and nerves are mature. The purpose of this community service activity is to share experiences in water activities for children from an early age, that is, between the ages of 1 – 4 years it will be better for children to learn quickly, and avoid the possibility of having an accident drowning in a pool. Through mentoring activities for the introduction of aquatic sports through swimkids in early childhood at the Sumber Alam Dawung Kediri swimming pool, it is hoped that it will be able to improve the quality of physical and mental health of young children, especially in the Kediri environmen

Dynamics of Initial Swimming Readiness of Junior School Children in the School Sports Club

The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of swimming lessons in a school sports club on the initial swimming fitness of primary school-aged children. Materials and methods. The study participants were 73 primary school-aged children (‘Sportrend’ school sports swimming club). The study used theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature, the system of control exercises by O. Obrazhei revised taking into account the contingent of the research to assess the swimming fitness of primary school students under the conditions of a school sports club, and methods of mathematical statistics. Results. We propose a methodology for assessing the swimming readiness of younger schoolchildren under the conditions of a school sports club. The growth rate of such indicators as reaction to the unsupported position in the water and underwater breath-holding turned out to be lower compared to other indicators. At the same time, the rates of face submersion in the water and squatting in the water increased. The increase in initial swimming skills in children was 49.3% at the control stage compared to the baseline, and the average growth rate was 22.2%. In the assessment of children’s initial skills at the end of the training compared to the beginning, the maximum average rate of increase was recorded for the ability to push off and slide (30.1%), the ability to perform a star float (27.4%), and squatting in the water (26.4%), thus swimming lessons have a positive effect on the initial swimming readiness of junior school students. Conclusions. Statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement of primary school students’ results on control exercises at all stages of diagnostics of their initial swimming skills formation confirms the positive effect of swimming lessons in a school sports club.

Integration of project based learning models with interactive multimedia: Innovative efforts to improve student breaststroke swimming skills

Background and Study Aim. Breaststroke swimming is one of the compulsory subjects for students majoring in sports education at Lambung Mangkurat University. Thus, it is important to have good breaststroke swimming skills so that later it will become the basis for creating experienced and potential teachers. Therefore, there is a need for special treatment to improve breaststroke swimming skills. This study aims to provide evidence of the integration of project based learning models with interactive multimedia on improving students' breaststroke swimming skills. Material and Methods. This research is a quasi-experimental type with a pretest posttest non-equivalent control group design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling so that as many as 90 sports education students were sampled, namely 45 experimental groups and 45 control groups. The instrument resulting from breaststroke swimming skills was designed by the researcher, based on the theory of swimming experts, all descriptors for the breaststroke swimming instrument totalled 35 items. Furthermore, the analysis of the data in this study through the stages of normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing. Results. The hypothesis test on the experimental group indicator with the PBL-Multimedia Interactive treatment showed a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 which means it is significant. Furthermore, the results on the control group indicator showed a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, so there was a significant increase. The results also show a difference with a significance of 0.001 <0.05, which means that the PBL- Multimedia Interactive experimental group and the control group (Conventional) have a significant difference in the effect on the posttest score. Conclusions. This study shows that the PBL-Multimedia Interactive model integration treatment has a significant effect on improving students' breaststroke swimming skills. Where the integration of the PBL-Multimedia Interactive model is proven to be more effective than the conventional model. That way, the integration of the PBL-Multimedia Interactive model is effective and can be applied in swimming learning, especially in improving breaststroke swimming.

Motion Survey Analysis of Freestyle Swimming Technique Skills in Young Athletes Aged 10-11 Years

This research was conducted to determine the skills of freestyle swimming techniques of athletes 10-11 years nemo swallow swimming club in 2022. Participants in this study were Nemo Wallet Swimming Club KU IV athletes aged 10-11 years with 11 athletes. This research is a quantitative descriptive study. The method used is a survey of athletes who perform freestyle swimming by measuring the time taken by athletes in freestyle swimming at a distance of 25 meters. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that as many as 8 athletes (73%) have excellent freestyle swimming ability, 1 athlete (9%) has good 25 m freestyle swimming ability, 1 athlete (9%) has sufficient freestyle swimming ability, 1 athlete (9%) has less freestyle swimming ability, and 0 athletes (0%) have very less freestyle swimming ability. Based on the results of the research concluded that freestyle swimming skills measured using stopwatches in athletes aged 10-11, from these data can provide an illustration that the category of 25 m freestyle swimming ability in Nemo Wallet Swimming Club athletes is a category (excellent), with a total of 8 athletes. Contributing to further research is conducting research on more intense exercises on freestyle swimming techniques as well as strategies for improving athletes' abilities in freestyle swimming. With this research, it is hoped that it can be used as a reference material for coaches regarding the level of athlete skills. With the discovery of several athletes who have the ability to swim freestyle under the good category, it is necessary to make efforts to improve the ability of athletes in order to achieve the good categoryKeywords: Surveys, Swimming Skills, Freestyle, athletes

USING MODERN INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING SWIMMING TO CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE

In the last decade, many comprehensive programs for physical education of children in preschool institutions have been approved in Ukraine, but they do not take into account the great potential of modern innovative methods and technologies. Therefore, their research opens up new opportunities for practical improvement of the process of teaching preschoolers to swim. The purpose of the article is to outline modern innovative methods and technologies for teaching swimming to preschool children, which can be gradually introduced into the process of physical education in preschool educational institutions of Ukraine. During the study of the problem, the authors used the methods of analysis of scientific sources, specification, comparison, and pedagogical observation. According to the results of the research, taking into account the personnel and material and technical capabilities of preschool educational institutions, it is recommended to introduce swimming lessons using general developmental and dance music-rhythmic exercises from the arsenal of artistic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, aquastep. The authors draw attention to swimming lessons with elements of aquaaerobics, hydroaerobics, hydroplastics, funk aerobics, children's yoga in a playful form, as well as classes in applied swimming. The article points to the experience of studying the possibility of multi-phase swimming training in deep water conditions. Music-rhythmic exercises in water have already partially entered the practice of teaching children, but all their possibilities are not only not used, but even not thoroughly studied. With preschoolers who have already mastered the basic swimming skills, figure-swimming lessons can be held, where complexes of choreographic elements are performed using gymnastic and acrobatic combinations. Applied swimming lessons are designed to form skills in children that allow them to perform various actions in water in non-standard situations of everyday life. Children's yoga in the water helps to form a correct posture, strengthen muscular corset, promotes concentration of attention, coordination of breathing and development of all physical qualities, especially flexibility and strength. Innovative methods and technologies of teaching older preschoolers to swim can be used in lessons held in the conditions of a deep swimming pool. On the lessons, not only standard, but also modular equipment should be used. In the process of introducing innovative technologies into the process of teaching swimming to children of preschool age, it is necessary to adhere to such technological criteria as scientific, systematic, structured, procedural, and efficient.

Nationwide Survey Reveals High Prevalence of Non-Swimmers among Children with Congenital Heart Defects.

Physical activity is important for children with congenital heart defects (CHD), not only for somatic health, but also for neurologic, emotional, and psychosocial development. Swimming is a popular endurance sport which is in general suitable for most children with CHD. Since we have previously shown that children with CHD are less frequently physically active than their healthy peers, we hypothesized that the prevalence of non-swimmers is higher in CHD patients than in healthy children. To obtain representative data, we performed a nationwide survey in collaboration with the German National Register of Congenital Heart Defects (NRCHD) and the Institute for Sport Sciences of the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT). The questionnaire included questions capturing the prevalence of swimming skills and the timing of swim learning and was part of the "Motorik-Modul" (MoMo) from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). A representative age-matched subset of 4569 participants of the MoMo wave two study served as a healthy control group. From 894 CHD-patients (mean age of 12.5 ± 3.1 years), the proportion of non-swimmers in children with CHD was significantly higher (16% versus 4.3%; p < 0.001) compared to healthy children and was dependent on CHD severity: Children with complex CHD had an almost five-fold increased risk (20.4%) of being unable to swim, whereas in children with simple CHD, the ability to swim did not differ significantly from their healthy reference group (5.6% vs. 4.3% non-swimmers (p = not significant). According to our results, one in five patients with complex CHD are non-swimmers, a situation that is concerning in regard of motoric development, inclusion and integration, as well as prevention of drowning accidents. Implementation of swim learning interventions for children with CHD would be a reasonable approach.

Methodological and organizational features of teaching swimming to children of younger school age

The article examines the peculiarities of teaching swimming skills to children of primary school age. An important condition for successfully teaching children to swim is the sequence of learning movements: from simple movement on the bottom to learning certain swimming movements (sliding, swimming with a board in hands or in an easy way, etc.), because this is the key to mastering more complex swimming techniques from diving up to the waist to full execution exercises at a greater depth. Purpose: determination of methodical and organizational features of swimming training for children of primary school age. Methods of work: theoretical research methods were used in the work: analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, systematization, and generalization of scientific and methodical literature. Results: because of the conducted research, the general didactic and organizational principles of building classes during initial swimming training were clarified. It has been established that the conscious and active attitude of children to exercises and games in the water is of good importance for achieving positive results in learning to swim, because understanding the meaning of the tasks stimulates interested and active performance of them, contributes to the gradual assimilation and awareness of the exercises. The basis for mastering swimming skills by children aged 7-9 is the formation of stable neuro-coordinative connections that arise as a result of repeated exercises for sliding in a horizontal streamlined body position with further coordination of technical elements and breathing. Conclusions: Despite the availability of publications on the methods of teaching swimming, questions regarding the regulation of physical load during the use of the game method in the pool are practically not disclosed, which complicates its application in classes and requires further study.

Implementation of Surfing in Physical Education

Surfing has a great educational potential. This paper shows Physical Education (PE) teachers how to introduce surfing in their lessons although they are far from the coast and the waves. Our intention is to show its implementation through several stages that will progressively bring students closer to practicing surfing. For thar purpose, we selected the pedagogical model “Interactive Challenges with Shared Responsibility” based on the contents are presented by means of highly demanding challenges, interactions are encouraged in a dialogic learning context, a support network and a safe and no-violence work environment. The pedagogical approach used for including surfing in the PE class comprises three consecutive stages (ground, pool, sea) attending to the contents and facilities used, familiarizing students progressively to the aquatic and sea environment. In the ground stage, students develop static to dynamic balance and sliding skills with Bosu, Fitball, Indo boards, skates, tarp surf or slack-line. Buoyancy, diving and swimming skills are achieved in the pool stage. Finally, surfing skills and techniques are developed in the sea stage. In conclusion, surfing is a challenging and attractive content that can be included in the Physical Education classes for becoming a means that enriches the active leisure options of our students and provides a setting for socialization in contact with nature.

Innovative approaches to teaching swimming to children at the stage of initial training

In the modern scientific space, various models of swimming training have been developed, which include integral-separate, sequential, sequential-parallel, accelerated, with the use of supporting and technical means of training. Within the framework of the developed models, various teaching methods and techniques are used depending on the specifics of the pedagogical task and the characteristics of the contingent of children. The purpose of the research is to identify innovative approaches to teaching swimming to children at the stage of initial training. Research methodology. The work used the methods of the theoretical level of research: analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, systematization and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, regulatory and legal documents. Scientific novelty. The following sequence of teaching children to swim at the stage of initial training has been established: familiarization with water, getting used to water, overcoming water resistance, diving headfirst into water, being able to stay afloat, being able to open eyes in water, gliding in water, performing paddling movements and learning to jump in water. Conclusions. It was determined that the main limiting factor in children's initial swimming training at the stage of initial training is the lack of time allocated in educational programs for mastering swimming skills. There is a need to find means and methods that allow to quickly form children's swimming skills, considering the level of their somatic health and functional state. This leads to the search for effective innovative methods of initial teaching of swimming technique. It is promising in this direction to use aquafitness tools in a game form for children, which on the one hand will allow to quickly form initial swimming skills, and on the other - will contribute to increasing the level of somatic health, functional state, and physical fitness of children.

Individual characteristics of the students high educational institutions not profiled in the physical culture in the swim lessons

In given article considered problem of need to take into account the individual characteristics of students when learning basic swimming skills. A number of issues related to the manifestation of coordination tendencies of a person in the process of formation of special swimming abilities and skills are highlighted. On the basis of the phenomena investigated in the course of the experiment, related to the unconditional-reflex manifestation of human neuromotorism, a number of positions important for the educational and educational process in the initial teaching of swimming were formed. The article proves that students who cannot swim have a coordination-motor tendency, which has individual features that are expressed in the performance of various movements of the lower limbs, which can be divided according to the way of creating a holding force on the surface of the water: oscillating wave-like movements and pushing movements. The data we obtained confirm that human swimming-motor activity is influenced by the unconditioned reflex activity of the central nervous system, and the indicator of swimming-coordination tendency is an informative feature of the conservative neuromotility of an individual, has detection parameters and can serve as a criterion for differentiating students who cannot swim into educational groups in during the initial stage of learning to swim. This article confirmed that the education process of basic swimming skills is influenced by the conservative heredity of the individual. The difference in the average evaluation indicators in groupes according to the results of control tests indicates the effectiveness, and therefore the need to use a differentiated approach in the process of initial swimming training and coordination features as a criterion for the distribution of study groups of students.

Interrelation of students’ motivation for aquafitness training and their physical fitness level

The level of the motivational values-based attitude of the students of the Ukrainian institution of higher education towards the physical education and the level and dynamics of the students’ (men and women) physical fitness during the 1st and the 2nd years of studying are investigated in the article. In order to be able to observe students and teachers during the study and the dynamics of changes in motivation for classes, a questionnaire was proposed to record changes. This involved increasing the motivation of students to the process of physical improvement. Data on the differentiation of methods of teaching the subject were systematized, ways of individualizing the means and possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of water fitness classes were considered. The aim of the study - to find out the relationship between students' motivation for aquafitness classes and their level of physical fitness. The methods of the research are a theoretical analysis of the scientific and methodological literature, questionnaire survey, pedagogic observation, testing and methods of mathematical statistics. Scientific novelty of the research is defined conditioned by the need to improve the efficiency of the physical education by aquafit methods of the students of the institution of higher education in order to improve their physical fitness, health and the efficiency of their future professional activity. Conclusions: the reasons that do not contribute to a positive attitude towards attending aquafitness classes have been identified, which include: low content and quality of classes, systematic unsuccessful performance by students of the exercises, techniques, and movements provided by students, which leads to students losing self-confidence, questioning the expediency spending their efforts on attending classes in general. The introduction of a differentiated approach to physical exertion during water fitness classes and swimming involves the rational division of students into groups according to initial swimming skills, abilities, psycho-emotional and physical health, and testing of special physical fitness.

The influence of recreational swimming classes on the body of students

The priorities underlying the process of physical culture of student youth ensure their mandatory mastery of the system of applied swimming skills. Therefore, the study and theoretical generalization of the essence of the influence of swimming classes on the body of students will allow to make qualitative changes in the modern physical culture of higher educational institutions and in the future to justify the system of training students for swimming. The goal. Іs to summarize scientific information about the essence of the influence of swimming classes on the body of students. Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of data from scientific and methodical sources and information from the Internet. The results. Currently, many original approaches to teaching swimming, solving a number of scientific and practical tasks of this process among student youth have been developed. In terms of content, scientific works focus on general approaches to teaching swimming: advanced and accelerated; swimming training for students of special medical groups; on methods of students overcoming water fears; the use of moving games, variability of means of swimming training of students; some organizational aspects of the process of teaching swimming in physical education. However, this does not eliminate current scientific controversies. Conclusions. Systematic swimming lessons for students is a non-specific influence that triggers functional reserves and mobilizes the activity of the body's systems at its various levels; a method of special influence that stimulates metabolic processes, correction of body structure and physical performance, development of physical qualities; it is a pedagogical process with conscious and active participation of students in the formation of important skills, their use in the future. An actual scientific and applied problem of modern physical education in higher educational institutions is the justification of a systematic approach to teaching students to swim, which will take into account the available experience and modern requirements, the essence and objectivity of the criteria for ensuring this process.

Waterscapes and wet bodies: Beach culture in Atlantic Africa and the diaspora, 1444-1888

Waterscapes and Wet Bodies: Beach Culture in Atlantic Africa and the Diaspora, 1444-1888 considers how Atlantic Africans constructed social, cultural, and spiritual relationships with waterscapes. John Gillis’s historical analyses of human relationships with oceanic coastlines creating, what he called, “human shores” helps us consider how Atlantic Africans perceived and interacted with Atlantic shorelines, as well as shores along rivers and lakes. Believing water was a sacred and secular space, Africans created human shores along saltwater, freshwater, and brackish waterways where they forged enduring connections with waterscapes, a term signifying how water and adjacent lands were seamlessly merged into unifying culturescapes. Africans developed emersionary aquatic traditions—including swimming, underwater diving, surfing, canoeing, and fishing—that inspired and required them to interact with water on a daily basis. Enslaved Africans recreated and reimagined African beliefs about water and aquatic traditions throughout the Americans to help provide their lives with a sense of meaning purpose and value, as well as cultural continuity to the communities they had been stole from. Maritime maroons, who were captives who escaped across water, employed African canoeing, swimming, and paddleboarding skills and understandings of navigation to escape from slavery. They illustrate how Africans and members of the diaspora transformed the Caribbean into a physical and spiritual “sea of islands” that was part of a larger aqueous continent, linking African-descended communities in Africa, the Caribbean, North America, South America, Europe, and the spirit realm, located at the bottom of the ocean, into one vast cultural space.

Experimental analysis of the sweepback angle effect on the thrust generation of a robotic penguin wing

Penguins have evolved excellent swimming skills as diving birds, benefiting from their agile wings. This paper experimentally analyzes the effects of the wing sweepback angle on thrust generation using a robotic penguin wing. A developed wing mechanism that can realize penguin-like flapping and feathering motion was used for actuating five alternative wing models, with different sweepback angles ranging from 0° to 50°. Force measurements under a steady water flow were conducted for both fixed and flapping states for all wing models. The results showed that small sweepback angles of 30° or less in the fixed state caused a steep lift curve and a moderate sweepback angle of 30° produced the largest lift-to-drag ratio. In the flapping state, the smaller sweepback wings generated a larger net thrust for the same wing motion, whereas the larger-sweepback wings produced more thrust under the same Strouhal number. The findings also revealed that larger sweepback wings more easily achieve the maximum net thrust in terms of less angle-of-attack control. In contrast, the hydrodynamic efficiency was not greatly affected by the sweepback. Regardless of the sweepback, the trend of the efficiency increasing with increasing flow speed indicates that the penguin wings can be more suitable for high-speed locomotion for higher hydrodynamic efficiency.