Sustainable Water Resources Research Articles

Groundwater Circulation Within the Mountain Block: Combining Flow and Transport Models With Magnetotelluric Observations to Untangle Its Nested Nature

AbstractMountains are vital water sources for humans and ecosystems, continuously replenishing lowland aquifers through surface runoff and mountain recharge. Quantifying these fluxes and their relative importance is essential for sustainable water resource management. However, our mechanistic understanding of the flow and transport processes determining the connection between the mountain block and the basin aquifer remains limited. Traditional conceptualizations assume groundwater circulation within the mountain block is predominantly shallow. This view neglects the role of deep groundwater flowpaths significantly contributing to the water, solute, and energy budgets. Overcoming these limitations requires a holistic characterization of the multiscale nature of groundwater flow along the mountain‐to‐valley continuum. As a proof‐of‐concept, we use a coupled groundwater flow and transport model to design a series of numerical experiments that explore the role of geology, topography, and weathering rates in groundwater circulation and their resulting resistivity patterns. Our results show that accumulating solutes near stagnation zones create contrasting electrical resistivity patterns that separate local, intermediate, and regional flow cells, presenting a target for magnetotelluric observations. To demonstrate the sensitivity of magnetotelluric data to features in our resistivity models, we use the MARE2DEM electromagnetic modeling code to perform forward and inverse simulations. This study highlights the potential of magnetotelluric surveys to image the resistivity structure resulting from multiscale groundwater circulation through relatively impervious crystalline basement rocks in mountainous terrains. This capability could change our understanding of the critical zone, offering a holistic perspective that includes deep groundwater circulation and its role in conveying solutes and energy.

Evaluation of Carrying Capacity of Water Resource in the Heihe River Basin Based on Game Theory and Cloud Model

To optimize the allocation of water resources and ensure sustainable water resources management, we evaluated the carrying capacity of water resources in the Heihe River Basin. 16 evaluation indicators were selected from the social, economic, ecological, and water resource systems to construct an evaluation system of the carrying capacity. The combination weight and membership degree were determined using the game theory combined with the weighting method and normal cloud model. The water resource utilization efficiency during 21 years was estimated by analyzing influencing factors and development trends of carrying capacity of water resources. The water use rate was important in the carrying capacity, and indicators such as urbanization rate, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), sewage discharge per 10000 yuan, and water consumption per 10000 yuan of industrial output value were important factors affecting the carrying capacity. The carrying capacity of the Heihe River Basin increased from a severe overload status (Level I) in 2000 to a good status (Level V) in 2021. In the other years, the status remained at Level IV. The carrying capacity was improved. The result of TOPSIS confirmed the consistency of the development trend of the carrying capacity and the appropriateness of the developed evaluation model in this study. The model based on the game theory and cloud model can be used to effectively guide the sustainable development of water resources and improve the carrying capacity of water resources of the Heihe River Basin. The results of this study serve as a reference for establishing policies to save water resources and evaluate the carrying capacity of water resources.

Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review

In recent years, circular economy strategies have gained attention in agriculture, particularly regarding the utilization of wastewater as an alternative water source. This study employs a rapid review methodology to examine farmers’ attitudes toward wastewater use in agriculture. By analyzing studies in literature published from 2000 to 2023, this review identifies the key factors influencing farmers’ adoption of wastewater irrigation. These findings are valuable for policymakers seeking to develop targeted policies that support and encourage the adoption of wastewater irrigation, thereby contributing to sustainable water resource management.

Assessment of aquatic ecosystem quality in Dharoi Reservoir using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery

Background: Dharoi Reservoir, located in Gujarat, India, is a vital freshwater resource supporting agriculture, industry, and local communities. Chl-a, a key indicator of water quality, reflects the trophic state and ecological balance of aquatic systems. Objective(s): This study aims to provide comprehensive insights into the water quality dynamics of Dharoi Reservoir, offering valuable information for environmental management and sustainable water resource planning. Methods: This study employs high-resolution Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to analyze Chl-a concentrations in the reservoir during October 2020. The Chl-a index, calculated by dividing Sentinel-2 bands B5 and B4, reveals a spatial distribution of Chl-a concentrations. Results: The Chl-a index ranges from 73.78 to 100. The mean Chl-a index is 91.6 with a standard deviation of 3.27, indicating elevated and variable Chl-a concentrations. Conclusions: The findings contribute to the understanding of the reservoir’s ecological health and assist in making informed decisions for water quality management. This research exemplifies the integration of remote sensing technology and environmental stewardship, promoting sustainable water management practices in the region. Policy recommendations: No policy recommendations are explicitly stated in the abstract, but they could be inferred from the conclusions. For example, one possible policy recommendation is to monitor and regulate the sources of nutrient inputs into the reservoir, such as agricultural runoff, sewage, and industrial effluents, to reduce the risk of eutrophication and algal blooms. Another possible policy recommendation is to implement adaptive management strategies that consider the seasonal and spatial variability of Chl-a concentrations and their impacts on water quality and availability.

Comparative Analysis of Water Sustainability Indices: A Systematic Review

The achievement of water sustainability necessitates the development and application of comprehensive assessment tools to monitor and evaluate the impact of water resource management. This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of various water sustainability indices, emphasizing their underlying principles, methodologies, and potential applications. Our study reveals the diverse landscape of existing indices, illustrating that even indices with similar names can vary significantly in scope and methodology. Via a systematic review of 124 publications, this study provides insights into existing composite indices related to water sustainability, highlighting their specific applications and potential contributions to water resource management and sustainability. The information gathered from the selected papers was synthesized and analyzed thematically to identify common patterns through keyword co-occurrence mapping, SDG mapping, standard review protocols, and cluster analyses. Through a cluster analysis, we identified six distinct clusters of indices, highlighting the need for careful consideration in selecting appropriate ones. Moreover, our analysis of co-occurring keywords underscores the close relationship between sustainable development, water resources, water supply, and water conservation within the context of water-related indices. Notably, these indices address not only sustainable development goal six but also a number of other interconnected goals. It was also found that “sustainability index” is a common name for different nature water indices. This review also identifies research gaps in the existing literature. However, significant limitations exist, including a lack of historical application and future projections for many current water sustainability indicators. Without the ability to track changes over time and project the future, identifying areas of improvement and measuring progress toward long-term water sustainability goals becomes challenging. Furthermore, many indices are complex and designed for watershed or regional levels, limiting their adaptability to different contexts. Despite these challenges, indices remain valuable tools for assessing and managing water resources sustainably, addressing various dimensions of sustainability, and supporting decision-making processes across different sectors and contexts.

Static Load Analysis of Inverted Umbrella Structure for Rain Water Harvesting

The study presents a comprehensive structural integrity assessment of inverted umbrella rainwater harvesting systems through an in-depth analysis conducted using the STAAD-PRO software. The inverted umbrella design, increasingly employed for rainwater harvesting in various settings, necessitates a rigorous examination of its structural performance to ensure reliability and safety. The study employs STAAD-PRO environment to evaluate the load-bearing capacities, stress distributions, and deformations exhibited by the inverted umbrella structures. This study contributes to the broader field of structural engineering by establishing a methodology for utilizing STAAD-PRO in the evaluation of unconventional structures such as inverted umbrella rainwater harvesting systems. Different kinds of live and dead loads acting on the structure was estimated and an emphasis is placed on understanding the dynamic interactions between the system components and the forces imposed by environmental factors, including live and dead loads and seismic activities. Wind load. The results of the STAAD-PRO analysis offer valuable insights into the structural behavior of the inverted umbrella rainwater harvesting systems under diverse loading conditions. By assessing critical points such as nodes, connections, and supporting elements, the study aims to identify potential vulnerabilities and proposes design modifications to enhance overall structural robustness. Total dead load acting on the structure was found as 2.88kN. The maximum and minimum force experienced by the structure in X, Y and Z direction was found as (2.33kN and 1.37N), (65.12N and 1.37N) and (261.15N and 6.02N) respectively. The structure was also found stable against bending, shear and tensile strength with utility ratio of less than 1. Ultimately, this investigation strives to foster the adoption of reliable and resilient inverted umbrella rainwater harvesting systems, advancing the integration of innovative engineering solutions into sustainable water resource practices.

Spatiotemporal variations of extreme weather events and climate drivers in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and its surrounding regions from 1960 to 2020

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area and its Surrounding Region (TGRASR) play a crucial role in the Yangtze River Basin. Over the past years, there has been growing concern about the effects of extreme weather events in this area, mainly attributed to climate change. To effectively address the implications of climate change, a thorough understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of these events is necessary. However, some of the previous studies have been limited to analyzing trend changes in events and have not sufficiently considered the connection with atmospheric circulation indices. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variations of extreme weather events using the Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope trend methods. Then, the correlation between extreme weather events and climate factors is explored using the Mantel test, Geo-Detector method (GDM), and Partial wavelet coherency (PWC) in terms of linear, hierarchical heterogeneity, and nonlinear, respectively. Finally, we investigated the potential climate factors that affect the temporal and spatial variability of extreme weather occurrences. The results showed that(1) among the 12 extreme indices analyzed in the TGRASR region from 1960 to 2020, there was a decreasing trend observed in Consecutive dry days (CDD), Consecutive wet days (CWD), and Annual count of days when precipitation is ≥10 mm (R10), while the remaining indices exhibited an increasing trend. Subsequent analysis employing the M-K mutation revealed that the mutation point for CWD occurred around 1975, resulting in a significant decrease in its trend. Additionally, the Simple daily intensity index (SDII), Annual count of days when the daily maximum temperature (TX) is >25 °C (SU25), and R10 displayed a decreasing trend. Mutations in the trends SU25, Annual count of days when the daily minimum temperature (TN) is >20 °C (TR20), and Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TX > 90th percentile (WSDI) were observed in 1997, 1999, 2003, and 2005, respectively. Following these mutations, all four indices displayed a substantial increase. (2) CDD, CWD, and R10 exhibit a decreasing trend across most stations, whereas the remaining indices demonstrate an increasing trend. Regarding spatial distribution, indices characterizing precipitation frequency and intensity exhibit higher mean values in the southeastern part of the TGRASR. (3) Mantel test: North Pacific pattern (NP), North Tropical Atlantic (NTA), and Global Mean Land/Ocean Temperature (GMLOT) have significant linear correlations with extreme precipitation and extreme temperature events; GDM: GMLOT and NTA are the main contributors to extreme precipitation and extreme temperature; PWC: 12 extreme indices have some nonlinear associations with all five climate factors. The study's findings can assist decision-makers in formulating sustainable water resource management strategies and measures for mitigating drought and flood risks. Additionally, the study contributes to uncovering climatic factors that influence changes in extreme weather events.

Chlorophyll-a unveiled: unlocking reservoir insights through remote sensing in a subtropical reservoir

Effective water resources management and monitoring are essential amid increasing challenges posed by population growth, industrialization, urbanization, and climate change. Earth observation techniques offer promising opportunities to enhance water resources management and support informed decision-making. This study utilizes Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI satellite data to estimate chlorophyl-a (chl-a) concentrations in the Nandoni reservoir, Thohoyandou, South Africa. The study estimated chl-a concentrations using random forest models with spectral bands only, spectral indices only (blue difference absorption (BDA), fluorescence line height in the violet region (FLH_violet), and normalized difference chlorophyll index (NDCI)), and combined spectral bands and spectral indices. The results showed that the models using spectral bands from both Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI performed comparably. The model using Sentinel-2 MSI had a higher accuracy of estimating chl-a when spectral bands alone were used. Sentinel-2 MSI’s additional red-edge spectral bands provided a notable advantage in capturing subtle variations in chl-a concentrations. Lastly, the –chl-a concentration was higher at the edges of the Nandoni reservoir and closer to the reservoir wall. The findings of this study are crucial for improving the management of water reservoirs, enabling proactive decision-making, and supporting sustainable water resource management practices. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader understanding of the application of earth observation techniques for water resources management, providing valuable information for policymakers and water authorities.

Evaluasi Dampak Peningkatan Populasi Terhadap Ketersediaan Air Tanah pada Perumahan CitraGrand Kota Semarang

Indonesia experiences an increase in population every year, which has an impact on the need for clean water. The increasing demand for clean water will certainly lead to the exploitation of water resources such as groundwater. Groundwater if used for a long period of time can potentially have a negative impact on both the environment and all living things and can affect the availability of water resources. One of the housing estates that still uses groundwater to meet the main needs of clean water is CitraGrand housing located on Jalan Kompol R. Soekanto, Tembalang District, Semarang City. This research was conducted in the CitraGrand residential area of Semarang City because this housing still uses groundwater along with the increasing population, so this research aims to analyze the distribution range and the amount of groundwater availability. Furthermore, the final results show that in 2033 the groundwater availability capacity in CitraGrand Semarang residential area has reached -3,936.9 million m3. This may indicate that the availability of groundwater can no longer be utilized as the main need for clean water. Therefore, the analysis results of this study can be used as a reference for developers related to strategies in sustainable water resources management.

Watershed water policy based on a glacier water service perspective in the typical glacier basins, Western China

Abstract Taking the Yangtze River Source Basin (YRSB) and Shule River Basin (SRB) as two typical cases, the sustainability of the water resources in these two basins was evaluated using the level of water stress (LWS) from sustainable development goal 6.4.2, and the regulating effect of the glacier runoff on the LWS was quantified. From 2000 to 2030, the level of socioeconomic development in the YRSB is low, and the total water consumption is only about 0.18 × 108 m3, whereas the SRB has a relatively high level of socioeconomic development and total water consumption is about 10 × 108 m3, i.e., 50 times higher than that in the YRSB. For the aforementioned reasons, the SRB's LWS is much higher than the YRSB's, resulting in a very low sustainability of water resources. As natural assets, glaciers flow downstream in the runoff mode, so compensation at the watershed scale should be considered. In the basin, the optimal allocation of water resources is needed. At the inter-basin scale, the compensation mechanism of glacier water resources needs to be improved.

A STUDY ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND PROTEIN AMOUNTS OF WASTE GREEN ALGAE OF MAMASIN DAM LAKE (AKSARAY-TURKEY)

The excessive proliferation of green algae in aquatic ecosystems threatens aquatic life, leading to oxygen depletion and water pollution. This study investigates two common green algae species, Ulva sp. and Cladophora sp., with potential in terms of protein and phenolic compounds. Cladophora sp. and Ulva sp. extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Despite lower phenolic content compared to specific plant species, both algae species exhibit various phenolic compounds. GC-MS analysis indicates the presence of major compounds such as limonene in Cladophora sp. and Tetradec-1-ene in Ulva sp., suggesting potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite modest protein amounts, the study emphasizes that algae, aligned with the increasing interest in plant-based nutrition, are a promising source for plant-based protein production. Ulva sp. and Cladophora sp. algae demonstrate potential as alternative protein sources and reservoirs of bioactive phenolic compounds from waste sources. This study pioneers further research in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to contribute to sustainable water resource utilization.

A system dynamics approach to management of water resources in Qatar

Rapid global population growth and extensive urbanization threaten water sustainability, hindering sustainable development. This issue is particularly acute in arid regions such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), where the scarce natural water resources are overexploited. Effective water resource management (WRM) is pivotal in overcoming this challenge. This holistic study presents an innovative approach to address water sustainability at a national scale by developing a WRM decision support system (DSS) leveraging system dynamics modeling (SDM). Employing a unique scenario design framework developed in this study, the DSS simulates Qatar's water resource system behavior for 2021 to 2070 according to nine clustered policy scenarios presenting different degrees of sustainability designed accounting for changes in physical, environmental, and socioeconomic patterns. Our results reveal that the “business-as-usual” (BAU) WRM policy can balance water supply and demand for only 32 years. According to the best policy scenario, the sustainability of the water supply could be ensured for up to 50 years by increasing the water supply by 10 % and reducing consumption by 10 %. Additionally, to aid policymakers in fostering water resource sustainability, groundwater conservation strategies are proposed using the unique scenario design framework by limiting the yield to the safe abstraction level and emphasizing the significance of preserving non-renewable groundwater resources as a “backstop” resource for the country. While marking the first holistic research study in Qatar by utilizing the SDM approach to tackle national-scale WRM challenges, the established WRM DSS model is equally applicable to other GCC countries and similar arid regions.

SIMULATION-DRIVEN STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

Water treatment processes in chemical engineering play a critical role in addressing environmental challenges and ensuring the sustainability of water resources. This paper examines simulation-driven strategies aimed at enhancing water treatment processes within the domain of chemical engineering. By leveraging advanced simulation techniques and methodologies, engineers can optimize the design, operation, and performance of water treatment systems, thereby mitigating environmental impacts and improving overall efficiency. The review highlights the importance of addressing environmental challenges through innovative approaches in water treatment processes. It underscores the role of simulation-driven strategies in chemical engineering to achieve sustainable solutions for water management. Through a comprehensive review of simulation techniques and case studies, this paper elucidates how simulation-driven approaches can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of water treatment processes. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of this research, bridging chemical engineering principles with environmental science and technology. By integrating simulation tools with knowledge of water chemistry, fluid dynamics, and process engineering, engineers can develop robust strategies for optimizing water treatment processes while minimizing environmental footprints. Key topics covered include the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), process simulation software, and advanced modeling techniques in the analysis and design of water treatment systems. Case studies illustrating the successful implementation of simulation-driven strategies in various water treatment applications are presented to provide practical insights and demonstrate the potential benefits. Overall, this paper underscores the pivotal role of simulation-driven strategies in advancing water treatment processes in chemical engineering. It advocates for the adoption of innovative approaches to address environmental challenges and promote sustainability in water management practices within the oil and gas industry and other sectors reliant on chemical engineering processes.
 Keywords: Water treatment, Environmental Challenges, Chemical Engineering, Processes, Simulation Driven Strategies.

Understanding future hydrologic challenges: Modelling the impact of climate change on river runoff in central Italy

Central Italy’s diverse ecosystems and landscapes are susceptible to the Mediterranean climate change, affecting water resources and riverine systems. Managing these resources is crucial for the nation’s sustainable development and resilience. This research assesses potential long-term climate change impacts on river runoff in central Italy’s highly regulated Aterno-Pescara River watershed. We simulated current and future river runoff using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+). Climate projections from 5 Global Climate Models (GCMs) under two emissions scenarios are used to quantify potential runoff and drought characteristic changes in SWAT+ to investigate future (2015 – 2100) climate change impacts on river runoff. All GCMs predicted increasing daily temperature (up to 0.6 °C decade−1 at 95 % confidence level) and decreasing precipitation trends (−16.4 mm decade−1), resulting in negative river runoff trends (−0.036 m3s−1 decade−1). Uncertainties exist regarding variable magnitudes among GCMs and scenarios. Analyzing 12-month standardized precipitation and runoff drought indices using projections data revealed a strong correlation between drought indices (Pearson correlation coefficient ranges between 0.63 − 0.93 among GCMs). The run-sum technique for both indices showed potential frequent, severe, and prolonged future droughts, with meteorological droughts possibly lasting up to 105 months (severity 163) and hydrological droughts exceeding 100 months (severity over 150). This study provides crucial insights for central Italy’s policymakers, emphasizing the need for strategies addressing climate change impacts on water resources for future sustainability.

Editorial Wetlands for human well-being

Editorial Wetlands for human well-being

Reconstructing monthly 0.25° terrestrial evapotranspiration data in a remote arid region using Bayesian-driven ensemble learning method

This study presents a Bayesian-driven ensemble learning framework to minimize errors in evapotranspiration (ET) data assimilation, thereby generating a continuous-scale ET estimation with improved accuracy for the data-scarce arid Central Asia (CA). Five state-of-the-art gridded ET products were extensively tested and utilized to reconstruct new long-term ET data at grid scale, including two Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)-Land Surface Models (LSM) (Catchment and NOAH), two reanalysis products (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications – ver. 2 (MERRA2)), along with the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam (GLEAM) satellite ET product ver. 3.6b. Taylor Skill Score was employed to evaluate the input gridded ET datasets, using in situ measurements across four arid biomes — cropland, shrubland, farmland, and grassland —as benchmarks. Bayes-Markov Chain Monte Carlo (Bayes-MCMC)-derived logarithmically transformed predictors from the posterior ensemble anomalies were standardized to resolve the mismatches in the cumulative distribution functions of ET data relating to the in situ observations. We found that the constrained residual errors were more profound between 45th and 95th percentiles for the rescaled total ET anomalies across all the input ET datasets at 95 % confidence interval. Moreover, the weighted ensemble estimates derived from the Bayes-MCMC were instrumental in correcting ET anomalies, leading to the robust reconstruction of a more reliable ensemble mean ET data for Central Asia (CAETens) at monthly temporal and 0.25° spatial resolutions, spanning from 2003 to 2020. Overall, CAETens exhibited superior performance, achieving the highest averaged Kling-Gupta Efficiency of 0.75 and registering the lowest Root Mean Square Error of 6.85 mm/m compared to the standalone gridded ET products. Comparisons of spatial distributions of fine-scale features, and evaluations using standard metrics revealed that all ET products varied significantly (p < 0.05) by biome types. Remarkably, only CAETens exhibited a reasonable low positive bias and pronounced ability to resolve the complex spatiotemporal patterns associated with the input gridded ET products. The study bridges the gap in continuous ET monitoring for sustainable water resources management in CA.

A Sustainable Water Resources Management Assessment Framework (SWRM-AF) for Arid and Semi-Arid Regions—Part 1: Developing the Conceptual Framework

The evaluation of water resources management practices is essential for water usage decisions in regions with limited water resources. The literature provides numerous assessment frameworks, but many ignore the unique characteristics and conditions of some special arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, which lack any permanent rivers or lakes. Thus, this study, the first in a two-part series, seeks to develop a conceptual Sustainable Water Resources Management Assessment Framework (SWRM-AF). General and particular criteria explain how components and indicators were identified. The conceptual SWRM-AF provided here has four components (environment, economy, society, and infrastructure) and 24 indicators. Almost every indicator has been selected from the literature and is briefly explained and justified. This research presents, possibly for the first time, clear and straightforward directions for evaluating each indicator in colour-coded tables. To create a more holistic framework for arid and semi-arid regions, social indicators like “intervention acceptability” and environmental indicators for assessing the impacts of desalination treatment plants have been added to form a unique framework applicable to such regions. Therefore, the components and indicators of conceptual SWRM-AF could work collectively to aid the process of decision-making. The next phase is validating this framework using a participatory approach.

Freshwater Recovery and Removal of Cesium and Strontium from Radioactive Wastewater by Methane Hydrate Formation.

As human society has advanced, nuclear energy has provided energy security while also offering low carbon emissions and reduced dependence on fossil fuels, whereas nuclear power plants have produced large amounts of radioactive wastewater, which threatens human health and the sustainability of water resources. Here, we demonstrate a hydrate-based desalination (HBD) technology that uses methane as a hydrate former for freshwater recovery and for the removal of radioactive chemicals from wastewater, specifically from Cs- and Sr-containing wastewater. The complete exclusion of radioactive ions from solid methane hydrates was confirmed by a close examination using phase equilibria, spectroscopic investigations, thermal analyses, and theoretical calculations, enabling simultaneous freshwater recovery and the removal of radioactive chemicals from wastewater by the methane hydrate formation process described in this study. More importantly, the proposed HBD technology is applicable to radioactive wastewater containing Cs+ and Sr2+ across a broad concentration range of low percentages to hundreds of parts per million (ppm) and even subppm levels, with high removal efficiency of radioactive chemicals. This study highlights the potential of environmentally sustainable technologies to address the challenges posed by radioactive wastewater generated by nuclear technology, providing new insights for future research and development efforts.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ABSORPTION WELLS USING THE SUNJOTO METHOD TO CONTROL FLOODING IN THE VILLAGE OF NGRASEH BOJONEGORO

Infiltration wells are a form of hydrological infrastructure used to manage rainwater. Infiltration wells are usually built as part of a rainwater management system to soak rainwater into the ground and reduce surface waterlogging as well as slow down surface runoff and allow rainwater to seep into the ground to renew aquifers or prevent waterlogging. Maintaining groundwater levels is an important step in sustainable water resource management. The aim of this research is to plan effective infiltration wells to replace rainwater catchment areas lost due to building construction. The planning of this infiltration well uses the Sunjoto method. From the research results, it was found that an effective infiltration well design was calculated using the Sunjoto method. With the data, each roof area of ​​the house has an optimum number of infiltration wells with a planned infiltration well diameter of 1 m with a depth of 2.5 m with an effective depth according to the calculations is as follows: 60 m2 number of 1 unit of absorption well with an optimum depth of 2.82 m, 80 m2 number of 2 units of absorption well with an optimum depth of 3.76 m, 100 m2 number of 2 units of absorption well with an optimum depth of 4.7 m, 120 m2 number of 2 units of infiltration wells with an optimum depth of 5.64 m, 140 m2 number of 3 units of absorption wells with an optimum depth of 6.58 m, 160 m2 number of 3 units of absorption wells with an optimum depth of 7.52 m, 180 m2 number of 3 units of absorption wells with an optimum depth of 8.46 m, 200 m2 total of 4 units of infiltration wells with an optimum depth of 9.4 m.

Deciphering groundwater pollution in the Lower Anayari Catchment: insights from using δ2H, δ18O, PMF, and APCS-MLR receptor model.

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of groundwater pollution in the Lower Anayari Catchment (LAC) through δ2H and δ18O isotopic analysis, along with positive matrix factorization (PMF) and PCS-MLR receptor models. Forty groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells and equipped boreholes across the LAC. Flame photometry for Na+ and K+, complexometric titration for Ca2+, ion chromatography for Cl-, F-, NO3-, SO42-, and PO43-, and atomic absorption spectrometry for Mg2+, Fe, Pb, Cd, As, and Ni were analytical techniques/instruments employed. In regard to cations, Na+ has the highest average concentration of 63.0 mg/L, while Mg2+ has the lowest at 2.58 mg/L. Concerning the anions and nutrients, Cl- has the highest mean concentration of 18.7 mg/L, and Fl- has the lowest at 0.50 mg/L. Metalloids were detected in trace amount with Fe displaying the highest mean concentration of 0.077 mg/L whereas Cd and As recorded lowest (0.001 mg/L). The average values for groundwater δ18O and δ2H were - 3.64‰ and - 20.7‰, respectively; the average values for rainwater isotopic composition were - 3.41‰ for δ18O and - 17.4‰ for δ2H. It is believed that natural geological features, particularly biotite granitoid and volcanic flow/subvolcanic rocks from the Birimian Supergroup, significantly influence groundwater mineralisation. Additionally, the impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality, with urban development and agricultural practices, may be attributed to increasing levels of certain contaminants such as Fe, Ni, NO3-, and PO43-. This research contributes to the broader field of hydrological study and provides practical implications for managing and conserving water resources in similar contexts. The innovative combination of isotopic and statistical analyses sets a new standard for future studies in groundwater quality assessment, emphasising the need for comprehensive approaches that consider both geological characteristics and human impacts for sustainable water resource management.