Sweet Orange Peel Research Articles

Electrochemical Determination of Caffeine Using Bimetallic Au−Ag Nanoparticles Obtained from Low‐cost Green Synthesis

AbstractA novel caffeine sensor was constructed. The sensor is based on a platinum electrode (PtE) modified with polypyrrole (PPY) and green synthesized Ag−Au bimetallic nanoparticles. The work further describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as well as Ag−Au bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) using the extract of citrus sinensis (sweet orange) peels. The nanoparticles were used to form nanocomposite material supported on polypyrrole (PPY) and, consequently used to modify PtE using drop‐cast method. Synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by FT‐IR, UV‐Vis, XRD and TEM. Electrochemical characterization of the modified electrodes was conducted using the ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox probe prepared in PBS. PPY/Ag‐AuBMNP modified PtE exhibited faster electron transport properties as well as enhanced catalytic current response as compared to bare‐PtE, PtE/AgNPs, PtE/AuNPs, PtE/Ag‐AuBMNPs and PtE/PPY. By Square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) the PPY/Ag‐AuBMNPs modified PtE yielded a detection limit of 2.02 μM with a sensitivity of 0.75 μA/μM, in the caffeine concentration range of 0 μM to 59 μM. The proposed sensor further demonstrated good selectivity and was successfully applied for the detection of caffeine in commercial samples.

Quantitative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry ethanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (sweet Orange) peels

BackgroundCitrus sinensis is one of the most abundant citrus species consumed. Orange peels are a waste by-product of the fruit and may potentially contain useful phytonutrients with biological relevance.MethodsFresh and dry peels of sweet orange were subjected to Soxhlet extraction and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content were determined using standard methods. Antimicrobial activities against five (5) bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and three (3) fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum) was carried out by observing the zone of inhibition using disc diffusion method.ResultsThe total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content was higher in the fresh peel extract compared to the dry peel extract. Antimicrobial activities revealed that the fresh peel extract had better antibacterial activities against all bacterial strains and one fungal strain studied compared to the dry peel extract. Growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum were however better inhibited by the dry peel extract than the fresh peel extract.ConclusionThis study investigated the phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry Citrus sinensis peel extracts. The results from the study conclude that the fresh Citrus sinensis peel extract contains more phenolics and possesses better antimicrobial activities against the studied microbial strains compared to the dry peel extract. The findings in this study suggest that drying plant parts before extraction for phytonutrients may lead to loss of active components.

Anti-fungal activity of phenolic sweet orange peel extract for controlling fungi responsible for post-harvest fruit decay

There is a growing interest in finding safe and natural anti-microbial compounds as a valid alternative to conventional chemical treatments for managing post-harvest fruit diseases. This study investigated the anti-fungal capacity of orange peel polyphenolic extract (OPE) against three relevant post-harvest fungal pathogens, Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata. OPE extract at 1.5 g/L inhibited (100%) the mycelial growth and conidial germination of the three target fungi. At lower concentration, the effect varied, depending on the dose applied and target fungi. When the anti-fungal activity of the main phenolic compounds in sweet orange peel, namely, the flavonoids (naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin) and phenolic acids (ferulic and p-coumaric), were evaluated, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid displayed significantly higher inhibitory capacity in synthetic medium, while the activity of flavonoids was limited. Synergism between compounds was not detected, and the inhibitory activity of OPE may be attributed to an additive effect of phenolic acids. Interestingly, in peach-based medium, ferulic acid remained active against M. fructicola and A. alternata and was more efficient than p-coumaric to control B. cinerea. These results highlight peel orange waste as an excellent source of anti-fungal compounds, suggesting the possibility of using ferulic acid or ferulic acid-rich extracts, either alone or in combination with other post-harvest treatment, as a natural alternative to reduce post-harvest losses and, also, enhance the shelf-life of fruit.

Evaluation of different solvents on flavonoids extraction efficiency from sweet oranges and ripe and immature Seville oranges

SummaryThe effects of different ethanol (50%, 80% and 100%) and methanol (50%, 80% and 100%) aqueous solutions on extraction efficiency of flavonoids from sweet orange (SO) peels, ripe bitter orange (RBO) and immature bitter orange (IBO) were investigated. The highest amount of naringin was found in SO peels, compared to RBO and IBO. UHPLC‐HRMS/MS results confirmed the presence of p‐coumaric acid and quinic acid in all the three types of oranges while there were 90.91% and 20% possibilities for detecting caffeic acid in RBO and SO, respectively. The probabilities of detecting naringenin from IBO, RBO and SO were 100%, 63.64% and 40%, respectively. The highest neohesperidin and naringin amounts were obtained in RBO. Using 80% methanol was recommended for extracting flavonoids from SO to obtain the highest Soxhlet and precipitation yields whereas 100% ethanol was the most suitable solvent to extract flavonoids from RBO and IBO.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN PEPAYA DAN KULIT JERUK MANIS TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acne PENYEBAB JERAWAT SECARA IN-VITRO

Propionibacterium acne plays a role in causing zits because there are forming blackheads and the inflammation stimulated by bacterial metabolic products. Acne treatment is usually treated by antibiotic which can kill the bacteria like tetracycline and erythromycin. The use of antibiotic in a long term can cause resistance, organ damage and hypersensitivity reactions so that it needs other antibiotics. The research aimed to find out the effectiveness of the combination of papaya leaf extract and sweet orange peel compared to single extract to inhibit the bacterial growth. The extraction was performed by ethanol 96%; the extraction result was the yield of papaya leaf 14.4% and sweet orange peel 19.4%; the total ash content of papaya leaf extract was 8% and sweet orange peel of 10%. The phytochemical screening of papaya leaf extract and sweet orange peel contained positively flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, and tannin. The antibacterial activity of average inhibition zone diameter on the ratio of papaya leaf extract and orange peel extract (2 : 2) was 7.15 mm; ratio of 1 : 3 was 10.08 mm; ratio of 3 : 1 was 5.58 mm; ratio of 4 : 0 was 5.41 mm and ratio of 0 : 4 was 7.41 mm. The result of One Way ANOVA described that the average of inhibition zone diameter in each treatment had significantly difference (p<0.05). The result of the advanced test, LSD (Least Significance Different), showed that the comparison of inhibition zone diameter between papaya leaf extract and orange peel extract was 1 : 3, compared to all group had a real difference (p<0.05). Based on the result, it can be concluded that the ratio was more effective to inhibit the activity of Propionibacterium acne than another solution test both single and combination. Keyword : Papaya leaf, Sweet orange peel, Combination, Acne, Propionibacterium acnes

Effect of the Nutrient Composition of Biodegraded Sweet Orange (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Citrus sinensis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Fruit Peel on the Growth Performance of Starter Broiler Chicks

A twenty-eight (28) day feeding trial was conducted to determine the nutrient composition of biodegraded sweet orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i>) fruit peel and its potential as an energy source in the nutrition of starter broiler chicks. Rumen content was collected from freshly slaughtered cattle and, fresh sweet orange fruit peels (SOP) were collected from orange fruit retailers. The rumen content was mixed with water at ratio 1kg: 1Land sieved to obtain rumen filtrate (RF). The fresh sweet orange peels were divided into four equal parts in weight; T1, T2, T3 and T4, and soaked in the rumen filtrate at ratio 1 kg: 1 L in air-tight bags for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h, respectively. The biodegraded sweet orange peels (BSOP) were sun-dried to a moisture level of about 10%, milled and each used to replace 30% of maize in the control diet (CD) to obtain broiler starter test diets T₁D, T₂D, T₃D and T₄D, respectively. Chemical analyses were carried out to determine their proximate composition and fibre fractions while, metabolizable energy content was calculated. The results showed that BSOP contained CP, CF, EE, Ash, NFE and metabolizable energy in the range of 6.78%-7.30%, 10.36%-12.30%, 1.88%-2.65%, 7.79%-11.76%, 66.04%-72.46% and 2829.44 kcal/kg-3037.97 kcal/kg, respectively. The BSOP had ADF, NDF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose in the range of 19.50%-22.50%, 52.30%-56.70%, 6.80%-8.40%, 32.80%-34.20%and 12.90%-14.40%, respectively. A total of one hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments replicated three times with equal number and similar weights in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets had significant (p<0.05) on the final weight, weight gain feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein intake, protein efficiency ratio and mortality. The birds fed the BSOP based diets had similar non-significant (p>0.05) and inferior values to the birds on the maize based control diet suggesting that time duration of 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h given for biodegradation of sweet orange peel could not enhance its nutrients. Biodegradation of sweet orange fruit peel for a time frame of 12 h to 48 h yielded a feed ingredient with a relatively high crude fibre, which lowered the growth rate of starter broiler chicks and cannot be used to formulate starter chicks diet at 30% maize replacement.

Efektifitas aroma kulit jeruk manis (citrus aurantium) terhadap hiperemesis gravidarum pada ibu hamil.

Nausea and vomiting is a state of nausea that sometimes accompanied by vomiting (frequency less than 5 times). During pregnancy, as many as 70-85% of women experience hiperemesis gravidarum. Based on prenatal visit data of pregnant women in Puskesmas Bangkalan in October 2017 pregnant woman amounted to 30 people, experienced nausea vomiting as much as 25 (76,1%), and did not experience nausea vomiting as many as 5 pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of giving sweet orange peel scent (citrus aurantium) to hiperemesis gravidarum in pregnant mother. This research method is pre experimental. The research design used one group pre-test post-test model. The independent variable in this research is sweet orange skin scent (citrus aurantium). Dependent variable is hiperemesis. The instruments used were observasion sheets. Populations taken by all trimester pregnant women who experience hiperemesis gravidarum in the work area Puskesmas Bangkalan as many as 25 respondents. And the results are analyzed using Mann Whitney. The results showed that almost all 20 respondents decreased and 5 respondent settled because mother parity factor that is primigravida and low level of mother education which less information about nausea symptoms of vomiting experienced by mother and how to prevent it by using aroma of orange peel (citrus aurantium). Based on statistical test using independent T-Test obtained p value 0,001 &lt;0,05 so that H1 accepted. So it can be concluded that there is effect of sweet orange peel scent to decrease frequency of hiperemesis gravidarum in pregnant mother.

Haematology and Serum Biochemical Constituents of Finisher Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Water Soaked Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Meal at Varying Durations

A four week feeding trial was conducted using 180 5-week old Arbor acre broiler chickens to determine the effect of feeding various duration of water soaked sweet orange peels on haematology and serum biochemical indices with a view to determining the potential of soaked sweet orange peels as an alternative to maize. Six broiler finisher diets were formulated and fed to the chickens in groups of 30 birds per diet, subdivided into 3 replicates of 10 chickens each in a completely randomized design. Diet 1 (control) was maize-based, diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, sweet orange peels replaced maize at various duration of water soaked 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively, and incorporated at 30% inclusion. White blood cell, red blood cell and mean corpuscular volume was depressed (p&lt;0.05) by various duration of water soaked sweet orange peels, packed cell volume did not indicate anaemic tendency among treatment and white blood cell count did not indicate infection due to treatments. Serum protein was adequate and liver and kidney function were not compromised. Health status and nutrient absorption of birds were not compromised by replacing maize with various duration of water soaked sweet orange peels in broiler chickens.

Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Various Duration of Water Soaked Sweet Orange Peels

An experiment was conducted with one hundred and eighty (180) unsexed day old broiler chicks of Arbor acre strain to investigate the effect of feeding diets supplemented with water soaked sweet orange peel meal (SOP) on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. The broiler chickens were randomly distributed into six (6) dietary treatments of 30 birds per treatment which were further distributed into three (3) replicates of 10 birds per replicate from day old, in a completely randomized design. Six dietary treatments were formulated such that, T1 which is control was maize based. In diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, sweet orange peels replaced maize at various duration of water soaked, 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively and incorporated at 30% inclusion. Data were collected on feed intake and weekly weight gain. Six (6) birds were randomly selected per treatment starved over night, weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation for carcass analysis. Result reveals significant (p&lt;0.05) difference in daily feed intake, there was no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference on final weight and daily weight gain. The result of carcass characteristics showed no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference in carcass cut and internal organs. It can be concluded that supplementing broiler diets with water soaked sweet orange peels had no detrimental effects on the performance and carcass characteristics.

Use of sweet ‘Pêra’ peel as an adsorbent in the treatment of textile effluents

ABSTRACT The disposal of industrial wastewater into aquatic bodies without proper treatment can cause severe damage to the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to perform the drying of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) peel cultivar Pêra and evaluate the viability of its use as biosorbent in the removal of a direct dye. Drying was carried out in an oven with air circulation at temperatures of 60 and 80 ºC. The mathematical models of Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Midilli and Two-term exponential were fitted to the moisture data as a function of time. The material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, point of zero charge, and infrared spectroscopy. In the adsorption study, a complete 24 factorial design was used to analyze the influence of mass, initial concentration, solution pH and contact time on adsorbed quantity (qt) and removal percentage of the dye (R%). In the drying, the two-term exponential model fitted best to the experimental data. The characterization of the material indicated that the adsorbent has zero charge point of 3.5 and porous structure, and the infrared analysis indicated the presence of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups. In the adsorption, the adsorbed quantity of the dye increased under conditions of lower pH and biosorbent mass and higher initial concentration and contact time. The removal percentage of dye increases with higher biosorbent mass. The biosorbent used is a promising waste for the adsorption of the burgundy-16 dye.

A sweet orange mutant impaired in carotenoid biosynthesis and reduced ABA levels results in altered molecular responses along peel ripening

Citrus fruit ripening is a complex process involving biochemical, physiological and molecular events that differ between the flesh and the peel of the fruit. We characterized sweet orange peel maturation by means of a comparative transcriptomic analysis between Navelate orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and its mutant fruit Pinalate, which presents a severe blockage at early steps of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and consequently reduced ABA levels. Peel ripening involved the decrease of the photosynthetic activity and the transmembrane transport processes, as well as the buildup of starch and cuticular waxes and the cell wall modification. In addition, a number of biotic and abiotic stress responses, including the defense response, and the response to blue light, water deprivation and abscisic acid stimulus were modulated in a ripening-stage specific manner. The regulation of energy-related processes and secondary metabolism pathways was attenuated in Pinalate, while the molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses displayed dependency on ABA levels. These results indicate that ABA is a key signal inducing stress responses along orange peel ripening, which might determine the fruit postharvest performance.

The Effectiveness of Botanical Insecticides of Four Plant Types and Adjuvants on Nutrition Index of The Fifth Instar Larvae of Heliothis Armigera Hubner

The effectiveness of the botanical insecticide formulations derived from a mixture of the ethanol extracts of the four plants; sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis), Mexican sunflower leaf (Tithonia diversifolia), ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) with and without miracle adjuvant has been examined on the nutritional index of the fifth instar larvae of H. Armigera. Nutritional index parameters were observed using a complete randomized design (CRD) with six treatment concentrations (0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 2.00%, 4.00%) and 15 larvae for the iterations. The observation data were analyzed by variance if there was any difference followed by Duncan’s test at the level of 5%. The results showed that all treatment concentrations, both with and without miracle adjuvant, could reduce the larval nutrition index and differ from the control treatments, namely; relative consumption rate (RCR) at 19,506% - 28,457% without adjuvant and at 16,566% - 36,740% with adjuvant; relative growth rate (RGR) at 10,545% - 45,545% without adjuvant and at 22,545% - 62,545% with adjuvant; efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) with and without adjuvant at 14,041% - 24,951% and 16,651% - 57,302% respectively, while the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) is at 14,629% - 30,106% without adjuvant and at 16,651% - 57,302% with adjuvant. On the contrary, the approximate digestibility (AD) increased by 18,195% - 30,656% without adjuvant and 22,223% - 62,579% with adjuvant. The effect caused by botanical insecticide formulation with miracle adjuvant is higher compared to the one without any adjuvant. Effective concentration with adjuvant occurs at 2%, and 4% without adjuvant. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of sweet orange peel contained 5 secondary metabolites (alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, tannin, saponin), 2 (Flavonoid and Tannin) in Mexican sunflower leaf, 5 (Flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, and tannins) in ginger rhizomes, and 3 (terpenoids, steroids, saponins) in lemongrass stems.

Study of Green Synthesis of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Using Citrus Sinensis Peel

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, one of the most underutilized biowaste, was in this study employed for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an alternative source of reductant and stabilizer. Spherical AuNPs with narrow size distribution (1.75 ± 0.86 nm) were obtained by controlling pH and adjusting sequence for the first time. ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) were applied to detect the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak, morphological and aggregate characteristic, elementary composition and hydrodynamic diameter, respectively. The major functional groups in extract were tested by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectrophotometer to characterize the components which are responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AuNPs. The possible role of the components during the process of AuNPs synthesis is also discussed. The result of this study enriched the green source for ultra-small AuNPs synthesis, and will help to understand the mechanism of synthesis and stability of ultra-small AuNPs by fruit peels extract.

Feeding of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel on humoral immune response of broiler chickens

PurposeAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel (DCSP) on humoral immune response of broiler chickens.MethodsFour hundred 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments with four replicates of 20 chicks each. The following five dietary treatments were applied: control group with 0% DCSP; diet containing 1.5% DCSP from 1 to 21 days of age (starter phase) and from 1 to 42 days of age, respectively; and diet containing 3% DCSP from 1 to 21 days of age (starter phase) and from 1 to 42 days of age, respectively.ResultsThe DCSP treatments influenced positively total anti-SRBC and IgG titers on days 28 and 42, whereas no differences were found for IgM titer. The anti-NDV titers were not affected by diets; conversely, the anti-AIV titers were different among treatments. The anti-IBD titers were different on days 14 and 42 among diets, whereas anti-IBV titers were not influenced by treatments. Average white blood cell, heterophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts, as well as heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, were different among treatments.ConclusionThe findings suggested that the dietary inclusion of dried Citrus sinensis promoted some effects on the immune humoral response of chickens; however, these effects were not completely effective to protect birds from the main diseases.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK MANIS (Citrus sinensis) DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI PENGAWET PANGAN

Microbial contamination may cause food poisoning and a decrease in food quality. Preservatives such as Citrus senensis sweet orange peel waste can be used to extend the shelf life of food. The purpose of this study was to measure the potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity of orange peel extract and its application to improve the quality of meatballs, wet noodles, and tofu. Meatballs, wet noodles, and tofu were soaked with the extract for 90 minutes prior to storage at room temperature (28±2°C) for 4 days. The results showed that the inhibition zone of the extract using disc diffusion assay was 17.67±0.58 mm against Escherichia coli, 16±1 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and 12.67±1.15 mm against Salmonella Typhi. Sweet orange peel extract had an antioxidant activity of 66.41% with total phenol of 2,656.48±55.46 mg GAE/100g. The extract was able to reduce total bacteria between 0.5 and 1.0 log CFU/g in meatballs, wet noodles and tofu. The application of the extract on meatballs, wet noodles and tofu preserved aroma and color attribute until 4th day of storage at room temperature (28±2°C). Decrease of texture attributes were observed starting from 3rd day of storage at room temperature (28±2°C).

Simultaneous separation of six pure polymethoxyflavones from sweet orange peel extract by high performance counter current chromatography

Successful isolation of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) from citrus peels has led to numerous evaluations of PMFs in a broad spectrum of biological activities, such as inhibition of chronic inflammation, cancer prevention and anti-atherogenic properties. Recent reports associated with the health promoting properties of PMFs in citrus fruits have dramatically increased. However, the limiting factor in animal and human study of PMFs is still the supply of pure PMFs, such as tangeretin, nobiletin, sinensetin and 3,5,6,7,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone. Herein, we introduce the newly developed efficient separation method using high-performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC) in isolating multiple pure single PMFs simultaneously in one cycle process. With the smallest preparation loop on the semi-preparative HPCCC instrument, the optimized solvent system of hexanes/ethyl acetate/methanol/water resulted in the isolation of pure sinensetin, tangeretin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone directly from crude sweet orange peel extract in one cycle of separation process by HPCCC in the mode of reverse phase. The purity of each of the six isolated PMFs is greater than 96.6% analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Scale-up and high purity of individual PMFs can be separated by using a large separation loop in preparative HPCCC model. The renovated HPCCC methodology can be practically used in natural product isolation and consequent biological property evaluation.

The effects of dietary vitamin C and Citrus Sinensis peel on growth, hematological characteristics, immune competence, and carcass characteristics in broilers exposed to heat stress

This study investigated the role of vitamin C and Citrus Sinensis peel (sweet orange peel (Sop)) on growth, carcass characteristics and health status in 160 one day old broiler chickens (Ross308) which were randomly divided into four equal groups consisting 4 pens. Each pen having 10 birds (5 male and 5 female) for 35 days. All chicks were exposed to heat stress (330C) during all the experimental period (35 days). Group one considered as control, groups 2, 3, 4 were given feed containing vitamin C (500ppm/ feed), sweet orange peel (Sop) (1,2 % respectively). Sop 2% significantly increased average body weight gain and feed intake during the grower period (16-28) (P<0.05). The birds fed Sop 2% during the whole experimental period had higher FI and greater feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) compared to the other groups. The mortality rate tended to be the lowest in the birds fed the feed additives (P<0.05). The relative weight of internal organs, blood profiles pictures were not affected by Sop with two tested levels (P<0.05) or vitamin C compared with the control group. Broiler fed vitamin C or Sop levels had greater primary and secondary antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and against phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) antigen compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). Sop and vitamin C increased antibodies titer against Newcastle disease during the secondary antibody response (P<0.05). Overall, Sop as feed additive improved immune responses in broiler chickens under heat stress. Also the result indicate that the Sop 2 % during the grower period had a positive effect on growth performance of broiler chickens under heat stress.

FORMULASI SABUN MANDI CAIR EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK MANIS VARIETAS SIAM (Citrus sinensis L.) DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI SURFAKTAN SODIUM LAURIL SULFAT

Citrus sinensis L. skin is a high-value waste because it contains vitamin C. The Citrus sinensis L. skin of siam varieties is formulated into liquid soap using sodium lauryl sulfate which acts as a surfactant and as a good foaming agent. The aims of this study are to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant on the quality control test for liquid bath soap. The type of research used is experimental research. This research uses the extract of conjoined sweet orange peel obtained by maceration for 6 days using 70% ethanol solvent and maceration repeated for 4 days so that the extract obtained is more. Liquid soap is made in 3 formulas with varying concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate. Formula I uses a concentration of 8%, formula II 17% and formula III 26%. The quality control test of the preparation includes organoleptic, pH, specific gravity, viscosity and high foam. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a confidence level of 95%. The results showed that variations in the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate could affect the quality control test for liquid bath soap. The three formulas of liquid bathing soap extract of sweet orange peel that meet the standard are 2nd formulas, namely black, distinctive odor of orange peel, thick consistency with pH 6, having specific gravity between 1.039-1.095 g / ml, having a viscosity of between 1.10- 7.90 cps and foam height 0.80-2.00 cm.

PEMANFAATAN EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK DALAM MENGENDALIKAN ULAT Plutella xylostella TANAMAN KUBIS SKALA LABORATORIUM

Plutella xylostella is the main pest to attack cabbage plants. The farmers was to control the Plutella xylostella by using insecticides chemical so that it has effect a negative impact on the environment and human health. So that to control it by used of vegetable fungicides and that are environmentally friendly. The objective of this study was obtain the effect and benefits of several orange extractsskin to controlling Plutella xylostellaon cabbage by a laboratory scale. The experimental was conducted in the laboratory of pests and diseases in the experimental farm of Berastagi, Indonesian of Vegetable Research Institute in January-April 2018. The treatment was consisted based onl randomized complete design non factorial. The treatment was consisting of ten treatments and three replications, It is namely: k0: control / water, k1 : lime skin extract 10 ml / 1 l, k2: extract of lime skin 20 ml, k3: extract of lime skin 30 ml/1l, k4: extract of kaffir lime skin 110 ml / 1 l k5: extract of kaffir lime skin 20 ml / k6: extract of kaffir lime skin 30 ml / 1l, k7: extract of sweet orange peel 10 ml / 1l, k8: extract of sweet orange peel 20 ml / 1l, k9: extract of sweet orange peel 30 ml / 1l and repeated 3 times. The each treatment has 10 sample of caterpillar. The variables observed were the percentage of mortality, time of death and symptoms of death. The results showed that the extract orange skin was effective to controlling Plutella xylostellalarvae on 30 ml / 1l consentration. The kinds skin of extract orange was significant effect to controlling plutella xylostela larvae, the namely orange skin is neem extract with 10 ml/1l until 20 ml/1 l concentration

Performance Characteristics of Starter Broiler Chicks Fed Dietary Sun-Dried Sweet Orange Peel Meal (SOPM) with and Without Polyzyme

Performance Characteristics of Starter Broiler Chicks Fed Dietary Sun-Dried Sweet Orange Peel Meal (SOPM) with and Without Polyzyme