Sustainable Ecosystem Research Articles

Adopting Robotics in Desertification Control: Innovative Pathways to Sustainable Development in Africa And Beyond

Desertification is a critical environmental issue that threatens the sustainability of ecosystems, livelihoods, and economic growth, particularly in Africa. This paper examines the role of robotics as a transformative solution to combat desertification, with a focus on enhancing land restoration and sustainable agricultural practices in arid and semi-arid regions. It explores the potential of robotics and autonomous systems to address key challenges in desertification control, such as precision afforestation, resource management, and environmental monitoring. The paper discusses the significant benefits of integrating robotics into desertification efforts, highlighting how these technologies can improve efficiency and effectiveness in ecosystem restoration. Furthermore, it outlines the challenges and limitations associated with the adoption of robotics in Africa, including financial barriers, lack of technical expertise, and inadequate infrastructure. Policy recommendations are provided to promote investment in robotics for environmental management, encourage research and development tailored to Africa's unique challenges, and foster partnerships to ensure equitable access to these technologies. The paper concludes by advocating for the incorporation of robotics into national and regional development agendas, positioning them as essential tools for achieving sustainable development and mitigating the impacts of desertification.

Integration of ESG Data in the Financial Sector (Essential for Sustainable Investment and Risk Management)

The financial industry, Environmental, Social, and Governance data have lately become an important factor for responsible investment and good risk management. ESG data is a broad array of measures that include climate risk, corporate governance, labor practices, and environmental stewardship that financial institutions may use to assess the sustainability and ethical impact of their various investments. The article addresses the importance of ESG data in underlining climate risks, informing decision- making, and keeping pace with global sustainability norms. It looks at the types of data collected, such as carbon emissions, diversity metrics, and board structure, and the methodologies of collection, including surveys, third-party databases, and IoT-driven monitoring systems. This article further reviews portfolio optimization, credit risk, and the regulatory use of ESG data. Functional comparisons between some of the popular ESG tools prevalent in the market, which include Bloomberg Terminal, MSCI ESG Manager, and Sustainalytics, are made to give perception into how these different tools function. With this trend, based on ESG data insights, financial institutions will show better alignment with SDG goals, become more transparent, and minimize long-run risks for the development of a more sustainable financial ecosystem. Keywords: ESG data, sustainable investment, risk management, climate risk, financial sector, ESG tools, methods of data collection, portfolio optimization,

Strategi Pemasaran Digital untuk Meningkatkan Loyalitas Pelanggan di Era Media Sosial

This study examines digital marketing strategies implemented by businesses in the creative industry and their relationship with customer loyalty. The crucial issue raised was how businesses can leverage social media to increase customer engagement and loyalty in the midst of fierce competition. The problem faced is a lack of understanding of the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies in building long-term relationships with customers. The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the strategies used and their impact on customer loyalty. The research method used is observation and interviews with business people who are active on social media. The results of the study show that consistent interactions and relevant content contribute significantly to customer loyalty. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of implementing the right digital marketing strategy to support business sustainability in a sustainable e-commerce ecosystem

Resilience of Chlorella vulgaris to Simulated Atmospheric Gas Compositions of Mars, Jupiter, and Titan.

This study investigates the resilience of the unicellular green microalga Chlorella vulgaris to extreme atmospheric conditions simulating those of Mars, Jupiter, and Titan. Using Earth as a control, experiments were conducted under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions to evaluate the organism's photosynthetic efficiency, oxygen production, and biomass growth over 2, 5, and 12 days. Photosynthetic performance was analyzed through chlorophyll a fluorescence induction (JIP-test), metabolic activity via gas chromatography, and biomass accumulation measurements. Despite the extreme atmospheric compositions-ranging from the CO2-rich, low-pressure Martian atmosphere to the anoxic atmospheres of Jupiter and Titan-C. vulgaris demonstrated resilience and a functional photosynthetic apparatus, maintaining growth and oxygen production. Notably, the Martian atmosphere enhanced photosynthetic performance, with fluorescence curves and Fv/Fm ratios surpassing Earth-like conditions, likely due to elevated CO2 and low pressure. Under mixotrophic conditions, the addition of glucose further enhanced metabolic activity and biomass growth across all atmospheres. These findings highlight the potential of C. vulgaris for bioregenerative life support systems, enabling oxygen production, CO2 sequestration, and resource cultivation in extraterrestrial habitats. The study showcases the organism's adaptability to extreme environments, with implications for astrobiology, space exploration, and sustainable extraterrestrial ecosystems. These findings expand habitability criteria and explore extremophiles' potential to support life beyond Earth.

Exploring Traditional Knowledge and Potential Uses of Local Freshwater Algae and Aquatic Plants in Thai Wetland Communities

This study explored the ecological and cultural significance of Thailand’s wetlands, particularly the Nong Bong Kai Non-Hunting Area and the Lower Songkhram River. These areas were essential for biodiversity, flood prevention, and supporting local livelihoods, serving as food sources, biofertilizers, and natural water purifiers. However, these wetlands faced mounting threats from pollution, habitat loss, and climate change, jeopardising their ecological health and biodiversity. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted to assess regional and demographic patterns in using and recognising algae and aquatic plants. The collected data highlighted traditional ecological knowledge held primarily by older community members. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to analyse generational differences in knowledge and utilisation, focusing on the potential generational knowledge gap due to migration trends among younger individuals. The study revealed significant biodiversity differences between the wetland areas, with Nong Bong Kai exhibiting greater diversity in aquatic plant species. Older residents demonstrated higher recognition and use of algae and aquatic plants for sustainable practices, though a generational knowledge gap was evident. This gap suggested that local ecological knowledge may be at risk as younger residents migrate to urban areas. This research underscored the need for conservation and educational initiatives to bridge generational gaps and engage younger generations in resource management. By integrating local cultural practices and focusing on high-impact species like Lemna perpusilla Torr. and Hydrilla verticillate (L.f.) Royle, region-specific conservation efforts could enhance wetland sustainability, preserve biodiversity, and support ecosystem health in Thailand’s wetland regions.

Predicting Chlorophyll-a Concentrations in the World's Largest Lakes Using Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks.

Accurate prediction of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations, a key indicator of eutrophication, is essential for the sustainable management of lake ecosystems. This study evaluated the performance of Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) along with three neural network models (MLP-NN, LSTM, and GRU) and three traditional machine learning tools (RF, SVR, and GPR) for predicting time-series Chl-a concentrations in large lakes. Monthly remote-sensed Chl-a data derived from Aqua-MODIS spanning September 2002 to April 2024 were used. The models were evaluated based on their forecasting capabilities from March 2024 to August 2024. KAN consistently outperformed others in both test and forecast (unseen data) phases and demonstrated superior accuracy in capturing trends, dynamic fluctuations, and peak Chl-a concentrations. Statistical evaluation using ranking metrics and critical difference diagrams confirmed KAN's robust performance across diverse study sites, further emphasizing its predictive power. Our findings suggest that the KAN, which leverages the KA representation theorem, offers improved handling of nonlinearity and long-term dependencies in time-series Chl-a data, outperforming neural network models grounded in the universal approximation theorem and traditional machine learning algorithms.

Membangun Ekosistem E-Commerce yang Berkelanjutan untuk Industri Kreatif : Tantangan dan Peluang bagi Pemerintah

This research examines crucial issues related to the development of a sustainable e-commerce ecosystem for the creative industry in Indonesia. The main problems identified are uneven digital infrastructure, lack of digital literacy, and fierce competition in local and global markets. The purpose of this study is to analyze the challenges and opportunities faced by creative industry players in utilizing e-commerce platforms. The method used is literature review by collecting data from various secondary sources, including journal articles and policy reports. The results of the study show that collaboration between the government, the private sector, and local communities, as well as effective training programs, are very important to improve the competitiveness of creative industry players. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the need for an integrated approach in creating an e-commerce ecosystem that supports the growth of the creative industry in the digital era.

Pendampingan Edukasi Pemasaran Komunitas Pengusaha Keripik Gadung Berbasis Digital Marketing dan E-Commerce Desa Begagan Limo Kecamatan Gondang Mojokerto

The educational support program for digital marketing and e-commerce for the community of gadung chips entrepreneurs in Bagagan Limo Village, Gondang District, Mojokerto aims to enhance their marketing capabilities to reach a broader and more efficient market. This program provides entrepreneurs with an understanding of basic digital marketing concepts, ranging from social media utilization to e-commerce platforms, to expand their market reach. The assistance is carried out through training and hands-on practice, allowing participants to implement the knowledge gained in marketing their products online. The education provided covers various aspects of digital marketing, such as social media content management, website optimization, and the use of e-commerce platforms for product sales. This is intended to help gadung chips entrepreneurs not only rely on the local market but also penetrate broader markets, including international markets, through digital platforms. Furthermore, the support program teaches effective and cost-efficient marketing techniques, considering the importance of leveraging digital media in the modern era. Through this program, it is expected that gadung chips entrepreneurs in Bagagan Limo Village can develop their businesses, increase their income, and create new business opportunities. The implementation of digital marketing and e-commerce is expected to have a positive impact on improving the competitiveness of gadung chips products, as well as introducing local products to the global market. The desired outcome is the creation of a more inclusive and sustainable business ecosystem in the village.

Dynamic simulation of landscape ecological risk in Gansu’s farming-pastoral ecotone based on topographic gradients

The farming-pastoral ecotone in Gansu Province, a crucial green barrier in northwestern China, faces a conflict between economic development and environmental fragility. Scientifically assessing the landscape ecological risks in this region is essential for developing an early warning system for ecological security and ensuring the sustainable management of regional ecosystems. This study systematically analyzes the dynamic evolution patterns and clustering characteristics of landscape ecological risk along the topographic gradient in the area, using Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) data from five periods (each period representing 10 years) between 1980 and 2020, as well as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Methods such as CA-Markov and the Topographic Position Index (TPI) were employed to assess these risks. Additionally, the study simulates the spatial distribution patterns of ecological risks in future years. The results reveal that from 1980 to 2020, the area of built-up land in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Gansu Province increased by approximately 82%, with roughly 21% of the expansion occurring at the expense of grasslands and 53% from arable land. Ecological risk in the study area exhibits a spatial distribution pattern characterized by lower risk in the southwest and higher risk in the northeast. Overall, ecological risk initially increased and then decreased. The area of high-risk zones has steadily decreased by approximately 50% since 2010, primarily in regions with low topographic gradients and high human activity. In other areas, high-risk levels are directly proportional to the topographic gradient, showing a high degree of spatial clustering. Consequently, land-use planning should be tailored to local conditions, and a long-term monitoring mechanism should be established. This study provides novel insights into the spatiotemporal changes in landscape ecological risk in ecologically vulnerable areas, focusing on topographic gradients.

The Influence of External Drivers on Collaborative Innovation

Collaborative innovation has become a critical strategy for enterprises navigating the complexities of modern technological development. This study examines how external drivers can be adjusted to foster and enhance collaborative innovation. Foucusing on key factors such as government support, market competition, and intellectual property protection, the research highlights their impact on the success of collaborative innovation. Drawing on qualitative research and case analysis, this study identifies challenges such as market failure, resource allocation inefficiencies, and risks of knowledge leakage. The findings reveal that government policies, financial assistance, and fostering an innovation ecosystem significantly enhance collaborative efforts, while robust intellectual property protection bolsters confidence in knowledge sharing and commercialization. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of cultivating a collaborative culture within enterprises, supported by clear objectives, talent development, and ethical practices. This research offers actionable insights for optimizing external drivers to maximize the benefits of cross-organizational innovation, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient innovation ecosystem.

Designing EV Charging Energy Hubs to Meet Flexibility Requirements in Smart Grids

Energy hub stations represent a transformative approach to modern energy systems, functioning as flexible nodes within distribution networks. By seamlessly integrating electric vehicles (EVs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), these hubs address critical challenges such as grid stress, renewable energy utilization, and peak load management. This study introduces a novel mathematical optimization model designed to maximize the operational flexibility of EV charging stations by transforming them into fully functional energy hubs. The model incorporates key parameters such as energy demands, load profiles, and grid conditions to optimize the sizing and operation of distributed energy resources, including photovoltaic (PV) systems and BESSs. The proposed approach minimizes grid dependency, enabling energy hubs to efficiently operate varying levels of operational flexibility, from full reliance on grid power to complete independence. The results reveal that, by effectively shifting energy usage away from peak periods and leveraging PV generation, energy hubs emerge as a critical component of sustainable energy systems and can independently support approximately 45% of their load, with minimal PV and BESS capacities. It also reveals a direct correlation between higher flexibility levels and increased infrastructure requirements for PV systems and BESSs. The proposed model underscores the critical role of energy hubs in facilitating the global shift toward decarbonization, aligning with contemporary goals for resilient and environmentally sustainable energy ecosystems. This work provides a scalable framework for future energy systems, with significant implications for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in the fields of renewable energy and sustainable mobility.

Methodological and Technological Advancements in E-Learning

The present survey examines the intersection of methodological advancements and technological innovations in e-learning, emphasizing their transformative impact on modern education. It systematically explores instructional design frameworks, adaptive learning systems, immersive technologies, and data-driven analytics, highlighting their role in fostering personalized, scalable, and inclusive learning environments. Through the integration of pedagogical theories with advanced tools like artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR), this study demonstrates how e-learning systems enhance engagement, retention, and accessibility. The survey addresses critical challenges such as the digital divide, data privacy, and resistance to adoption, offering evidence-based strategies to mitigate these issues. It underscores the importance of bridging equity gaps while maintaining scalability and sustainability, particularly in underserved regions. By synthesizing state-of-the-art research and practical applications, this work provides actionable insights into the future of e-learning, advocating for a balanced approach to innovation that aligns technological capabilities with the diverse needs of global learners. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable, inclusive, and effective digital education ecosystems.

B2B sustainable ecosystems as support the “three-legged stool” in emerging countries: SMEs’ stakeholder relations in Ardakan (Iran)

PurposeIn the context of triple-bottom-line dynamics, societal components grapple with multifaceted challenges, necessitating changing behaviours within business-to-business (B2B) processes. This study investigates how collaborative relations in B2B ecosystems can influence social, environmental and economic sustainability dynamics, exploring whether the former two positively impact economic results.Design/methodology/approachValidating a conceptual framework via partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling, a quantitative study on 262 Iranian SME stakeholders was conducted.FindingsThe research underscores the paramount role of B2B relations, emphasizing the shift towards interconnected relations between society, institutions, end-users and businesses. The findings suggest that B2B collaborative efforts within a broader ecosystem address social and environmental needs, thereby contributing to transforming the ecosystem’s business models. Innovatively, the research elicited that environmental and social effects have a positive mediating effect on economic results.Originality/valueBy proposing a business-social-institutional model (B2SI) grounded in relational and dynamic capabilities, this study contributes to advancing both scientific understanding and business practices, pointing to the important role of social responsibility within B2B ecosystems.

Tax Regulation Challenges in the Digital Economy Era: Legal Analysis and Implications in Indonesia

The rapid growth of the digital economy has transformed global business landscapes, creating significant challenges for tax regulation in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the obstacles in regulating the digital economy, analyze the impact of legal uncertainty on taxpayer compliance, and evaluate how technological infrastructure limitations hinder effective tax enforcement. Applying normative legal methods and an exploratory approach, this research employs statute and case-based approaches, with data collected from primary legislation and secondary literature sources. The findings indicate that legal uncertainties regarding MSME identification in digital transactions, digital economy subjects, permanent establishment (PE) status, and tax collection mechanisms significantly reduce taxpayer compliance. Additionally, the limited technological infrastructure is the major obstacle to enforcing tax regulations effectively. This research contributes to emphasize the need of the clear legal frameworks and robust technological systems to address those challenges. In conclusion, to resolve the issues requires regulatory reforms to provide unambiguous guidelines for digital transactions, increased investments in technological infrastructure, and the development of comprehensive frameworks to enhance compliance and enforcement. The study recommends a strategic focus on harmonizing legal standards and technological advancements to support a sustainable tax ecosystem in the digital economy.

Assessing the Impact of China’s Industry on Health: A Dynamic Three-Stage Bootstrap Model with an Endogenous Fuzzy Directional Distance Function

Evaluating the industrial eco-system is essential for promoting resource efficiency, environmental development, and public health protection. However, traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods are prone to biases and rely on precise numerical values, which pose significant challenges when evaluating the industrial ecosystem in China, particularly given the prevalent data uncertainties and environmental complexities. Additionally, DEA models are typically static, fail to capture the long-term trends and dynamic characteristics of the industrial ecosystem. To address these issues, this study proposes a dynamic three-stage model with an endogenous fuzzy directional distance function. The model integrates the generalized smooth bootstrap method and fuzzy comparison techniques to correct errors and account for data uncertainties, improving the accuracy and scientific validity of eco-efficiency assessments. Chinese enterprises face challenges such as excessive resource consumption, environmental pollution, and health risks, necessitating a more comprehensive and flexible evaluation system to adapt to the complex and dynamic nature of the industrial ecosystem. By focusing on industrial production, environmental governance, and health threats (IPEGHT) in China, the research aims to provide a robust framework for enhancing industrial eco-efficiency in a dynamic and uncertain environment. The results show: (1) The proposed method for selecting endogenous direction vectors is applied to the industrial production stage, thereby identifying the subsequent improvement directions for industrial production in various provinces. (2) The idea of integration is adopted to introduce the generalized smooth bootstrap method and fuzzy mathematics, to conduct a precise and comprehensive evaluation of the IPEGHT industrial eco-system. (3) From 2011 to 2021, China’s IPEGHT industrial eco-system efficiency showed a step-like distribution, and attention needs to be paid to environmental governance. The proposed method’ application can facilitate the integration of DEA and fuzzy mathematics, and fosters a more sustainable industrial eco-system.

Assessing Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen and Their Potential Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem Using a SARIMA Model

Temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) are of critical importance for sustainable aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity in the river systems. This study aims to develop a data-driven model for forecasting water quality in the Athabasca River using a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (SARIMA) for forecasting monthly DO and water temperature. DO and water temperature observed at Fort McMurray and Athabasca from 1960 to 2023 were used to train and test the model. The results show the satisfied model performance of DO with a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.76 and an RMSE value of 0.79 for training and 0.67 and 0.92 for testing, respectively, at the Fort McMurray station. At the Town of Athabasca station, the RMSE and R2 of DO were 0.92 and 0.72 for training and 0.77 and 0.86 for testing, respectively. For the modeled temperature, RMSE and R2 were 2.7 and 0.87 for training and 2.2 and 0.95 for testing, respectively, at Fort McMurray and were 2.0 and 0.93 for training and 1.8 and 0.97 for testing, respectively, in the Town of Athabasca. The results show that DO concentration is inversely proportional to the temperature. This implies that the DO could be related to water temperature, which, in turn, is correlated with air temperature. Therefore, the SARIMA model performed reasonably well in representing the dynamics of water temperature and DO in the cold climate river. Such a model can be used in practice to reduce the risk of low DO events.

Challenges and opportunities of the exotic invasive macroalga Rugulopteryx okamurae (Phaeophyceae, Heterokontophyta)

Abstract The invasion of Rugulopteryx okamurae along the southern European coastline is producing significant ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Its rapid proliferation and high adaptability have cause severe ecosystem disruptions, displacing indigenous species and altering habitat structures. Various factors, including favorable environmental conditions and chemical defenses, have contributed to its rapid spread. This situation has prompted urgent interdisciplinary research and the implementation of management strategies. Regulatory frameworks have been established to address its invasive status, aiming to control the bio-invasion. Valorization strategies could contribute to sustainable marine ecosystem management and marine biotechnology advancements. R. okamurae presents a wide variety of valuable molecules in its internal composition, such as alginates, terpenoids or carotenoids, with potential biotechnological applications. Promising results have been obtained using R. okamurae in compost or biostimulants, as supplements in aquafeed or as part of biomaterial to develop eco-friendly products. Some molecules like terpenoids have shown anti-inflammatory properties with applications in the nutraceutical industry. However, significant challenges remain in fully understanding its biology, ecological impacts, and effective control measures. Coordinated efforts among scientists, politicians, companies and stakeholders are essential to mitigate its spread and explore its potential for sustainable resource utilization. The ecological and economic impacts are being studied but there is a still scarce number of studies to follow a strategy of control based in blue and circular economy.

CONSTRUCTION OF BLUE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT INDEX AT THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL IN INDONESIA USING EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS

Indonesia, as an archipelagic country, holds marine resources of significant economic value in improving the welfare of its people. However, the community's use of marine resources does not pay attention to sustainability. The government then uses the Blue Economy concept to maximize the economic value obtained while maintaining the sustainability of the marine ecosystem through national policies and plans. In realizing blue economy development, enabler factors, such as technology and government governance, have an important role. This research aims to construct a Blue Economy Development Index (IPEB) at the provincial level in Indonesia in 2021, including enabler factors for blue economy development. The analytical method used is Exploratory Factor Analysis. The results show that the distribution of the minimum values for the indicators that make up the IPEB is found in the provinces of the Eastern Region of Indonesia. In contrast, the distribution of the maximum values of the indicators is found in the provinces of the Western Region of Indonesia. The province with the highest IPEB score is South Sulawesi, while the lowest is Central Sulawesi. The limitation of this study is the data derived from the Village Potential Survey (Potensi Desa) data collection, so several variables are not yet available in annual time. The results of this study are important in improving the ability to monitor implementation and assist in decision-making in increasing blue economic development, especially at the provincial level.

Tree diversity, carbon sequestration and production potential of Oryza sativa L. in traditional agroforestry systems of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Agroforestry is an alternative land use practice that holds promise for societal benefits and the attainment of ecosystem sustainability. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tree diversity, carbon sequestration, soil carbon pool, oxygen production and rice productivity under traditional agroforestry systems at different elevations in the Garhwal Himalayan region of India. Tree diversity, carbon sequestration and oxygen production were quantified by field measurements (using 0.04 ha quadrats) and subsequent calculations. Rice productivity was assessed using grain yield, straw yield and biological yield, while soil properties were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods. Results of the study showed that tree diversity was higher at the 1200–1600 m elevation and had a maximum Shannon Diversity Index (1.29) and Simpson Diversity Index (0.69). The 1600–2000 m elevation stored more carbon (34.43 Mg ha−1) and total oxygen production (91.79 Mg ha−1). Among the agroforestry trees, Quercus leucotrichophora, Melia azedarach and Prunus cerasoides showed the highest carbon storage and total oxygen production. Elevation and soil depth were found to affect the soil properties. The agroforestry systems had higher soil organic carbon and lower bulk density than sole cropping systems. Compared to the agroforestry system, the monoculture produced more rice (Oryza sativa). The study shows that traditional agroforestry is a valuable tool for carbon sequestration and soil improvement, albeit with potential compromises in crop productivity. It emphasises the need for tailored management approaches to harness the ecological and environmental benefits of agroforestry in the Himalayas. This study draws attention to the potential of traditional agroforestry in the Garhwal Himalaya for carbon sequestration, climate change mitigation and soil quality improvement which provides a reference for striking a balance between the ecological advantages of agroforestry and the socio-economic considerations of local communities. However, it also underlines the importance of considering trade-offs between environmental benefits and crop yields when implementing such agroforestry systems.Graphical

Evaluating Natural Feed for Crayfish Farming: Economic and Ecological Benefits

Crayfish is an aquaculture commodity that has high economic value, with growing international market demand. However, the growth of these lobsters tends to be slow, both in terms of body length and weight, which is often caused by limited quality feed and high production costs. The use of alai feed, such as silkworms and other organic materials, can be a solution to improve cost efficiency and support more optimal lobster growth. In addition, natural feed offers ecological benefits by reducing water pollution and organic waste, as well as supporting the sustainability of local ecosystems. This approach also has the potential to reduce the risk of disease in lobsters, as natural feed is more in line with their biological diet. By improving production efficiency and supporting sustainable livelihoods, it is an environmentally and economically sound solution for the aquaculture sector.