Sustainable Opportunities Research Articles

The Intervention Opportunity: Why the Industry Does Not Do More and How New Collaborative Workflows with Aligned Outcomes Can Change This

Summary This analysis challenges the typical way interventions have been planned and executed, both on an operational and a commercial basis, and examines where there is room for significant improvement in the industry. Perhaps more importantly, it examines the case for performing interventions and tries to explain the challenges (“headwinds”) in what is an opportunity to achieve both financial and net-zero emissions goals. Benchmarked data have already shown that opportunity absolutely exists to do more, and we investigate why the intervention opportunity is underserved. By appreciating the issues operators face when justifying and designing intervention activities, the challenges can thus be addressed by proper alignment to the best outcome. Intervention global expenditure is a small percentage of the total cost of exploration and production, and yet there is a strong value case for such operations. This study examines why this is so and then looks at how to address those issues. There is a huge array of well integrity and reservoir performance challenges that can bottleneck production, and the industry has delivered many innovative solutions to address these issues. Reduced capital expenditure over the past years and the pressure to maintain production sustainably should create a perfect climate for intervention. However, an asset mindset that is often risk averse to entering a producing well, as well as complex workflows, will too often detract from the opportunity to intervene. New workflows—including digital—can simplify the identification of candidate wells, and intervention techniques can help determine the success rate of the operations, as well as incremental production gains, more reliably to enable more robust outcomes. However, current contracting techniques and conventional key performance indicators can also cause further misalignment as to the true goal of interventions being to increase production sustainably. Those issues and how they have been resolved are addressed in this study. New workflows and commercial models have been used to facilitate the quicker identification of intervention opportunities, enabling collaborative planning and optimal solution identification, combined with feedback mechanisms to ensure continuous close collaboration between technical experts enabled by digital tools, which can disrupt the conventional intervention model. Case examples support the arguments made and demonstrate a new way of performing interventions. New digital workflows combined with strong collaborative, technical domain knowledge and a wide array of possible intervention solutions can change current typical intervention models. With these changes, further improvements can then be made to the conventional business models used to maximize the intervention opportunity and the sustainability opportunities it brings with regard to getting the most out of existing infrastructure.

SUSTAINABLE SMART CITIES: THE ROLE OF FINTECH IN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainable smart cities are at the forefront of urban development, striving to balance economic prosperity with environmental sustainability. This Review delves into the critical role played by Financial Technology (Fintech) in advancing environmental sustainability within smart city initiatives. Fintech innovations are instrumental in optimizing resource management, enhancing citizen engagement, and fostering collaborative governance models, thereby contributing to the overarching goal of creating sustainable urban ecosystems. Through a historical perspective, this Review traces the evolution of sustainable smart cities, highlighting the transformative impact of technological advancements and the integration of Fintech solutions. From early urban planning concepts to the emergence of smart technologies in the 21st century, the evolution of sustainable smart cities underscores the importance of leveraging innovation to address urban challenges. The rise of Fintech has further accelerated this evolution, offering innovative financial services tailored to support green finance, renewable energy investment, and sustainable infrastructure development. Fintech platforms enable efficient allocation of resources, facilitate transparent and secure transactions, and empower citizens to participate in sustainable initiatives. By integrating Fintech solutions into urban development strategies, cities can unlock new opportunities for environmental sustainability while fostering economic growth and social equity. Looking ahead, the integration of sustainable smart cities and Fintech holds immense potential to address pressing environmental challenges such as climate change, pollution, and resource depletion. As cities continue to embrace digital transformation and adopt data-driven approaches, the role of Fintech in promoting environmental sustainability will become increasingly crucial. By leveraging historical insights and embracing emerging technologies, cities can chart a path towards a more resilient, inclusive, and environmentally sustainable future. This Review underscores the importance of collaboration among stakeholders, including governments, businesses, academia, and civil society, to drive collective action and accelerate the transition towards sustainable smart cities.
 Keywords: Sustainable, Smart Cities, Fintech, Promoting, Environmental.

Resource utilization in the sub-sectors of the textile industry: opportunities for sustainability

It was aimed to determine the specific resource use and reduction potential profiles in various textile sub-sectors (cotton woven fabric dyeing-finishing, wool woven fabric dyeing-finishing, synthetic woven fabric dyeing-finishing, cotton knitted fabric, synthetic knit fabric dyeing-finishing, non-woven fabric, dyeing-finishing of knitted fabric). The main focus was to elucidate opportunities for sustainability in terms of decreasing resource utilization in the textile sector. On-site surveys and detailed data collection studies were carried out at 150 textile facilities. Average specific values for water, auxiliary chemicals, dyestuff, electricity, and steam consumptions, and related reduction potentials were calculated and compared within facilities and sub-sectors. The minimum specific resource consumption values reported in the Best Available Techniques Reference Document (BREF) for the textile industry and data of similar facilities from the literature were evaluated and used. A detailed environmental performance profile of the Turkish textile sector in terms of resource usage and reduction potential was generated. The highest specific water consumption was found in the wool-woven fabric sub-sector (345 ± 262 L/kg product). Although the specific auxiliary chemical consumption shows similarities within sub-sectors, the highest specific auxiliary chemical consumption (397 ± 237 g/kg product) was found in the synthetic woven fabric sub-sector. The sub-sector with the highest specific dyestuff consumption (30 ± 13 g/kg product) was the cotton knitted fabric sub-sector. The wool woven fabric industry had the highest specific electricity (7 ± 5.3 kWh/kg product) and steam (20 ± 11 kg steam/kg product) consumption. In addition, for all the studied sub-sectors country-wide, the lowest and highest reduction potentials in resource uses were 18 ± 15% and 73 ± 13%, respectively, suggesting a need for major full-scale implementations of cleaner production for enhancing sustainability in the textile industry.

Harnessing sustainable opportunities for nutrient removal and recovery from liquid digestate in a modern municipal food waste biogas power plant

This study aims to efficiently remove and recover Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) from the Liquid Fraction of the Digestate (LFD) of a municipal Food waste (FW) Anaerobic Digestion (AD) biogas power plants. An experimental design was set up to evaluate the influence of pH, temperature, stirring time, stirring speed, and magnesium to phosphorus molar ratio (Mg: P) on nutrient removal efficiency. It was found that the experimental removal efficiency was up to 89% for P and 79% for N at pH 9.5, stirring at 200 rpm, and temperature of 35 °C. The maximum P removal was reached at 40 minutes of stirring time and an Mg:P molar ratio of 2:1, while the highest N removal was at 120 stirring time and Mg:P molar ratio of 4:1. The Mg:P molar ratio and pH significantly influenced N removal, p-value 0.0429 and < 0.0001, respectively; while stirring time greatly affected P removal efficiency, p-value < 0.0111. The analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that 92.5% of the precipitate consisted of struvite crystals confirming nutrient recovery. The numerical optimization of the experimental design determined that setting up the experiments at pH 8.8, 27°C, 64 minutes of stirring time at 158 rpm, and an Mg:P molar ratio of 2.35 resulted in 67% N and 81% P removal. This approach led to a cost-effective operation that resulted in a significant 66% reduction in process costs. This research identified a solution to managing effluent's environmental challenges for a FW biogas plants.

Editorial

Dear Readers, In the fast-paced landscape, modern transportation is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by technological innovation, changing consumer preferences, and the need for sustainability. In the country, from urban areas to remote rural areas, the evolution of mobility technology is restructuring the way we navigate, unlocking new opportunities for efficiency, sustainability, and accessibility. As we stand at the threshold of a new era in mobility, it's essential to explore the innovative technologies driving this revolution and their potential to redefine the future of transportation. ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology takes pride in presenting its Jan–Mar 2024 issue that covers IC engine technology, Brake hose failure analysis, modeling on different technologies, battery and EV related subjects, and vehicle dynamics. The ARAI Journal journey is not just about getting the technologies which are about shaping the future of transportation and society as a whole. Electric vehicle technologies are poised to revolutionize the future of transportation, offering a cleaner, more sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. With growing concerns about climate change and environmental sustainability, the shift towards electric propulsion represents a significant step forward in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change. With ongoing advancements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and vehicle design, EVs are becoming increasingly practical and accessible for consumers around the world. By embracing innovation, fostering collaboration, and addressing the challenges ahead, we can accelerate the transition to a cleaner, greener transportation system that benefits both people and the planet. With ongoing advancements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and vehicle design, EVs are becoming increasingly practical and accessible for consumers around the world. By embracing innovation, fostering collaboration, and addressing the challenges ahead, we can accelerate the transition to a cleaner, greener transportation system that benefits both people and beyond electrification, automotive technologies are also driving progress in safety and convenience. Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) such as adaptive cruise control, lane-keeping assist, and automatic emergency braking are becoming standard features in modern vehicles, helping to prevent accidents and save lives. Moreover, the emergence of autonomous driving technology promises to revolutionize transportation by eliminating human error and making roads safer for everyone. ARAI Journal is a gateway for all researchers, industry professionals, students, faculty to discover the latest technologies and advancements driving the automotive industry forward on the planet. In the midst of life's challenges and uncertainties, may this journal be a source of solace and strength, reminding you of your resilience and inner wisdom. May it be a space where you can find clarity, purpose, and peace amidst the chaos of daily life. I want to extend my warmest wishes to each and every reader of this journal.

Tools, techniques, and trends in sustainable software engineering: A critical review of current practices and future directions

The quest for sustainability has extended its reach into the realm of software engineering, prompting an exploration of tools, techniques, and emerging trends to mitigate the environmental impact of software development and operation. This review provides a critical review of current practices and future directions in sustainable software engineering. In recent years, the software industry has recognized the need to address the environmental footprint of software systems, considering factors such as energy consumption, resource utilization, and carbon emissions. Consequently, a plethora of tools and techniques have emerged to support sustainable software development processes. These range from energy-efficient programming languages and frameworks to eco-friendly software architectures and design patterns. Moreover, methodologies such as Green Software Engineering (GSE) and Sustainable Software Development (SSD) have gained traction, emphasizing the integration of sustainability considerations throughout the software development lifecycle. By adopting practices like green requirements engineering, energy-aware testing, and eco-design principles, organizations can optimize their software systems for reduced environmental impact without compromising functionality or performance. Furthermore, trends in sustainable software engineering extend beyond traditional development practices. The rise of cloud computing, edge computing, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies presents both challenges and opportunities for sustainability. Techniques such as serverless computing and containerization offer potential benefits in terms of resource efficiency and scalability, while also introducing new considerations regarding data center energy consumption and electronic waste management. Looking ahead, the future of sustainable software engineering is marked by innovation and collaboration. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain hold promise for optimizing resource allocation, enhancing energy efficiency, and fostering transparency in sustainability efforts. Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration between software engineers, environmental scientists, and policymakers will be essential in shaping a more sustainable digital ecosystem. The journey towards sustainable software engineering involves a multifaceted approach encompassing tools, techniques, and ongoing adaptation to evolving trends. By critically evaluating current practices and embracing future directions, the software industry can contribute to a more environmentally responsible and resilient future.

Challenges and Opportunities of Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice in the Face of Climate Change and Ecological Crisis in Japan

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate challenges and opportunities of environmental sustainability and social justice in the face of climate change and ecological crisis in Japan&#x0D; Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.&#x0D; Findings: Japan faces challenges in environmental sustainability and social justice due to its reliance on fossil fuels and an aging population. Transitioning to renewables and addressing healthcare for the elderly are critical. However, Japan's technological prowess presents opportunities for cleaner energy solutions. The country's strong sense of community can aid social justice efforts during climate-related disasters, promising a more sustainable and equitable future.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Environmental justice theory, ecological modernization theory &amp; political ecology theory may be used to anchor future studies on challenges and opportunities of environmental sustainability and social justice in the face of climate change and ecological crisis in Japan. Policymakers and practitioners should adopt integrated strategies that consider both environmental sustainability and social justice in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Governments and international organizations should incorporate environmental justice principles into climate policies, ensuring that marginalized communities have equitable access to environmental benefits and are protected from environmental harms.

Innovative solutions to support individuals with disabilities accessing public transportation: A case study

ABSTRACT Individuals with cognitive disabilities have challenges with personal navigation and wayfinding, especially when traveling on public transportation. The purpose of this case study is to describe the structure and implementation of the Personal Navigation for Individuals with Disabilities (PNID) education and training program, which is based on a socio-technical architecture for individuals with cognitive disabilities within a fixed-route public bus system. A case study methodology was used to describe preliminary findings of the skills, attributes, and experiences of three individuals with cognitive disabilities as it relates to transportation on fixed-route bus systems in a midsized urban setting. The three individuals completed five training activities: safety, public bus, smartphone, WayFinder App, and fixed-route bus system. The case study provided a preliminary mixed-methods overview of training travelers with cognitive disabilities to use the WayFinder system while accessing fixed-route public bus system. The insights and strategies identified through the case study demonstrate the potential opportunities for development, implementation, and sustainability of the PNID program in other midsized urban settings. The PNID program (i.e. AT service delivery process), in combination with the WayFinder system (i.e. assistive technology), has the potential to meet the unique needs of individuals with cognitive disabilities when accessing public transportation.

Challenges and opportunities in sustainability reporting: a focus on small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

Challenges and opportunities in sustainability reporting: a focus on small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

Punta Arenas: Challenges and Opportunities of Adventure, Sustainability, and Heritage in Patagonian Tourism

Summary This case study explores Punta Arenas’ tourism dynamics, emphasizing strategic approaches, diverse Patagonian products, and challenges. It offers a roadmap for sustainable growth and prosperity while providing stakeholders with valuable insights. Driven by an exploration of the region’s rich heritage and global tourism significance, the study focuses on personalization, sustainability, and adventure safety. Utilizing qualitative research with tourist entertainment companies, findings illuminate operators’ alignment with global trends. Despite challenges, growth opportunities highlight targeted navigation, exploration, client understanding, and strategic marketing. The study’s threefold implications advocate for collaborative networks, diverse visitor engagement shaping the region’s narrative, and integrated policy making for sustainability. The study underscores a roadmap that emphasizes innovation, inclusivity, and preservation, contributing to enduring prosperity for this extraordinary destination. Its insights, guide stakeholders towards sustainable growth, social harmony, and environmental conservation. Information © The Author 2024

Intergenerational Food Insecurity, Underlying Factors, and Opportunities for Intervention in Momostenango, Guatemala.

Achieving sustainable food security in Guatemala, where nearly half the population is food insecure and 50% of children face chronic malnutrition, is challenging. This mixed-methods study aimed to identify the impacts of climate change on food production, community food security, and household food security. Twelve agricultural group leaders in six communities were interviewed using semi-structured guides. Key informant interview themes included subsistence agriculture, commercial production, challenges related to climate, capital, market, and capacity, as well as sustainable opportunities. Fifty-five mothers from 13 distinct communities around Momostenango were surveyed and interviewed. A significant finding is that 85% of households were food insecure, with 93% relying on agriculture. Food-secure families mostly worked on their own or leased land, whereas food-insecure ones combined farming with day labor. In times of food scarcity, strategies such as altering food consumption and reducing expenses were common. Severely food-insecure families were significantly more likely to reduce portion sizes (72%), whereas food-secure families typically resorted to less preferred foods. Overall, food insecurity was notably linked to larger families, older mothers with limited education, and reliance on agricultural day labor. Food insecurity is a long-term issue in rural areas, deeply rooted in structural socioeconomic constraints, and recurring across generations.

Behavioural responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and their implications for Sustainable Development Goals in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT This paper examines the nexus between behaviours, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), and the behavioural changes induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong. Through an extensive review of 208 written sources spanning March 2020 to July 2021, the study analyses how the pandemic has affected the progress and relevance of the SDG targets in the city. Using UN-provided SDG indicators, the study evaluates the written accounts of behavioural change and establishes the linkages between them and the SDGs. Saaty’s Analytical Hierarchy Process was applied to rank 75 SDG sub-targets according to their importance and urgency in Hong Kong’s pandemic context. Notably, four SDGs stand out among the top 15: SDG3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG1 (No Poverty), and SDG10 (Reduced Inequalities), reflecting the significant challenges and opportunities for public health, the economy, vulnerable communities, and environmental sustainability in Hong Kong. The paper provides a comprehensive framework for developing post-pandemic strategies to address the city’s SDG targets. It also offers valuable insights into health, consumption, social and environmental engagement, quality of life, and institutions and organisations for policymakers and stakeholders involved in Hong Kong’s pandemic recovery and sustainable development efforts.

How does green manufacturing promote the recycling of renewable solid waste and carbon reduction?

Solid waste recycling plays a key role in the manufacturer's green transition. By introducing recycled materials into production, manufacturers can enjoy both the benefits of carbon reduction and the addressing of the carbon lock-in problem. However, given the inadequacy of recycling legislation, the supply of recycled material is subject to yield uncertainty. This creates a challenging decision for manufacturers in need of transition: should they build a new carbon-neutral production line or only upgrade the existing production line? We formulate the key tradeoffs including the varying consumer evaluations, the production quality control, and the reform of the supply chain structure. We find that building a new carbon-neutral production line is preferred when the carbon emission level is moderate, the market competition is intensified, and the recycling efficiency is high. We further identify the multi-win opportunities for both environmental and economic sustainability, which shed light on the government's green policy design.

Overview Ekonomi Makro Islam

Islamic economics is an economic framework based on the principles of Islamic teachings, combining religious values with sustainable and just economic concepts. This journal explores the scope of Islamic economics by focusing on the core principles that form the basis of the economic system. Apart from that, there is also the impact of Islamic economics in building financial inclusion and fighting economic inequality. By upholding the values of justice and social responsibility, Islamic economics encourages financial inclusion by providing access to financial services to disadvantaged groups in society. This approach helps reduce disparities between different economic groups and creates broader opportunities for sustainability and equitable economic development. However, although Islamic economics offers a useful approach, this article also discusses the challenges faced by Islamic economic practices in dealing with the complexit of the global economy and achieving a balance between finance and religious values. This journal provides a comprehensive overview of the diversity and complexity within the scope of Islamic economics, exploring the implications and opportunities for further development in an ever-evolving global context. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The types of data used are secondary data and primary data

Ринкова резильєнтність бізнесу: теоретичний конструкт

The aim of the article is to study the development and change of the conception of resilience of socioeconomic systems in the modern turbulent world, as well as to create a theoretical construct for the market resilience of business. The conception of BANI of the world, which demonstrates the chaotic and unpredictable nature of modern society and technological environment, is studied, so business organizations must not only be resistant to stress, but also ready for change and even successfully function in conditions of uncertainty and instability in order to adapt to the new reality. Thus, the central theme of world economic thought is the study of «resilience» in general, as well as its various aspects and potential ways to guarantee the sustainability of social, economic and ecological systems. Resilience is considered as an economic category, which is inherent in the subject of economic activity at the micro-, meso- and macro-levels. The main methodological approaches to resilience are proposed, which contain the following key components: crisis management of the socioeconomic system; change and innovation management; organizational culture and leadership; staff resilience. A new approach that changes the attitude to resilience as an economic category – the paradigm of Industry 5.0 – is considered. In the context of resilience, this paradigm aims to create viable, flexible and resilient systems that can adapt to different challenges. The types of resilience of different levels of the socioeconomic system are examined and systematized. The authors concluded that these kinds intersect, interact and complement at different levels, which is an important aspect of ensuring the stability and adaptability of this system. A definition of the concept of market resilience has been proposed, which is a characteristic of a business organization, which determines its ability to create new opportunities for sustainability, survival and development in conditions of total uncertainty, non-linear and unpredictable changes in the internal and external environment. The key elements of the formation of market resilience of a business entity are systematized and characterized.

Sustainability Opportunities and Ethical Challenges of AI-Enabled Connected Autonomous Vehicles Routing in Urban Areas

Sustainability Opportunities and Ethical Challenges of AI-Enabled Connected Autonomous Vehicles Routing in Urban Areas

Time Ahead Inclinations in Sustainable Supply Chain Management using Artificial Intelligence: A Bibliometric Approach

Sustainable Supply Chain Management [SSCM] focuses on integrating environmentally sustainable practices into supply chains to balance economic growth with environmental care and social responsibility. The adoption of Artificial Intelligence [AI] in SSCM is revolutionizing supply chain operations by offering new opportunities for efficiency, transparency, and sustainability. The research paper is basically done to find out the field's trends and current research status. Further, the aim of the research is to derive the major concepts and social collaboration on study. The study highlights the emergence of block chain technology as a significant area of interest within SSCM and AI, alongside the importance of green supply chain practices and big data utilization for enhancing sustainability and management practices. The paper underscores the potential of AI-driven technologies, such as predictive analytics and machine learning, to improve supply chain management by enhancing decision-making accuracy, reducing inefficiencies, and promoting sustainable practices. The most used terms in the research are Artificial Intelligence, Supply Chain, Decision Support Systems, Decision Making, and performance. The paper explores three main themes; these include the emergence of block chain technology, the interplay between AI and green supply chain practices, and the significance of management practices alongside big data and sustainability considerations. This thematic analysis suggests areas with potential for further research and development. This paper underscores the critical role of AI in advancing sustainable supply chain practices and outlines the current state of research, key contributors, and future directions in this interdisciplinary field.

Technology Roadmap: A Strategic Approach to Innovation in Water Treatment in Colombia

A technology roadmap is fundamental in corporate and industrial strategic planning, outlining goals and technological alternatives for products and processes. This tool forecasts technological evolution, identifying opportunities for competitive advantage and sustainability. Companies use it to integrate medium- and long-term strategies, linking product development and technological innovation with research and development. In water treatment, roadmaps are vital for designing and optimizing water management systems, driven by global and regional examples that align water treatment strategies with sustainability objectives. The application of the roadmap at a non-biodegradable wastewater treatment company improved Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal, validating the effectiveness of the process and allowing the technology to be scaled up while maintaining high-efficiency rates. This study highlights the importance of technology roadmaps in strategic decision-making and fostering innovation and sustainability in critical sectors such as water treatment.

Sustainable Leadership: A new era of Leadership for Organizational Sustainability and Challenges

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, known as Industry 4.0 with the help of advanced technology, from the Internet of Things to the Digital Twin to Artificial Intelligence , all with the hope of reducing and eliminating waste and increasing organizational sustainability in order to maintain the sustainability of the planet earth. Thus, the industry has entered an era of change that requires a sustainability strategy. RI 4.0 encourages industry to adapt to environmental sustainability, economic preservation and social resources. Leaders are an influential factor in determining an organization’s survival efforts in an increasingly competitive environment. Sustainable Leadership was born as a leadership paradigm for sustainable development by practicing creative management skills that produce creative and innovative ideas to support the implementation of appropriate strategies in the industrial era 4.0 in responding to sustainability challenges and opportunities. The role of sustainable leadership helps to practice core managerial competencies in creating business model innovation, reducing carbon emissions, increasing profitability, economic growth, energy and resource sustainability, developing environmental responsibility, developing human resources, increasing production efficiency and productivity through job creation, reducing costs. production and manufacturing agility and flexibility in responding to sustainability opportunities and challenges.

Indium oxide with oxygen vacancies boosts O2 adsorption and activation for electrocatalytic H2O2 production.

Oxygen reduction reaction via the two-electron pathway (2e- ORR) offers a sustainable opportunity for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, but suffers from low selectivity. In this work, indium oxide with oxygen vacancies (In2O3-x) exhibits a H2O2 selectivity close to 98% at 0.6 V vs. RHE. Further, a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of around 95% at 0.4-0.6 V vs. RHE and a H2O2 productivity of 3.7 mol gcatalyst-1 h-1 are reached in a flow cell. In situ Raman spectra indicate that In2O3-x promotes the adsorption and activation of O2 and stabilizes oxygen intermediates. This work provides an insight into improving H2O2 selectivity for 2e- ORR catalysts.