Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation Research Articles

Membrane role in heat and mass transfer resistance distribution and performance of hollow fiber membrane contactor for SGMD desalination

Hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) is the core device of heat mass exchange between seawater solution and sweeping air in sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) desalination. In order to reveal the distribution of heat and mass transfer resistance on feed solution side, porous membrane side and sweeping air side, a mathematical model considering the simultaneous heat mass transfer and water vapor diffusion mechanism in the membrane pores was established for the cross-flow HFMC. The simulation results of the model were compared with experimental results and literature results. Comparison shows that the deviation of simulation results of the model is less than 13.4 %, which verifies the accuracy and reliability of the simulation results. Influences of the main structural characteristics of porous membrane on the resistance distribution of heat and mass transfer, efficiency and membrane flux were explored. Air side dominates the heat transfer process, while the membrane side accounts for less than 39 % of the total heat transfer resistance for the main range of membrane microstructure parameters investigated. The mass transfer is controlled by the porous membrane except for thin membrane with a thickness of less than 100 μm. Membranes with porosity above 0.8 and as thin as possible can achieve better mass transfer efficiency and freshwater flux. Increasing mean pore diameter has a strong promotion effect on the increase of membrane flux before it reaches 150 nm, and beyond this critical value, the water vapor diffusion mechanism changes from Knudsen collision to molecular collision. Effects of different operating parameters and membrane microstructure parameters on air temperature distribution and humidity distribution were also analyzed.

Performance and exergy analysis of vacuum-assisted sweeping air membrane distillation and bubble column dehumidifier

This study provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of an integrated Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) and Bubble Column Dehumidifier (BCD) system for cost-effective water desalination. Analytical investigations on this novel system are not available in the literature which represents a knowledge gap. The current analytical study offers insights into the efficiency of the integrated SGMD-BCD system, identifies optimal operational conditions, and provides benchmark data for future scaling-up and commercialization. The theoretical model, based on solving heat and mass transfer equations, is validated against the experimental data. An exergy analysis of the integrated SGMD-BCD is considered to explore the possible improvements in the design and operation for enhanced performance. Results reveal a peak GOR of 0.41 under maximal tested feed flow rates and temperatures, coupled with minimal air flow rates and air channel pressures. The BCD achieves maximum effectiveness in the range of 0.95–0.98 at feed temperature of 90 °C. Exergetic efficiency reaches its peak at 3.25%, observed at the lowest feed flow rate (1 L/min) and temperature (40 °C). Notably, the SGMD process exhibits 18 to 20 times the exergy destruction compared to the BCD at a 90 °C feed temperature, highlighting the need for improvements in its design and operation.

Numerical evaluation of sweeping gas membrane distillation for desalination of water towards water sustainability and environmental protection

Sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) is considered a membrane distillation configuration. It uses an air stream to collect the water vapour. A 2D mathematical model is prepared in the current study to predict the effect of various operating parameters on the SGMD performance. Also, the temperature distribution in the SGMD was obtained. The effect of air inlet temperature, salt concentration, feed and air flowrate on air and salted solution outlet temperature and vapour flux through the membrane is investigated. There was good agreement between experimental data and modelling outputs. It was found that increase in air inlet temperature from 40 to 72 °C was increased the outlet temperature of air stream and cold solution from 37 to 63 °C and 38 to 65 °C respectively. Furthermore, increase in air inlet temperature led to the enhancement of vapour flux in the membrane distillation. Also, the salt concentration and feed flow rate did not have meaningful influence on the outlet temperatures, however, the flux was increased by increasing feed flowrate.

The potential of sweeping gas membrane distillation integrated with multistage bubble column dehumidifier in recovering potable water from wastewater contaminated with industrial metalworking fluids

Wastewater treatment is essential as freshwater becomes scarce due to increasing industrialization. However, the current centralized wastewater treatment technologies are suitable for large-scale applications. There is a pressing need to develop small-scale decentralized wastewater treatment techniques. Towards this goal, a new sweeping gas membrane distillation system (SGMD) integrated with a multistage bubble column dehumidifier (BCD) was designed, built and tested to treat metalworking fluid (MWF)-contaminated wastewater. The performance of the SGMD-BCD system was first optimized using deionized water experiments. The results showed that feed water temperature significantly affected permeate flux, while air and feed water mass flow rates of 10kg/hr and 90kg/hr were identified as optimum since permeate flux and gain output ratio were insignificant above these flow rates. The simulation results of the developed system-scale mathematical model revealed that multi-staging is a more preferable option for improving effectiveness compared to increasing the condensing area in a single-stage BCD. Additionally, in long-term experiments, about 35.5% and 47.7% drops in permeate flux were observed when the MWF concentration in wastewater increased from 5 to 25 wt% at feed water temperatures of 70°C and 80°C, respectively.

Membrane Distillation-Crystallization for Sustainable Carbon Utilization and Storage.

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from power plants can be limited using postcombustion carbon dioxide capture by amine-based solvents. However, sustainable strategies for the simultaneous utilization and storage of carbon dioxide are limited. In this study, membrane distillation-crystallization is used to facilitate the controllable production of carbonate minerals directly from carbon dioxide-loaded amine solutions and waste materials such as fly ash residues and waste brines from desalination. To identify the most suitable conditions for carbon mineralization, we vary the membrane type, operating conditions, and system configuration. Feed solutions with 30 wt % monoethanolamine are loaded with 5-15% CO2 and heated to 40-50 °C before being dosed with 0.18 M Ca2+ and Mg2+. Membranes with lower surface energy and greater roughness are found to more rapidly promote mineralization due to up to 20% greater vapor flux. Lower operating temperature improves membrane wetting tolerance by 96.2% but simultaneously reduces crystal growth rate by 48.3%. Sweeping gas membrane distillation demonstrates a 71.6% reduction in the mineralization rate and a marginal improvement (37.5%) on membrane wetting tolerance. Mineral identity and growth characteristics are presented, and the analysis is extended to explore the potential improvements for carbon mineralization as well as the feasibility of future implementation.

Performance analysis and optimization of sweep gas membrane distillation module using high-resolution computational model and machine learning

Performance analysis of sweep-gas membrane distillation (SGMD) modules remains a challenging problem owing to the complex interaction and strong coupling between the flow parameters on the feed and permeate sides as well as the multiscale nature of gas permeation in the membrane pores. In this study, a framework for a practical optimization tool for SGMD was developed in which experimental data, numerical simulations, and machine learning (ML) techniques were systematically utilized. A high-resolution numerical simulation of the SGMD was introduced and experimentally validated for SGMD modules. The high-resolution numerical model was used to train a ML model with noticeable speedup and lower computational cost. The trained ML model was coupled with a multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize the SGMD performance for a large-scale SGMD module with a novel and complex flow pattern. The SGMD, comprising five different modules with parallel sweep-gas patterns, showed interesting behavior in a sensitivity study based on modified Latin hypercube sampling. The sweep-gas temperature had the highest impact on the water permeation flux, which was due to the reheating of the feed flow as a result of the special configuration of the SGMD. Furthermore, the optimization solver successfully obtained the optimal design conditions for two different design scenarios by achieving a design target defined for an ammonia recovery ratio of 90% and an ammonia concentration of 25% at the sweep-gas outlet. The potential of the developed framework for practical engineering applications is highlighted.

A novel electro-Fenton hybrid system for enhancing the interception of volatile organic compounds in membrane distillation desalination

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising alternative desalination technology, but the hydrophobic membrane cannot intercept volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resulting in aggravation in the quality of permeate. In term of this, electro-Fenton (EF) was coupled with sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) in a more efficient way to construct an advanced oxidation barrier at the gas-liquid interface, so that the VOCs could be trapped in this layer to guarantee the water quality of the distillate. During the so-called EF-MD process, an interfacial interception barrier containing hydroxyl radical formed on the hydrophobic membrane surface. It contributed to the high phenol rejection of 90.2% with the permeate phenol concentration lower than 1.50 mg/L. Effective interceptions can be achieved in a wide temperature range, even though the permeate flux of phenol was also intensified. The EF-MD system was robust to high salinity and could electrochemically regenerate ferrous ions, which endowed the long-term stability of the system. This novel EF-MD configuration proposed a valuable strategy to intercept VOCs in MD and will broaden the application of MD in hypersaline wastewater treatment.

Comparative Energetics of Various Membrane Distillation Configurations and Guidelines for Design and Operation

This paper presents a comparative performance study of single-stage desalination processes with major configurations of membrane distillation (MD) modules. MD modules covered in this study are (a) direct contact MD (DCMD), (b) vacuum MD (VMD), (c) sweeping gas MD (SGMD), and (d) air gap MD (AGMD). MD-based desalination processes are simulated with rigorous theoretical MD models supported by molecular thermodynamic property models for the accurate calculation of performance metrics. The performance metrics considered in MD systems are permeate flux and energy efficiency, i.e., gained output ratio (GOR). A general criterion is established to determine the critical length of these four MDs (at fixed width) for the feasible operation of desalination in a wide range of feed salinities. The length of DCMD and VMD is restricted by the feed salinity and permeate flux, respectively, while relatively large AGMD and SGMD are allowed. The sensitivity of GOR flux with respect to permeate conditions is investigated for different MD configurations. AGMD outperforms other configurations in terms of energy efficiency, while VMD reveals the highest permeate production. With larger MD modules, utilization of thermal energy supplied by the hot feed for evaporation is in the order of VMD > AGMD > SGMD > DCMD. Simulation results highlight that energy efficiency of the overall desalination process relies on the efficient recovery of spent for evaporation, suggesting potential improvement in energy efficiency for VMD-based desalination.

Selective Recovery of Ethyl Acetate by Air-Sparged Membrane Distillation Using Carbon Nanotube-Immobilized Membranes and Process Optimization via a Response Surface Approach

Ethyl acetate (EA) is an extensively used industrial solvent, and typically, aqueous mixtures containing EA are discarded as hazardous waste. The recovery of EA from wastewater streams would have significant environmental benefits and be a circular economy approach to solvent recycling. However, with a relatively high water solubility (8.3% w/v at room temperature), it remains a challenge. In this paper, we report the recovery of EA from water using air-sparged sweep gas membrane distillation (AS-SGMD) with carbon nanotube-immobilized membranes. A central composite rotatable design was used to study the effect of process parameters on flux and selectivity via conventional SGMD and AS-SGMD. The experiments were run at different operating conditions of temperature, concentration, and flow rate. The flux reached as high as 1.41 kg/m2 h–1, and selectivity as high as 10.8 was obtained. The introduction of air sparging improved the flux by as much as 12% and the selectivity by 17%. The response surfaces of flux and selectivity as a function of operating variables were studied, and regression models were developed. For both regular SGMD and AS-SGMD, the selectivity of EA recovery followed a quadratic model, while the flux showed a linear response. The predicted and experimental responses were in agreement with a R2 value of 0.94. The optimization efforts showed that relatively low temperatures, higher concentrations, and high flow rates favored higher selectivity.

Experimental validation of membrane distillation unit coupled with a sweeping gas membrane using solar energy

Abstract This work presents an experimental validation of MD unit coupled with a sweeping gas membrane (SGMD) using solar energy experimental validation of a sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) unit coupled with solar energy. This station is installed at the University of Kairouan in Tunisia. SGMD is the least used membrane distillation (MD) configuration, and it is very expensive to build. SGMD is used to completely remove solutions containing non-volatile compounds such as salts and recover only high-purity water. A theoretical and experimental study was carried out with the parameters that intervene in the system. The theory of the system is described by a mathematical model based on the heat and mass transfer of the MD unit. Experimental studies were carried out for two types of processes: with preheating and without preheating of the charge (brine). With a low gas flow, the evaporation capacity varies between 0.15 and 0.25 l/m2 h. The operating parameter (liquid velocity) is affected by the layer on both sides of the membrane. Utilizing the water heating by the solar collector increases the evaporation efficiency in the SGMD, and increasing the flow rate the permeate flow in the SGMD. SGMD unit experimental data were submitted to evaluate the reliability obtained from the MD unit, aspects of heat transfer, mass transfer, in solation patterns and all temperatures considering the efficiency of the MD unit.

An experimental study on recovering and concentrating ammonia by sweep gas membrane distillation

Ammonia is a toxic and hazardous substance, as well as a valuable chemical. The gaseous ammonia are soluble in water, rendering some industrial wastewater contains high concentration of ammonia. These wastewater can be a direct source for the production of commercially concentrated ammonia solution via sweep gas membrane distillation (SGMD). Taking advantage of vapor-liquid equilibrium of ammonia-water binary system, ammonia can be recovered from these wastewater, and concentrated to several times higher concentration under optimized conditions. In this work, we have demonstrated the ammonia recovery by SGMD process, and comprehensively investigated the effect of different operation conditions on the SGMD performance.

The Role of the Morphological Characterization of Multilayer Hydrophobized Ceramic Membranes on the Prediction of Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation Performances.

This paper shows which morphological characterization method is most appropriate to simulating membrane performance in sweeping gas membrane distillation in the case of multilayer hydrophobized ceramic membranes. As a case study, capillary four-layer hydrophobic carbon-based titania membranes arranged in bundles in a shell-and-tube configuration were tested with NaCl-water solutions using air as sweeping gas, operating at temperatures from 40 to 110 °C and at pressures up to 5.3 bar. Contrary to what is generally performed for polymeric membranes and also suggested by other authors for ceramic membranes, the mass transfer across the membrane should be simulated using the corresponding values of the mean pore diameter and the porosity-tortuosity ratio of each layer and measured by the layer-by-layer (LBL) method. Comparison of the modeling results with experimental data highlights that the use of parameters averaged over the entire membrane leads to an overestimation by a factor of two to eight of the modeled fluxes, with respect to the experimental values. In contrast, the agreement between the modeled fluxes and the experimental values is very interesting when the LBL parameters are used, with a discrepancy on the order of +/−30%. Finally, the model has been used to investigate the role of operative parameters on process performances. Process efficiency should be the optimal balance between the concomitant effects of temperature and velocity of the liquid phase and pressure and velocity of the gas phase.

Experimental investigation of membrane distillation with bubble column dehumidifier system for water desalination

The performance of a new integrated system of single-stage sweeping gas membrane distillation module and a bubble column dehumidifier (SGMD-BCD) was experimentally investigated. The productivity and energy consumption of the system is evaluated under different operating conditions. The SGMD module acts as a humidifier to produce high-quality distilled and the bubble column dehumidifier is an effective condenser for improved performance. The sweeping air stream is created in two different ways; using a vacuum pump and compressed air. Results showed that the integrated system yields higher permeate flux, better gained output ratio (GOR), and lower specific thermal energy consumption (SEC) when the vacuum pump is used. Increasing the feed temperature from 50 to 80 °C increased the flux by 175%, on average. Doubling the sweeping air flow rate from 1 to 2 SCFM resulted in flux enhancement of 49% and 25% for the vacuum pump and the compressed air supply, respectively. Operating the system with the vacuum pump and without cooling the bubble column dehumidifier showed a marginal reduction in flux but resulted in significant improvements in GOR and SEC values of 0.76 and 909 kWh/m3, respectively, at an optimum dehumidifier water column height of 9.5 cm.

Analysis and Experimental Study on Water Vapor Partial Pressure in the Membrane Distillation Process.

In membrane distillation, the vapor pressure difference is the driving force of mass transfer. The vapor pressure is generally assumed by the saturation pressure and calculated by the Antoine equation. However, in the actual operation process, the feed solutions usually flow in a non-equilibrium state, which does not meet the theoretical and measurement conditions of the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) state. This study tested the actual water vapor pressure of the pure water, lithium bromide (LiBr) solution, lithium chloride (LiCl) solution, and calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution under different flow conditions. The results showed that the actual water vapor pressure was lower than the saturation pressure overall, and the difference increased with temperature but decreased with the mass concentration. Therefore, in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), and sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD), the membrane flux calculated by water vapor saturation pressure was higher than the actual membrane flux, and the relative difference decreased and was less than 10% after 60 °C. In direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), the water vapor pressure difference on both membrane sides was almost the same by using the saturation vapor pressure or the tested data since the pressure errors were partially offset in parallel flow or counter-flow modes.

Vacuum-Assisted Multistage Membrane Distillation With Bubble Column Dehumidifier for Efficient Water Production

Abstract An experimental investigation of a novel integrated system of a multistage sweeping gas (air) membrane distillation module and a bubble column dehumidifier (BCD) is presented for an energy-efficient high production water desalination system. The sweeping air stream is created using a vacuum pump installed between the membrane distillation unit and the BCD to apply a degree of vacuum behind the membrane in the air channel of the membrane cell to reduce the vapor mass transfer resistance through the membrane pores. Performance metrics of the system include the measurement of permeate flux and the calculations of energy consumption at various operating conditions in a comprehensive manner. The system performance is mainly controlled by feed temperature and flowrate and the sweeping air flowrate. The dehumidifier water level and its temperature have moderate impacts in the tested ranges. A permeate flux of 18 kg/m2 . h was measured with a relatively high gained output ratio of 0.62, low specific energy consumption of 1120 kWh/m3 when the feed temperature is 80 °C, and the dehumidifier column height of 4.5 cm. The study results revealed an enhanced system’s performance compared to other sweeping gas membrane distillation systems in the literature, which is very promising.

Effect of Configurations and Operating Parameters on the Desalination Performance of Membrane Distillation: A Review

A desalination is a promising approach to addressing the freshwater scarcity caused by limited freshwater resources and salt intrusion (pollution). Membrane distillation (MD) was proposed as a possible technology for desalination. This study review the efficiency of membrane distillation by comparing the permeate flux and thermal energy efficiency of the four configurations, namely, direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) and sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD). It was observed that the sequence of permeate flux and thermal energy efficiency is VMD> DCMD> SGMD>AGMD and VMD> SGMD> AGMD> DCMD, respectively. The results show that the VMD provides the highest permeate flux at 15.2 kg/hm2 with 99.25% of salt rejection rate. Additionally, VMD possess good energy efficiency at 66% relative to other configuration at the recorded permeate flux. Subsequently, the feasibility of MD in desalination is studied using different case studies. Furthermore, the effect of operating parameters (feed temperature, feed concentration, feed flow rate, and long-term operation) on flux is discussed. The results suggested that the flux increases when feed temperature or feed flow is increased. At the same time, the flux will decrease when feed is in high concentration and long-term operation.

Performance investigation of a novel solar direct-drive sweeping gas membrane distillation system with a multi-surface concentrator

Solar membrane distillation is a promising solution to overcome water shortage. However, developing a portable and highly efficient solar membrane distillation system is still a complex task. This work proposes a novel solar direct-drive sweeping gas membrane distillation with a multi-surface concentrator for families in rural areas. The optimized concentrator greatly improved the working temperature of the feed and the membrane distillation with sweeping gas configuration reduces the energy loss which both improve the performance of the system. Based on the optical simulation, a high optical efficiency optimized concentrator (over 70% within the incident angle of 20°) was designed. By conducting outdoor experiments and mathematical simulation, the effects of operating parameters and the concentrator on the system's performance were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the highest energy efficiency and the water production per collector area of the system with the concentrator reach 0.68 and 5.1 kg/m2/d. Simulation results show that the water yield increases with the increase of the irradiance and inlet air temperature and decreases with the seawater salinity increasing. The economic analysis suggests that the levelized cost of water and the payback period are $5.9/ton and 3.4 years respectively.

Optimizing the performance of sweeping gas membrane distillation for treating naturally heated saline groundwater

The performance of a sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) was evaluated for treating naturally heated saline groundwater. The naturally heated groundwater condition is projected to be a favourable match for SGMD as it eliminates the need for thermal requirement. Further, compared to the current scenario of using reverse osmosis (RO), SGMD will enable to eliminate the cooling tower requirement to cool down the groundwater prior to RO. Detail examination on SGMD operating settings revealed the importance of feed temperature and air flow settings in enhancing the SGMD permeate flux. Meanwhile, the feed flow rate and air temperature only minimally influenced the SGMD performance. SGMD cooling conditions played a key role towards enhancing the specific energy consumption and economic viability of its performance. The air cooling (fan and fin combination) was identified to be superior over the water cooling and thermo-electric element addition air cooling combinations. At optimum operating settings, SGMD was able to treat hot saline groundwater with an average permeate flux of 3.0 kg/m2h and attain high quality fresh water with over 98% salt rejection. Under optimum operating setting and due to the opportunity to eliminate thermal heating source, SGMD is able to attain matching economic rates (both capital and operational expenditure) to that of RO for treating natural heated groundwater. In terms of treatment performance, SGMD is established to be more advantageous to RO due to its ability to attain high quality fresh water (high salt and fluoride ion rejection rate).

Robust super-hydrophobic inorganic nanoparticles modified layered structure Si2N2O membrane for membrane distillation

Robust super-hydrophobic ceramic membranes consisting of layered structure Si2N2O grains and organosilane-derived inorganic nanoparticles were successfully fabricated and employed for membrane distillation. First, phase inversion and sintering method were used to prepare porous Si2N2O membranes. The slurry composition and sintering temperature were optimized to obtain a pure phase Si2N2O membrane with high bending strength, tailored average pore size, and high permeability. Then, the Si2N2O membranes were modified with organosilane-derived inorganic nanoparticles through ammonolysis and pyrolysis reactions. Due to the micro and nano-hierarchical rough structures and the presence of -Si-CH3 groups, the membranes showed super-hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 152 ± 1°. Finally, the membranes were applied to desalinate seawater by sweeping gas membrane distillation. A stable water flux of 76 ± 0.9 L/(m2 day) with a salt rejection of > 99% was recorded during 30 h distillation test at 75 °C, demonstrating the stability and durability of the membranes.

Book Review: Advanced and Hybrid Membranes for Wastewater Treatment

The interesting part of this recent published book is that it offers better understanding on the mechanism of wastewater treatment for membrane technologies, current information about technologies and limitation of wastewater treatment, recent discovered solutions from experts for wastewater treatment and information on weaknesses and solution to membrane technologies. There are 10 chapters in which wrote by the membrane expertise covering the recent progress and development of the various membrane technologies towards water and wastewater treatment. In chapter 1, overview of wastewater treatment including conventional treatment such as ion-exchange, coagulation-flocculation and adsorption has been discussed. At the end of the chapter, membrane technology and its advantages has been introduced. Chapter 2 discussed the conventional technology stated in Chapter 1 in detail. In the chapter, the advantages and disadvantages of the conventional technologies has also been stated. Example of the advantages are including depending on pH and slow process. Chapter 3 provide an insight in the recent advanced separation technology for wastewater treatment such as hybrid adsorption-separation application that can be achieved by membrane technology and membrane distillation application. Meanwhile, Chapter 4 addressed in detail the recent progress of adsorptive ultrafiltration mixed matrix membrane for heavy metals removal such as zinc, nickel and chromium. In chapter 5, photocatalytic membrane has been introduced in the chapter with the brief mechanism on the photocatalytic activity has also been explained. Chapter 6 focussed on the membrane distillation for wastewater treatment. In the chapter, various membrane distillation type has been stated with example of recent works such as direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), vapour membrane distillation (VMD) and sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD). In Chapter 7, integrated forward osmosis processes have been described such as FO-MD, FO-RO or both. Chapter 8 introduced ceramic membrane technology to the readers in the book with new alternative material in production of low-cost ceramic membrane. In Chapter 9, recent works on metal organic framework (MOF) including MOF membrane for wastewater separation has been explained. In the last Chapter 10, some potential solution to overcome weaknesses of advanced membranes technologies for wastewater treatment are also discussed. Future recommendation for these technologies is also discussed at the end of the book. This book focused on the collection of recent progress related to advanced membrane technologies towards water and wastewater treatment, for example forward osmosis and membrane distillation. This book has been written by membrane experts from Malaysia and India, providing an insight of recent progress on advanced membrane technologies. This book will be the vital references for the researchers, students, membrane technologist, membrane manufacturer and academicians. Some improvement can be made by adding several interesting topics such as incorporation of waste inorganic materials into polymeric membranes and commercial ceramic membrane that made up from alumina and titania. In addition, some integrated technologies combining two advanced membrane technologies such as integrated forward osmosis and membrane distillation can be interesting if discussed.