Abstract
Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, one of the most underutilized biowaste, was in this study employed for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an alternative source of reductant and stabilizer. Spherical AuNPs with narrow size distribution (1.75 ± 0.86 nm) were obtained by controlling pH and adjusting sequence for the first time. ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) were applied to detect the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak, morphological and aggregate characteristic, elementary composition and hydrodynamic diameter, respectively. The major functional groups in extract were tested by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectrophotometer to characterize the components which are responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AuNPs. The possible role of the components during the process of AuNPs synthesis is also discussed. The result of this study enriched the green source for ultra-small AuNPs synthesis, and will help to understand the mechanism of synthesis and stability of ultra-small AuNPs by fruit peels extract.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is one of the most important technologies in all areas of science due to the significant difference in nature properties of nanoparticles [1,2,3,4], and these properties are dominated by their size, shape and distribution [5,6]
Fresh C. sinensis were purchased from a Wal-Mart local store Columbia, MO, in USA
AuNPs which synthesized at different pHs were analyzed using an UV-vis spectrophotometer
Summary
Nanotechnology is one of the most important technologies in all areas of science due to the significant difference in nature properties of nanoparticles [1,2,3,4], and these properties (e.g., biological, catalytic activity, mechanical properties, melting point optical absorption, thermal and electrical conductivity) are dominated by their size, shape and distribution [5,6]. The physical methods are based mostly on the energy transfer that occurs in an irradiated material by ionizing or non-ionizing radiation, leading to the generation of reducing agents responsible for the nucleation of metallic particles. These methods include radiation [6] and laser ablation [7], among others. The chemical methods are a redox reaction between material and reducing agents such as sodium borohydride [8], hydrazine [9], and triethyl amine [10] These are currently the most explored pathways for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles due to their ease of performance, high production yield and stability, despite that they are known to be biologically and environmentally toxic. Metallic nanoparticles of noble metals such as gold, silver, platinum, and palladium have been
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