Size Of Swelling Research Articles

EGFP reporter protein: its immunogenicity in Leishmania-infected BALB/c mice.

Optical reporter genes such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase are efficiently and widely used in monitoring and studying the protective/therapeutic potential of candidate agents in leishmaniasis. But several observations and controversial reports have generated a main concern, whether enhanced GFP (EGFP) affects immune response. To address this issue, we studied the immunogenicity of EGFP in vivo by two lines of stably transfected parasites (Leishmania major (EGFP) or L. major (EGFP-LUC)) in BALB/c model and/or as a recombinant protein (rEGFP) produced in vitro by bacteria in parallel. Disease progression was followed by footpad swelling measurements and parasite burden in draining lymph nodes using microtitration assay and real-time PCR, and immune responses were also evaluated in spleen. EGFP-expressing parasites generated larger swellings in comparison with wild-type (L. major) while mice immunized with rEGFP and challenged with wild-type parasite were quite comparable in footpad swelling with control group without significant difference. However, both conventional and molecular approaches revealed no significant difference in parasite load between different groups. More importantly, no significant inflammatory responses were detected in groups with higher swelling size measured by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-5, and nitric oxide against frozen and thawed lysate of parasite as stimulator. Altogether, these results clearly revealed that EGFP protein expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts is not an immunological reactive molecule and acts as a neutral protein without any side effects in mice. So, EGFP expressing Leishmania could be a safe and reliable substitution for wild-types that simplifies in situ follow-up and eliminates the animal scarification wherever needed during the study.

Exaggerated sexual swellings and male mate choice in primates: testing the reliable indicator hypothesis in the Amboseli baboons

The paradigm of competitive males vying to influence female mate choice has been repeatedly upheld, but, increasingly, studies also report competitive females and choosy males. One female trait that is commonly proposed to influence male mate choice is the exaggerated sexual swelling displayed by females of many Old World primate species. The reliable indicator hypothesis posits that females use the exaggerated swellings to compete for access to mates, and that the swellings advertise variation in female fitness. We tested the two main predictions of this hypothesis in a wild population of baboons (Papio cynocephalus). First, we examined the effect of swelling size on the probability of mate-guarding ('consortship') by the highest-ranking male and the behavior of those males that trailed consorshipts ('follower males'). Second, we asked whether a female's swelling size predicted several fitness measures. We found that high-ranking males do not prefer females with larger swellings (when controlling for cycle number and conception) and that females with larger swellings did not have higher reproductive success. Our study-the only complete test of the reliable indicator hypothesis in a primate population-rejects the idea that female baboons compete for mates by advertising heritable fitness differences. Furthermore, we found unambiguous evidence that males biased their mating decisions in favor of females who had experienced more sexual cycles since their most recent pregnancy. Thus, rather than tracking the potential differences in fitness between females, male baboons appear to track and target the potential for a given reproductive opportunity to result in fertilization.

Secretory carcinoma of breast mimicking an abscess: A diagnostic dilemma

Secretory carcinoma is a rare type of breast carcinoma usually seen in the young females, and it is also called as Juvenile carcinoma. We report here a case of secretory carcinoma in an elderly female with an unusual clinical presentation. She had a painful swelling in left breast of 6 cm × 5 cm size for the past 6 months. Skin over the swelling was inflamed and ulcerated. Mammogram findings favored a chronic infected hematoma/abscess. Fine needle aspirate (FNA) is a murky fluid admixed with blood and was reported as acute inflammatory lesion. 2 weeks later she developed nipple retraction and an increase in size of the swelling. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was repeated again from firm areas and in multiple points of swelling. To our surprise, FNA smears revealed dysplastic ductal epithelial cells with minimal atypia. Modified radical mastectomy was planned. Histopathological examination confirmed the mass as secretory carcinoma, a rare variant of ductal carcinoma of the breast. Postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy was started. We report this case to emphasize that FNAC can be repeated in suspicious cases and should be correlated clinico-radiologically to give a preoperative diagnosis.

Painful Chest Wall Swellings: Tietze Syndrome or Chest Wall Tumor?

Tietze syndrome (TS) is an inflammatory condition characterized by chest pain and swelling of costochondral junction. Primary chest wall tumors may mimic TS. In this article, we report our experience of approximately 121 patients initially diagnosed as TS and determined chest wall tumor in some cases at the follow-up. This is a retrospective review of patients diagnosed as TS by clinical examination, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, routine laboratory tests, and computed tomography (CT) of chest: all treated and followed up between March 2001 and July 2012. There were 121 cases (41 males and 80 females; mean age, 39.6 ± 3.2 years) of TS. In 27 patients with initial normal radiological findings, the size of swellings had doubled during the follow-up period (mean, 8.51 ± 2.15 months). These patients were reevaluated with chest CT and bone scintigraphy and then early diagnostic biopsy was performed. Pathologic examination revealed primary chest wall tumor in 13 patients (5 malignant, 8 benign). CT had a sensitivity of 92.3% and a specificity of 64.2% in detection of tumors (kappa: 0.56, p = 0.002), whereas the sensitivity and the specificity of bone scan were 84.6 and 35.7%, respectively (kappa: 0.199, p = 0.385). Primary chest wall tumors could mimic TS. Bone scintigraphy or CT is not specific enough to determine malignant and other benign disorders of costochondral junction. Therefore, clinicians should follow TS patients more closely, and in case of increasing size of swelling, early diagnostic biopsy should be considered.

A comparative study of aspiration followed by Agnikarma with aspiration in the management of ganglion - A randomized clinical trial

Background: Classical texts explain the Agnikarma in detail for the management and eradication of various ailments with the limitation to understand its application and standardized methodology for each ailment. Ganglions are the most common cystic swellings, especially found in dorsum aspect of wrist which is well known for recurrence. Hence, to avoid the complications of surgery and to reduce the social burden of the patient, an effort is made to establish and modify the Agnikarma methodology in ganglion. Methods: 30 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria of ganglion were randomly selected and divided into Group 1 and Group 2 comprising of 15 patients each. Clinical sign and symptoms were given suitable grades according to their severity and assessed based on relief after treatment. The results showing P value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant in this study. Results: After the treatment by Agnikarma on post-operative first day there was no change in pain, size of swelling was significantly resolved by 100% and tenderness was significantly increased. Complete relief (100%) was found in pain, size of swelling and tenderness on post-operative Seventh day. On first month size of swelling was increased by 28%. Pain was significantly reduced after three months by 92% and size of swelling was increased by 43%. Interpretation and Conclusion: Recurrence was seen in the patients treated with Agnikarma but there was significantly reduction in the size after three months This technique avoids the scar mark to the cosmetic area compared with conventional ganglionectomy Hence, this technique can be still modified for minimal invasive technique.

Intrathyroid Injection of Steroid in Benign Thyroid Swellings.

Benign thyroid swelling disorders are common conditions, frequently encountered in clinical practice. Though medical management has been useful in treating the hormonal variations, it has not been very significant in reducing the size of the swelling. To study the efficacy of intra thyroid injection of triamcinolone in benign thyroid swelling disorders. A total of 20 patients were selected for this study. All the patients with thyroid swellings, were evaluated with history and clinical examination followed by routine blood investigations, thyroid function tests (T3,T4,TSH), Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and Ultrasonography (USG) of the neck. The treatment adopted in this study was intrathyroid injection of triamcinolone acetonide. In this study there were 20 patients, all were females in the age group of 17- 55 years. Four patients did not come for regular follow up, and hence were excluded. Sixteen patients were followed up regularly. Thirteen (81.25 %) patients showed excellent results with no visible swelling, confirmed sonologically. Two patients (12.5%) showed fair results with residual swellings, and one patient did not show any reduction in size of the swelling. Intrathyroid injection of triamcinolone acetonide is a safe, minimally invasive technique in reducing the size of benign thyroid swellings with minimal or no side effects.

Dual Ectopic Thyroid: An Uncommon Imaging Diagnosis

ABSTRACTEctopic thyroid means presence of thyroid gland tissue in abnormal position. Dual ectopic thyroid is the presence of thyroid gland tissue in two different abnormal locations. It is a rare entity. We report a case of 17-year-old girl who presented with a gradually increasing swelling in the upper neck. Her thyroid tests were abnormal, with mildly reduced T3 and T4 levels and increased TSH levels. Ultrasound revealed an isoechoic homogenous lesion in the intermuscular planes, in the infrahyoid neck. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of neck was performed which showed two similarly homogenously enhancing lesions, one in the base of tongue and another in the infrahyoid neck. Thyroid gland was not seen in its normal location. On the basis of these findings, diagnosis of dual ectopic thyroid was made. Patient was managed with thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage hypothyroidism and decrease the size of swelling.How to cite this articlePrabhakar N, Gupta V, Panda N, Khandelwal N. Dual Ectopic Thyroid: An Uncommon Imaging Diagnosis. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(2):83-84.

The effectiveness of decongestive treatments provided within 12 months of developing a swollen arm for women with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review protocol of quantitative evidence

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to identify the effectiveness of decongestive lymphedema treatment to reduce excess limb volume or improve patient-centered outcomes for women presenting within 12 months of developing a swollen arm due to breast cancer-related lymphedema. More specifically, the objectives are to identify: 1) The most effective combination of treatment elements 2) The optimal duration of treatment. INCLUSION CRITERIA Types of participants This review will consider studies that include women with unilateral breast cancer-related lymphedema of the arm, who have received lymphedema treatment within 12 months of developing arm swelling. As many studies have included participants with chronic swelling, this review will consider studies where the average duration of swelling is no more than nine months. It is believed that this will maximize the inclusion of relevant studies while limiting the number of participants with chronic lymphedema (i.e. > 12 months duration). Studies which include participants with other forms of lymphedema (e.g. leg lymphedema) will be included only where data is separately reported for breast cancer-related lymphedema of the arm. Studies which include truncal/breast lymphedema, bilateral lymphedema, individuals who are “at risk” of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema or receiving concurrent cancer treatment will be excluded from the review. Types of intervention(s) This review will consider studies that evaluate any decongestive lymphedema treatment delivered with the purpose of reducing arm lymphedema, within 12 months of development of arm swelling, whether as lymphedema therapist-treatment or patient self-management. This will include, but not be TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

Multimodal signalling of ovulation in human and non-human primates

Communication in primates is based on multiple elements of signals, often expressed in different modalities. While some individual primate signals are relatively well described for a particular cue (e.g. copulation calls, sexual swellings) or for one specific dimension of a signal (e.g. the size of sexual swellings), few studies have simultaneously investigated the role of multiple signals and cues in the same communicative context. This paper reviews comparative evidence on primate sexual communication, specifically concerning multimodal sexual signalling of ovulation and mating strategies. A comparison is made across primate species, including humans, of the characteristics of different female sexual cues and signals (behavioural, visual, auditory and olfactory) and of their potential roles in the discrimination of the timing of ovulation. The possible selective reasons for such multimodal signalling are discussed.

Evidence that Meningeal Mast Cells Can Worsen Stroke Pathology in Mice

Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and the fourth most common cause of death in the United States. Inflammation is thought to play an important role in stroke pathology, but the factors that promote inflammation in this setting remain to be fully defined. An understudied but important factor is the role of meningeal-located immune cells in modulating brain pathology. Although different immune cells traffic through meningeal vessels en route to the brain, mature mast cells do not circulate but are resident in the meninges. With the use of genetic and cell transfer approaches in mice, we identified evidence that meningeal mast cells can importantly contribute to the key features of stroke pathology, including infiltration of granulocytes and activated macrophages, brain swelling, and infarct size. We also obtained evidence that two mast cell-derived products, interleukin-6 and, to a lesser extent, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7, can contribute to stroke pathology. These findings indicate a novel role for mast cells inthe meninges, the membranes that envelop the brain, as potential gatekeepers formodulating brain inflammation and pathology after stroke.

Synthesis and photopolymerisation of maleic polyvinyl alcohol based hydrogels for bone tissue engineering

The novel synthesis of photopolymerisable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was achieved by reacting maleic anhydride with the hydroxyl groups of PVA. The incorporation of photopolymerisable double bonds onto the PVA polymeric chain was confirmed by both 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Hydrogel blends were prepared by mixing maleic PVA and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) precursors at different concentrations and molecular weights. It was observed that the increase in crosslinking with the introduction of maleic PVA crosslinks resulted in higher compressive properties and storage modulus values. These values fall below those reported for bone; however, if these scaffolds were used in conjunction with fixation devices and with the sustained release of dexamethasone it would allow for faster regeneration of bone defects. Drug release results showed that the release profile of the hydrogels was between 11 and 16 days. This was as a result of altering the swelling and pore sizes of the hydrogels by varying the precursor concentrations. Preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity evaluations were performed using the MTT assay as an end point, showing that these novel hydrogels are non-toxic to mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line.

Disruption of paranodal axo-glial interaction and/or absence of sulfatide causes irregular type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor deposition in cerebellar Purkinje neuron axons.

Paranodal axo-glial junctions (PNJs) play an essential role in the organization and maintenance of molecular domains in myelinated axons. To understand the importance of PNJs better, we investigated cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST; a sulfatide synthetic enzyme)-deficient mice, which partially lack PNJs in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Previously, we reported that axonal mitochondria at the nodes of Ranvier in the PNS were large and swollen in CST-deficient mice. Although we did not observed significant defects in the nodal regions in several areas of the CNS, myelinated internodal regions showed many focal swellings in Purkinje cell axons in the cerebellum, and the number and the size of swellings increased with age. In the present analysis of various stages of the swellings in 4-12-week-old mutant mice, calbindin-positive axoplasm swellings started to appear at an early stage. After that, accumulation of neurofilament and mitochondria gradually increased, whereas deposition of amyloid precursor protein became prominent later. Ultrastructural analysis showed accumulations of tubular structures closely resembling smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Staining of cerebellar sections of the mutant mice for type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3 R1) revealed high immunoreactivity within the swellings. This IP3 R1 deposition was the initial change and was not observed in development prior to the onset of myelination. This suggests that local calcium regulation through ER was involved in these axonal swellings. Therefore, in addition to the biochemical composition of the internodal myelin sheath, PNJs might also affect maintenance of axonal homeostasis in Purkinje cells.

Design of sterile mucoadhesive hydrogels for use in drug delivery: Effect of radiation on network structure

Radiation induced graft copolymerization is pure, sterile and additive free method for the synthesis of hydrogels for biomedical applications. In the present work, attempt has been made to prepare the biocompatible, mucoadhesive hydrogels based on natural polysaccharide sterculia gum and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for use as drug delivery devices. The effect of gamma radiation on swelling and various network parameters of hydrogels such as the polymer volume fraction in the swollen state (ϕ), molecular weight of the polymer chain between two neighboring cross links (M¯c), crosslink density (ρ), and mesh size (ξ) have been studied. Hydrogels have been characterized with scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction study (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and swelling studies. Swelling and mesh size decreased while gel strength and crosslink density increased with increase in radiation dose. The swelling of hydrogels and release of drug ciprofloxacin from drug loaded hydrogels occurred through non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. These hydrogels have been observed to have non-thrombogenic, haemo-compatible and mucoadhesive nature and could be used as mucoadhesive drug delivery system to deliver drug to gastro intestinal tract (GIT) in controlled manner.

Waterborne polyurethane elastomer using renewable polyols

A series of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) elastomers were synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate, polycaprolactone diol (PCL), 1,3-propanediol produced from a glucose fermentation process (Bio-PDO), 1,4-butanediol, and dimethylolbutanoic acid as a function of Bio-PDO/PCL composition. With the addition and increasing amount of Bio-PDO, particle size of dispersion, hardness, water swelling, initial modulus, and stress at break decreased, while contact angle with the water drop of the dispersion cast film increased. The PCL WPU showed a single-step thermal degradation at about 370°C, while those of Bio-PDO-containing WPUs showed two step degradations at about 350 and 400°C suggesting the soft segment–hard segment phase separation.

Sources of variance in a female fertility signal: exaggerated estrous swellings in a natural population of baboons.

Signals of fertility in female animals are of increasing interest to evolutionary biologists, a development that coincides with increasing interest in male mate choice and the potential for female traits to evolve under sexual selection. We characterized variation in size of an exaggerated female fertility signal in baboons and investigated the sources of that variance. The number of sexual cycles that a female had experienced after her most recent pregnancy ("cycles since resumption") was the strongest predictor of swelling size. Furthermore, the relationship between cycles since resumption and swelling size was most evident during rainy periods and was not evident during times of drought. Finally, we found significant differences in swelling size between individual females; these differences endured across cycles (i.e., were not explained by variation within individuals) and persisted in spite of ecological effects. This study is the first to provide conclusive evidence of significant variation in swelling size between female primates (controlling for cycles since resumption) and to demonstrate that ecological constraints influence variation in this signal of fertility.

Development of an arginine-based cationic hydrogel platform: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications

A series of biodegradable and biocompatible cationic hybrid hydrogels was developed from water-soluble arginine-based unsaturated polymer (Arg-AG) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) by a photocrosslinking method. The physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of these hydrogels were intensively examined. The hydrogels were characterized in terms of equilibrium swelling ratio (Qeq), compression modulus and interior morphology. The effects of the chemical structure of the two Arg-AG precursors and the feed ratio of these precursors on the properties of resulting hybrid hydrogels were investigated. The crosslinking density and mechanical strength of the hybrid hydrogels increased with an increase in allylglycine (AG) content in the Arg-AG precursor, as the gelation efficiency (Gf) increased from 80% to 90%, but the swelling and pore size of the hybrid hydrogels decreased as the equilibrium swelling weight (Qeq) decreased from 1890% to 1330% and the pore size from 28 to 22μm. The short-term in vitro biodegradation properties of hydrogels were investigated as a function of Arg-AG chemical structures and enzymes. Hybrid hydrogels showed faster biodegradation in an enzyme solution than in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. Bovine serum albumin and insulin release profiles indicated that this cationic hydrogel system could significantly improve the sustained release of the negatively charged proteins. The cellular response of the hybrid hydrogels was preliminarily evaluated by cell attachment, encapsulation and proliferation tests using live–dead and MTT assay. The results showed that the hybrid hydrogels supported cell attachment well and were nontoxic to the cells.

Effects of Combined Therapy with Silymarin and Glucantime on Leishmaniasis Induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice

Leishmania major is resistant to the traditional treatments in many parts of the world. PgpA, a member of (ABC) transporter superfamily, has been identified in Leishmania involved in antimony resistance. Silymarin can inhibit PgpA. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of combined therapy with glucantime and silymarin on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The effects of silymarin on response of L. major to glucantime were evaluated with amastigote macrophage and mice model of leishmaniasis. Immediately after injection in mice inoculated into footpads with L. major amastigote, systemic treatment was performed and the size of footpad swelling was measured twice a week. 4 and 8 weeks after the beginning of the treatment, splenic parasite burden was done. Silymarin showed no significant effect on the response of L. major promastigotes to glucantime. 2 formulations (glucantime 25 µm with silymarin 25 µm or 12.5 µm) reduced cell death in amastigote assays. The effect of silymarin on footpad swelling was detected when the combination of low-dose glucantime (20 mg/kg) with 25-50 mg/kg silymarin (especially 50 mg/kg) were used at day 22 of post infection (P<0.05). According to the parasite burden data, use of silymarin in the presence of different doses of glucantime, did not show significant effect compared to glucantime alone. The results of this study suggest that silymarin in conjunction with glucantime may have benefit effects in murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Hyaluronic acid: essential properties and considerations for aesthetic practice

Generally, by the age of 30 years, structural changes start to become noticeable on the face. The redistribution of fat, combined with both the loss of bone and soft tissue volume and decreased dermal elasticity and thickness, contribute to the formation of fine lines, wrinkles and folds. In the past, surgical procedures were the dominant method for tackling signs of facial ageing. However, this two-dimensional technique is giving way to the three-dimensional volume restoration that dermal fillers provide. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is present among all living organisms and plays an integral part in the maintenance and regulation of moisture within tissues, due to its high affinity for water. There are a number of factors affecting the properties of each HA-based filler on the market, including molecular weight, cross-linking, swelling, modulus and particle size and distribution. Each dermal filler is appropriate for different areas and types of treatment. Although there is no single filler that is appropriate for every type of treatment in all patients, correct adjustments of the above properties could lead to the production of a more ‘ideal’ dermal filler.

Abstract T P71: Meningeal-Derived IL-6 Exacerbates Post-Stroke Inflammation and Pathology

Background: Inflammation critically contributes to post-stroke brain damage and consequently there is much interest in factors that influence stroke-induced brain inflammation. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been heralded as an important predictor of stroke outcome, however there are conflicting reports describing detrimental, beneficial and even no effects of IL-6 on stroke pathology. This has led to the suggestion that the post-stroke effects of IL-6 may be dependent on its cellular location. We report that IL-6 produced by meningeal resident mast cells (pro-inflammatory effector cells) significantly exacerbates brain inflammation and pathology after stroke. These are the first data to identify the role in stroke pathology of IL-6 derived from a specific cell type in a particular anatomic location in vivo. Methods: A mast cell (MC) ‘knock-in’ mouse model was used where MC-deficient mice (KitW/W-v) were repaired of their MC deficiency by engraftment of in-vitro-derived MCs. MCs from wild-type (WT) or IL-6 knock-out mice were engrafted into the meninges. Mice were subjected to 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain swelling and infarct size were assessed by T2-weighted MRI and histology. The immune response was quantified by flow cytometry. Results: CNS distribution analysis of MCs in wild-type and MC-engrafted mice revealed equivalent numbers of MCs in meninges in all groups but almost no MCs in brain parenchyma of the MC-engrafted groups. At 3d post-stroke, wild-type mice and MC-deficient mice engrafted with WT MCs exhibited significantly greater brain swelling, larger infarcts, and more brain granulocytes and activated macrophages than MC-deficient mice. These findings indicate that meningeal MCs exacerbate stroke outcome. In contrast, the pathology in IL6-KO MC-engrafted mice resembled that in MC-deficient mice, with significantly less brain swelling, smaller infarcts and fewer granulocytes and activated macrophages than in the WT MC-engrafted mice. This indicates that MC-secreted IL-6 contributes importantly to the detrimental effects of MCs. Conclusions: IL-6 produced by mast cells in the meninges is detrimental to stroke outcome. Thus, intrathecal targeting of meningeal inflammation may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke.

Carboxymethylation of Locust Bean Gum: Application in Interpenetrating Polymer Network Microspheres for Controlled Drug Delivery

For hydrophilic modification, the sodium carboxymethyl ether of locust bean gum was developed by Williamson synthesis using monochloroacetic acid as the etherifying agent. The modification reaction was optimized in terms of concentration of monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide. The modified gum was evaluated for its degree of substitution, elemental analysis, viscosity, swelling, and contact angle. The etherification of locust bean gum was further confirmed by FTIR, 13C NMR, DSC, and XRD techniques. Acute oral toxicity and biodegradability studies showed that the modified gum was safe enough for internal use. This carboxymethylated gum with poly(vinyl alcohol) was utilized to prepare the interpenetrating polymer network microspheres of buflomedil hydrochloride for controlled drug delivery. The microspheres were evaluated for their drug entrapment efficiency, swelling, and particle size. The microspheres were further characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, and XRD techniques. The in vitro release study of mi...