Sweet Clover Seeds Research Articles

Влияние основных типов химизма степени засоления почв и техногенных грунтов на всхожесть семян фитомелиорантов

Abstract. The purpose and objectives of the study is to establish the levels of influence of chemistry and the degree of salinity on the onset of half (LD50) and full (LD99) death of seeds of alfalfa blue hybrid and yellow clover. To identify the degree of participation of each factor in the death of legume seeds using the correlation coefficient and determination. To conduct a comparative assessment of the salt resistance of the seeds of sweet clover and alfalfa. Methods. The main natural types of salinization characteristic of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia are selected as objects of study. The germination energy and germination of seeds were determined according to GOST 12038-84. Model variants of salt solutions for germination of seeds of sweet clover and alfalfa were created taking into account the proportions of the formation of the main types of salinization. The types of salinization are represented by sulfate-soda, sulfate-chloride (neutral), and gypsum chloride-sulfate salt. Scientific novelty. Drilling slurries stored in barns during the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials correspond to similar salinization conditions. Artificial salinization of water-salt solutions with a given concentration made it possible to identify half (LD50) and complete death (LD99) of clover and alfalfa seeds at the appropriate level and chemistry of salinization. Comparison of neutral and sulfate-soda salinization showed that the presence of soda in the solution determines its toxicity by 86–87 %. The negative effect of neutral salinization appears to a greater extent due to an increase in osmotic pressure. The presence of gypsum in the nutrient saline solution reduced the toxicity to seeds of phytomeliorant crops by 1.9–2.5 times. Results. It has been established that under conditions of neutral and sulfate-soda salinization, plants experience an acute deficiency in calcium. The introduction of gypsum during chemical reclamation of salt pans and drilling slurries eliminates this deficiency. The establishment of indicators (LD50) allows you to adjust the seeding rate of phytomeliorants. The indicator (LD99) indicates the expediency of applying gypsum on salt pans and drilling slurries.

ОТБОР ПРОБ ПРИ ОЦЕНКЕ КАЧЕСТВА СМЕШИВАНИЯ

The improvement of the technological process of preparing dry loose feed mixtures is associated with an increase in the structure of feed rations for farm animals in the conditions of farms. It is noted that an increase in the digestibility and palatability of feed, a decrease in the specific energy consumption for the production of feed mixtures depends on the quality of their mixing. The methodological basis of the work was the results of studies of recent years by leading domestic scientists in the field of improving the technological processes for preparing feed mixtures, design and operating parameters of mixers. The analysis of sampling methods is given: periodic for batch mixers; cumulative, allowing to obtain a generalized sample, more representative of the mixing process, also applicable to the study of batch mixers; using special devices - samplers to obtain the most accurate samples. The importance of selecting a control component oriented to the functional features of the mixers, regardless of the sampling method used, is highlighted when monitoring the homogeneity of the mixture. The analysis of existing studies showed a wide range of control components, methods of sampling and separation of components in the study of the mixing process by machines of various designs and principles of operation. The analysis of the works showed that in order to reduce the time spent on isolating the control component and ensure the reliability of the studies, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the mixed cultures. When choosing seeds of sweet clover, clover, millet as control components, a sample mass of 5 grams is sufficient; seeds of beets, buckwheat, wheat and barley, a sample mass of 100 grams is sufficient; seeds of peas, corn, a sample mass of 300 grams is sufficient. A sieve classifier with optimal selection of the mixture with the possibility of separating in sieve or sieve analysis is noted as the most applicable for the isolation of the control component. It is recommended to focus on the method of periodic sampling when examining batch mixers. The cumulative sampling method using samplers is recommended for investigating the performance of continuous mixers and evaluating the overall quality of mixing in batch mixers.

Реакция семян культур-фитомелиорантов при условии природного и техногенного засоления почв и грунтов

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to establish the optimal and critical values of different chemisms and the degree of salinity and the corresponding indicators of osmotic pressure, pH of the medium for the germination energy and germination of seeds of alfalfa and sweet clover. Objectives of the study are to identify the parameters of 50 and 99 % death of seeds of the studied crops, taking into account the chemistry and degree of salinity, to determine the most toxic water-soluble salts in solonetzic soils and drill cuttings; to identify the degree of participation of osmotic pressure and pH of the medium for the studied options, to conduct a comparative study of chemisms and the degree of their salinity on the germination and germination of seeds of phytomeliorants. Methods. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions. Seeds of sweet clover of the Alsheevskiy variety and alfalfa of the Yaroslavna variety were used as the object of the study. The energy and germination of seeds were determined according to GOST 12038-84. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the parameters the average lethal dose and the dose is absolutely lethal for sweet clover and alfalfa seeds were established in relation to different salinity chemisms, represented by one easily soluble salt, identical to soil and technogenic salinization. The parameters of osmotic pressure and pH of the medium for the average lethal dose and the dose is absolutely lethal were determined for each salinity chemistry. Results. It was found that a low concentration of MgSO4 (up to 0.3 %) did not reduce the energy and germination of seeds of sweet clover and alfalfa. Sodium neutral salts (Na2SO4, NaCl) led to the loss of seed germination of sweet clover and alfalfa (the dose is absolutely lethal) at a salinity degree of 2.0–2.9 %, which corresponds to a high osmotic pressure of 8.9–13.9 atm. Sweet clover seeds had a higher capacity for maximum salinity. Under soda salinity (Na2CO3, NaHCO3), 50 % death of sweet clover and alfalfa seeds corresponded to salinity levels of solonetzes and drill cuttings of 0.09 and 0.25 %. The phenomenon corresponding to the dose is absolutely lethal was noted here, respectively, at the level of salinity of soils and drill cuttings of 0.42 and 0.95 %. It is important to take into account the average lethal dose indicator when recultivating solonetzes and drill cuttings in order to establish seeding rates and select phytomeliorant crops.

Удосконалення агротехніки вирощування буркуну білого однорічного в умовах Південного Степу України

Goal. To study the processes of yield formation and sowing qualities of white sweetclover seeds depending on the main tillage and methods of harvesting in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field — to study the interaction of the object of study with biotic and abiotic factors of the Southern Steppe zone, visual — to fix phenological changes of white sweetclover plants, measuring — to determine the parameters of crop structure, yield, mathematical — to analyze the variance and statistical data processing to assess the reliability of the obtained research results, comparative — to carry out economic and energy assessment of growing white sweetclover. Results. Studies were conducted from 2019 to 2021. It was found that the optimal conditions for growth and development of white sweetclover were for the main tillage — plowing to a depth of 25–27 cm (factor A) — when the average seed yield was 1.04 t/ha. According to factor B (harvesting method), the highest seed yield (0.86 t/ha) was obtained by the direct harvesting method using desiccation. The maximum average yield of crop seeds — 1.12 t/ha was fixed for plowing (25–27 cm) and the use of desiccation (the direct method of harvesting). Conclusions. Improvement of the agricultural techniques of white sweetclover made it possible to obtain maximum seed productivity of the crop. The use of the optimal variant of tillage and harvesting method contributed to obtaining the highest average yield of clover seeds.

ЛАБОРАТОРНЫЙ СКРИНИНГ СОРТОВ ДОННИКА БЕЛОГО ОДНОЛЕТНЕГО ПО УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ К СОЛЕВОМУ СТРЕССУ

The purpose of the research was to laboratory diagnostics of the resistance of released varieties of white sweet clover to chloride salinization in the juvenile stage of development based on the assessment of the variability of the morphometric parameters of seedlings. The object of the study was the varieties of annual white sweet clover, bred by the Samara Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Povolzhsky, Srednevolzhsky and Zavolzhsky. To determine the salt tolerance of sweet clover varieties, the method of seed germination in sodium chloride solutions was used. It has been established that chloride salinization significantly reduces the germination of sweet clover seeds at a test solution concentration of 0.25 mol/l. With an increase in NaCl concentration to 0.30 mol/l in the studied varieties, the number of germinated seeds decreased by 80.2–85.9% relative to the control variant. In terms of seed germination under the influence of a stress factor, the Povolzhsky variety stood out, the Zavolzhsky variety was noted as the most resistant to the negative effects of a high degree of salinity. With chloride salinity of 0.10; 0.15 and 0.20 mol/l variety Povolzhsky provided the best morphometric parameters of seedlings. The level of growth processes at the maximum level of salinity (0.25 and 0.30 mol/l) in Zavolzhsky variety was the highest. The use of the method of laboratory assessment of salt tolerance by seed germination in saline solutions made it possible to differentiate the studied varieties of annual white sweet clover in terms of sensitivity to the impact of a stress factor at the initial stages of ontogenesis. Taking into account the high field productivity and ecological plasticity of the studied varieties, they can be recommended for use as a source material in breeding programs to create highly productive varieties resistant to chloride salinity.

Differentiation of alfalfa and sweet clover seeds via multispectral imaging

It is hard to remove sweet clover seeds from alfalfa seed lots by conventional methods, affecting the purity of seed lots and resulting losses in for alfalfa hay production as well as seed yield. However, the discrimination of sweet clover seed contaminates in alfalfa seed lots is difficult without special training. In this study, multispectral imaging with object-wise multivariate image analysis was evaluated for its potential to separate sweet clover and alfalfa seeds. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), AdaBoost and support vector machine (SVM) methods were applied to classify seeds of sweet clover and alfalfa according to their morphological features and spectral traits or a combination thereof. The results showed that an excellent classification could be achieved based on a combination of morphological features and spectral data in a tested data set. Seed classification accuracy was up to 99.58% in a validation set with the LDA model, which was better than the PLSDA (68.19%), AdaBoost (96.95%) and SVM (98.47%) models. Thus, multispectral imaging together with chemometric multivariate analysis is a promising technique to identify sweet clover seeds in alfalfa seed lots with high efficiency.

Ways of Increasing Seed Germination of Sweet Clover and Methods of Reducing the Amount of Coumarin in the Leaf-Stem Mass

The article presents the results of laboratory and field experiments on studying the influence of ways of presowing seed treatment and methods of reducing the amount of coumarin on yield and forage quality of sweet clover in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The aim of the research is to study and to prove the effective way of presowing treatment of seeds and a method of decreasing the content of coumarin in order to increase the productivity and to improve the quality of clover forage. The experimental station of the North-Kazakhstan SRI of agriculture in 2015-2016 was conducted pursuant to the solution of tasks. In our experiments, it was shown that the proposed method of presowing treatment of sweet clover seeds improves the laboratory germination from 65.2 to 99.0% and the field germination from 33.1 to 72.8%. When applying the technique of reducing the content of coumarin, its content in the green mass of clover was 1.14%, in the hay dried at a temperature of 20°C-0.65% and at a temperature of 60°C-0.48%. The coumarin content decreased two times. The protein content of the hay dried at a temperature of 20°C was 13.2%, at a temperature of 60°C-15.1%. The content of fodder units at a temperature of 20°C was 0.39%, at a temperature of 60°C-0.47%. Based on the research results on studying ways, which increase seed germination and methods of reducing the amount of coumarin in sweet clover, the way of presowing treatment of sweet clover seeds, which increases seed germination almost by 100% and an effective technique of making sweet clover hay, which reduces the coumarin content to safe limits for animals, as well as increases the fodder value of sweet clover hay, were developed and proposed for the production. The method of increasing seed germination of sweet clover is simple in the technical performance and not costly from an economic point of view, which is performed by soaking the seeds of sweet clover in water for 24 h, with further drying and separating the swollen soft seeds on a sieve with a diameter of 2.5-3 mm and the process ends by scarification. The essence of the method of reducing the coumarin amount is that sweet clover, in connection with the content of antinutrient- coumarinin the vegetative mass, should not be fed in the green form and hay making should be fulfilled by the method of active aeration at a temperature of 60°C. Along with the decrease in the content of coumarin, the quality indicators of hay increase. Hay, dried by active aeration at a temperature of 60°C, is bright-green, well-foliated and has a pleasant smell.

Development of a rapid one-step PCR protocol to distinguish between alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and sweet clover (Melilotus spp.) seeds

Distinguishing seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and sweet cover (Melilotus spp.) from one another is difficult because of similarities in the colour, shape, size and weight of the seeds. Existing methods to distinguish these seeds are usually time-consuming and inaccurate. In our study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) method was developed to distinguish alfalfa and sweet clover seeds from one another. Based on differences in the DNA sequences of plastid matK spacer regions, a pair of primers was designed and used with simple PCR and PAGE techniques to identify 45 alfalfa and 34 sweet clover (8 white and 26 yellow) accessions that were collected from all over the world. Our results with this pair of primers were clearly different between the two species, supporting the reliability, sensitivity and simplicity of this method.

An important military city of the Early Western Zhou Dynasty: Archaeobotanical evidence from the Chenzhuang site, Gaoqing, Shandong Province

In ancient Chinese history, the Western Zhou Dynasty has long been renowned for having expanded its control and territory into many other states. However, historical documents and archaeological records of this period are limited; thus the early history of the Western Zhou Dynasty’s operation in eastern China and its establishment of the Qi and Lu states have been unclear. The discovery of the Chenzhuang city site in Gaoqing County, Shandong Province, with chariot-horse pits, an altar and bronze vessels with inscriptions, adds a new line of evidence for studying the history of this period. However, with no direct evidence, the nature of the city site is controversial. Plant remains, especially a large number of sweet clover seeds, recovered from this site by systematic archaeobotanical methods provide an important source of information for research into the site’s function. Considering that modern sweet clover is superior fodder for horses and the sweet clover seeds from the Chenzhuang site coexist with chariot-horse pits and horse remains, it is suggested these sweet clover seeds might represent the fodder of battle steeds. This suggestion supports the opinion of those who believe the Chenzhuang city site was once an important military city of the Western Zhou Dynasty in eastern China.

DIMENSIONAL AND DENSITY DATA FOR SEEDS OF CEREAL GRAIN AND OTHER CROPS

Dimensions of seeds of more than twenty different kinds and types of grain and other crops were determined by caliper measurements. Individual kernel and seed weights were obtained, and mean volumes were determined by air–comparison pycnometer measurements for use in determining kernel and seed densities. Seed densities ranged from 1.002 for safflower to 1.460 for milled rice. Test weight (bulk density) measurements were also taken and moisture contents were determined by standard tests. Collectively, these data supplement the limited kernel and seed data currently available in the literature for reference. The product of three orthogonal dimensions (length, width, and thickness) was calculated for each kind of seed. A volume coefficient was determined as the ratio of the measured mean volume to the orthogonal–dimension product. The volume coefficients, which ranged from 0.222 for oil–type sunflower seeds to 0.588 for sweetclover seeds, are useful in estimating seed volume from seed dimensional data. With use of the volume coefficient, seed density can be estimated for a particular kind of seed from seed weight and dimensions.

The content of [formula omitted] in seeds and seedlings of plants

The content of N- malonyl- d-tryptophan (MTry) was determined in seeds and seedlings of some plants. MTry was present in dry seeds of tomato, sweet clover and alfalfa and absent in the seeds of pepper, maize, rose, horse bean, wheat and soybean. The germination of tomato, alfalfa and sweet clover seeds was accompanied by an increase in the MTry content. MTry was also identified in the seedlings of wheat and Lycopersicon peruvianum Mill. The MTry and IAA content in tomato seedlings increased during the first 6 days of growth and then decreased. The content of l-Try remained low during the period of tomato hypocotyl elongation and sharply increased when seedling growth ceased. MTry was mainly located in the meristematic zone of the tomato hypocotyl and was absent in the roots. Light-grown seedlings has slower rates of growth and MTry accumulation than dark-grown ones. The changes of MTry content during seedling growth are believed to reflect the change of the production of d-Try which is used both for IAA and MTry synthesis.

Callus and Suspension Cultures of Melilotus alba Tissues and Cells1

These studies were designed to define conditions for the satisfactory establishment and maintenance of sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) callus and cell suspension cultures.Callus was derived from cotyledons and hypocotyls of germinated sweetclover seeds of various genotypes. Under the conditions used, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) was effective (optimal concentration ca 1 mg/liter) for callus induction; other auxins and cytokinins were ineffective. Best callus growth occurred at a 2,4‐D concentration of about 2 mg/liter and a sucrose concentration of 2%. Callus growth was improved by casein hydrolysate (0.9 g/liter). Glutamic acid appeared to be the most important single amino acid in the hydrolysate.Suspension cultures failed to survive in the absence of 2,4‐D. Highest cell numbers and final/initial cell‐count ratios were observed at a 2,4‐D concentration of 0.2 mg/liter. The callus type that yielded highest cell counts in suspension culture was friable, but friable growth type on agar was not always associated with highest cell numbers in suspension cultures. Inoculum size was important in determining the performance of suspension cultures, possibly because of the influence of “conditioned” medium.Attempts to regenerate intact plants from the cultured callus tissues were not successful.

A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF COLEOPHORA FRISCHELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA

The first record of the occurrence in North America of the white-tipped clover case-moth, Coleophora frischella L., was made in June 1966 when a single adult was taken by Heinemann on Picton Island, N.Y., in the St. Lawrence River (Freeman, personal communication). Independently, Trieselmann collected the larvae from white sweet-clover, Melilotus alba Desr., on 28 July through to 8 August 1966 at many points around Pembroke, Ont. Detailed examinations made at two of the collection points indicated that between 15 and 20% of sweetclover seeds were damaged. Because of its potential economic significance, the authors wish to make the presence of this species known to agricultural entomologists in Canada and the United States.

Unusual Reaction of Sweet Clover Seeds to X-radiation at Different Moisture Contents and to Post-irradiation Storage

EXPERIMENTS have been performed to test the influence of seed moisture and post-irradiation storage on the radiation damage of sweet clover seeds (Melilotus albus).

The Role of Coumarin in the Growth of Roots of Melilotus alba. Contributions from the Hull Botanical laboratory 365

1. Melilotic acid and o-coumaric acid inhibited cell elongation in the Avena coleoptile curvature test. Coumarin had no activity under the conditions employed. 2. All three compounds inhibited root growth of sweetclover and alfalfa seedlings. It is suggested that perhaps neither unsaturation nor lactone configuration is essential for their inhibitory activity. 3. The total length increment of roots of sweetclover and alfalfa seedlings grown on agar containing 5 p.p.m. of coumarin was about 55 and 40%, respectively, of the control. At a concentration of 50 p.p.m. of coumarin the increment of sweetclover roots was further decreased by only about 10%, whereas alfalfa roots placed on such agar did not grow at all. 4. The concentration of free and bound coumarin present in sweetclover roots was quantitatively determined. The average concentration of free coumarin was about 74 μgm/gm of fresh weight. Coumaric acid may account for 20% of this quantity. No longitudinal concentration gradient of coumarin was found in the roots of sweetclover seedlings. The possible role of coumarin as a natural growth inhibitor is discussed. 5. During the imbibition and subsequent periods of leaching of sweetclover seeds, coumarin was found in the leachate in quantities proportionate to the length of leaching time. During a leaching period of 24 hours, about 2 μgm. of coumarin were leached out per seed.

Influence of Low Temperature Treatments on the Germination of Seeds of Sweet Clover and Smooth Vetch1

Agronomy JournalVolume 31, Issue 8 p. 687-694 Article Influence of Low Temperature Treatments on the Germination of Seeds of Sweet Clover and Smooth Vetch1 L. E. Dunn, L. E. Dunn Graduate student in Farm Crops, Oregon State Agr. College; now Research Assistant in Soils, State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash. The writer wishes to express his appreciation of the help of Prof. G. R. Hyslop of the Farm Crops Department for suggestions in planning and carrying out the studies and for reading and checking the manuscript.Search for more papers by this author L. E. Dunn, L. E. Dunn Graduate student in Farm Crops, Oregon State Agr. College; now Research Assistant in Soils, State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash. The writer wishes to express his appreciation of the help of Prof. G. R. Hyslop of the Farm Crops Department for suggestions in planning and carrying out the studies and for reading and checking the manuscript.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 1939 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1939.00021962003100080004xCitations: 8 1 Published as Technical Paper No. 294 with the approval of the Director of the Oregon Experiment Station. Contribution of the Department of Farm Crops. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume31, Issue8August 1939Pages 687-694 RelatedInformation

Effect of Low Temperatures on Germination of Impermeable Seeds

1. Dormancy of seeds due to an impermeable seed coat may often be broken by cooling the seeds to very low temperatures. 2. Impermeable sweet clover and alfalfa seeds may be made permeable without injuring, by freezing the air-dry seeds in liquid air (-190⚬C.). 3. Sweet clover seeds were not injured by keeping them in liquid air for nearly six months (175 days); and rapidly cooling seeds down to -190⚬C. twenty times, followed each time by a very rapid warming, did not injure them. 4. Cooling to -80⚬C. caused most of the impermeable alfalfa seeds to become permeable, but this treatment had very little effect on impermeable sweet clover seeds. 5. Freezing air-dry seeds to very low temperatures had no appreciable effect on their keeping power. 6. The average specific heat of air-dry alfalfa seeds between 20⚬ and -190⚬C. is about 0.21 cal. per degree. 7. The process of destroying the impermeability of alfalfa seeds by intense freezing appears to be a practical one for large-scale operations.