Sustainable Forms Of Tourism Research Articles

Ecotourism as a Forest Conservation Tool: An NDVI Analysis of the Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Ecopark in Chattogram, Bangladesh

Ecotourism, a sustainable form of tourism, is increasingly being viewed as a tool that can promote global biodiversity and forest conservation. This study explored the scope of ecotourism in forest conservation practices in the developing context by taking the Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Ecopark (SBGE), Bangladesh’s first ecopark established in 2000, as a case study. Using GIS and remote sensing technology, NDVI analysis revealed that, unlike the anticipated outcomes of the SBGE project, after a brief increase in vegetation coverage of 84.6% from 1995 to 2000, the vegetation coverage fell drastically from 2000 to 2015, wherein 33.4% of vegetation had been completely removed, and much of the dense and medium vegetation had been converted to sparse vegetation or other land uses. Anthropogenic activities, namely, unplanned urbanization, are suggested as the major contributors to this decline. From the period of 2015 to 2020, however, vegetation was seen to regenerate, potentially due to the decelerating urbanization or the possible manifestation of the ‘U’ shape relationship between the changes in vegetation and rates of urbanization. Sustainable land-use policies may help attain the targets of the project and lead the SBGE to emerge as a success story of the Bangladeshi ecotourism industry.

Do tourists value responsible sustainability in whale-watching tourism? Exploring sustainability and consumption preferences

Whale watching has long been marketed as a whale conservation-oriented form of sustainable tourism. However, inappropriate management practices are endangering whales, the marine environment, and the tourist experience. This situation highlights the need for more responsible and sustainable actions to reconcile whale protection with the various demands of tourists. This paper analyses consumers’ preferences for socially responsible and green solutions for sustainable whale-watching management in tourism. A discrete choice experiment and a latent class segmentation are utilised to evaluate heterogeneity in tourists’ preferences regarding the implementation of various measures of responsible sustainability by the whale-watching firm. Results show that there are two groups of tourists with different preferences and economic values for sustainability policies: sustainability-oriented (34.96%) and consumption-oriented tourists (65.04%). The group of sustainability-oriented tourists have a greater preference for full corporate social responsibility and technologically innovative solutions for locating whale populations, thereby reducing the ecological and environmental impacts. The group of consumption-oriented tourists is more in line with traditional preferences, focusing on the enjoyment of the whale-watching experience through the effective management of crowding effects. Although the sustainability-oriented tourist segment has a smaller market share, the results suggest that there is market potential for increasing responsible sustainability practices in the whale-watching tourism activity.

LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN GEOTOURISM HIKING IN KAMPUNG KINIRASAN, RANAU, SABAH

Geotourism is a form of sustainable tourism that focuses on the knowledge of the geological features of the earth by encouraging understanding, appreciation and conservation of the environment and culture as well as providing benefits to the local community. It was created to improve the well-being and standard of living of the local community through involvement in tourism while preserving the local environment, culture and heritage. This study was conducted to examine the level of readiness, acceptance and involvement of the local community in geotourism-hiking project around Bukit Balingkadus, Kampung Kinirasan, Ranau. Quantitative research is done by distributing questionnaires to the respondents. The results of the analysis showed that the local community is ready to get involved in the geotourism-hiking project. Incentives and returns earned will encourage their enthusiasm to be actively involved in this project. The project is also seen to be able to open new employment opportunities and raising the living standards of the local community. Cooperation between all parties is essential in order to achieve the sustainable development objectives of the geotourism-hiking project carried out. Further studies need to be conducted in the future.

Creating Opportunities for the Development of Craft Beer Tourism in Serbia as a New Form of Sustainable Tourism

Beer may not be the oldest alcoholic beverage, but it is definitely among the most popular alcoholic beverages in Serbia today. The authors conducted a survey in 2019, during three major beer festivals, on a total sample of 542 festival visitors. The authors set the goal of the research: sensory preferences, habits, knowledge of the beer production process and a healthy lifestyle influence the choice of beer type, in respondents older than 18 years. Further, the goal was to investigate the extent to which craft tourism can be developed in Serbia, and to be an aid in sustainable tourism development. SPSS software, version 26.00, was used for data processing. Descriptive statistical analysis determined the average values for all items from the given research groups. The authors considered that, for determining the group of factors, which may have the strongest predictor power in predicting beer choice, the best results can be given by Binary Logistic Regression. The logarithm of chances, chances and probabilities has also been determined whether in some future period all festival visitors over the age of 18 will be chosen for craft beer instead of factory beer. The obtained results show that visitors mainly consume craft beer, and that sensory tendencies play a leading role in preserving and creating quality, as well as attracting regular consumers and visitors to craft tourism. The importance of the research is undoubtedly seen in resolving the existing doubts about the quality of beer and creating a craft tourist market in Serbia. In addition, the research can improve the measures around the creation of a recognizable identity of the Serbian beer festival, on the wider tourist market.

Determinants of collective transport mode choice and its impacts on trip satisfaction in urban tourism

The continuous growth of tourism has important environmental impacts and transports account for a large proportion of the CO2 emissions generated by tourists. Understanding the motivations and characteristics of collective transport users in contemporary cities may contribute to promote more sustainable forms of tourism. Based on an extensive questionnaire to international tourists in Barcelona, this study employs a multinomial logistic regression to explore the links among visitors' characteristics, motivations, and means of transportation, while an ordinal logistic regression is applied to investigate whether the preference for collective transport has an impact on the satisfaction with the trip. The novelty of our approach is testing the hypothesis that the choice of collective transports is more related to trip motivations (professional, leisure, or personal) than to socio-demographic or personal characteristics of tourists. The results show that professional travelers are more oriented to the use of private cars, but they prefer collective transports when the length of stay is higher and combined with other trip motivations. Also, using collective transports is linked to high satisfaction with the visit for the tourists using this form of transportation. This study puts forward policy implications and suggestions for future research directions, in particular regarding the utilization of non-motorized forms of transportation cities.

Golf: Is It a New Form of Sustainable Tourism or a Violation of Traditional Rural Vocations? Italy and Brazil: Comparison between Two Case Studies

The present research work analyzes the path of territorial reconfiguration that has led to the new uses of agricultural land. In particular, the analysis focuses on the conflict of use between agriculture and sport. Is the sporting practice of golf a new form of sustainable tourism or a violation of traditional rural vocations? The paper compares two case studies in Italy and Brazil to try to answer the aforementioned research question. The two cases under study represent a conflict of land use between the hypothesis of persevering solely agricultural activity and the possibility of introducing new activities. Often, however, agriculture as the only activity practiced by a population is not enough to ensure a sufficient income; it is therefore necessary to diversify economic activities. As will be seen in the text, this does not mean a total abandonment of the primary activity in favor of other land uses apparently in contrast with it.

Events As Destination Image Maker: The Role of Event Type and Implications for Event Portfolio Development

Destination image influences the decision-making process and conditions the after-decision-making behaviors of tourists. Events can be image maker and branding driver for destinations, and a good portfolio with diversified events benefits the destination image and is a viable form of sustainable tourism development. This study investigates the role of event types in influencing the destination image perceptions among tourists. In particular, event types (sporting events vs. food festivals) are hypothesized to moderate the relationships between perceived event value and destination image. Macao is chosen as the study context, where the destination marketing organization (DMO) relies much on planned events to diversify the image of the world's gaming center. The findings from a sample of 490 event tourists show that the perceived values of the two studied events have different magnitude of effects on the destination image, which further has a significant effect on tourists' destination loyalty intention. Results of the study have implications for the strategic planning and management of event portfolio for destinations trying to leverage marketing impacts and tourism gains from different events. The study aims to contribute to event tourism literature, especially in the areas of event leveraging and portfolio management, by providing empirical evidence on regional and local events.

Environmental justice, well-being and sustainable tourism in protected area management

ABSTRACT Research on ecosystem service trade-off, environmental justice and equity has grown during the last years as significant approaches to effectively connect use and conservation. Although there are justice tourism studies there are many aspects related to environmental justice that have not been addressed. We develop a framework to analyze social feedbacks in tourism – people’s cognitive and behavioral responses to change- to promote a more just environmental governance. Spatial analysis and methods of measuring environmental justice and well-being were applied in Bahía de San Antonio Protected Natural Area in Argentina. The results revealed the existence of two-way relationships and social feedbacks between tourism and conservation. We conclude that linking approaches related to environmental justice and well-being with tourism can provide theoretical insights to promote positive social feedbacks and to highlight pathways to reconcile tourism activity with protected areas management. These could be a first step to develop more sustainable forms of tourism in protected areas.

Развитие геотуризма на основе использования геонаследия (на примере Куршской косы — объекта ЮНЕСКО)

Recreation in conservation areas has compelled special attention amid international travel restrictions. The tension between the conservation and economic use of these territories is increasing. This work aims to find ways to optimise and modernise environmental outreach and recreation in national parks — one of the conservation area types. Geotourism is a sustainable form of tourism, which bridges the gap between conservation and recreation. Several objectives have been attained to fulfil this aim. Firstly, best practices of geotourism development in conservation areas have been analysed. Secondly, the resource potential for diversifying ecotourism events in conservation areas has been measured. Thirdly, an algorithm for a geological heritage-focused ecotour — an innovative recreation product aimed at eco-education and community outreach — has been designed. The authors view the methodology for geotour design as an instance of heritage preservation and propose a new tourist route — the Geological and Geomorphological Chronicle of the Baltic Sea. This tour acquaints sightseers with the nature of the Curonian Spit national park, a unique geological and geomorphological feature whose landscapes are a product of centuries-long human-nature interactions. Twenty years ago, in 2000, the conservation area was listed by UNESCO as a place of considerable natural significance. The field studies were carried out as part of the international project Ecotour4Natur: Ecotourism as a Tool for the Preservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage within the Lithuania-Russia cross-border cooperation programme 2014—2020. The obtained algorithm for ecological route design may benefit other national parks as well.

Oleotourism: A Comparison of Three Mediterranean Countries

The recent trends in the tourism industry, as well as the attention paid by scholars, practitioners, and institutions, show the relevance of natural tourism as a lever for local development (United Nations World Tourism Organization -UNWTO-, 2005). In this scenario, the business of oleotourism, namely, a form of domestic tourism based on activities related to olive oil production, its tasting, and some connected rural experiences such as harvesting, is continuously—albeit slowly—growing in Europe and especially in the Mediterranean area. Scholars agree that oleotourism plays a key role for multiple reasons, due to its relations to local territories, firms, resources, and other forms of tourism, also favoring sustainable development. Due to the interplay with the local context, the authors plan to combine and compare the evidence from three Mediterranean countries offering examples of tourism initiatives based on olive oil, namely, Spain, Italy, and Croatia. The similarities and differences emerging from the comparison will expand the understanding of this phenomenon and lead to the highlighting of key features and choices in favoring its development in the coming years. Therefore, this research, through the analysis of both theoretical and practical evidences and data from the local contexts, aims to identify additional knowledge for scholars, managers, and policy-makers. The results of the analysis allow the authors to conclude that, although each of the three countries is in a different stage of development, they all have elements that seem to be common to this type of tourism. Finally, it is concluded that oleotourism can be characterized as a form of sustainable tourism, given the preservation of local customs and landscapes, the participation of the resident community, or the development of quality and food safety labels.

Enhancing island tourism's local benefits: A proposed community‐based tourism‐oriented general model

AbstractThis article proposes a general community‐based tourism (CBT)‐oriented framework that could be used as a guideline by policymakers dealing with tourism development in small islands. It investigates fundamental issues related to tourism and advances possible solutions utilizing a specific form of alternative tourism within a sustainable tourism context that considers the well‐being of the local population, especially the disadvantaged sector of society. As such, the article captures recurrent critical issues relating to tourism and proposes a model that represents various elements to consider when drafting policies. It emphasizes ecotourism that has long been considered the most sustainable form of tourism. Some of the findings and characteristics of the model could be useful for remote destinations in general.

Can We Understand Non-Tourism as a Form of Sustainable Tourism? The Role of Lifestyle and Motivations behind Non-Traveling Based on the Hungarian Example

This paper aims to study non-travelers in order to try to understand why they are absent from tourism and what the causes are for their decision. Our research showed that the study of postmodern causes apart from classic ones holds unique potential in the research of sustainable tourism processes as well. The results of cross-tabulation and correspondence analysis show that postmodern and classic causes are tightly connected to lifestyle, which represents the central theme of the current study based on the results of a Hungarian representative online survey. A certain limitation is that our research is based on the case of Hungary; however, the introduced methodology can be used in general for identifying and evaluating non-travelers. As research implications, the authors believe that the methodology and results can be used by the actors of the tourism supply market and by decision makers as well, especially for segmenting purposes. If we understand who the non-tourists or non-travelers are, we can, on the one hand, determine the latent tourism potential of a tourism destination; on the other hand, we can also receive information on specific market segments, which could contribute to sustainable tourism mostly because of the postmodern causes for non-traveling.

Tingkat Partisipasi Masyarakat Lokal Dalam Pengembangan Kampung Wisata Kreatif Dago Pojok di Kota Bandung


 
 
 A creative tourism is a form of sustainable tourism that offers authentic experiences of local culture. Tourism activities that have been running for about 9 years in Dago Pojok Creative Village, sparked researchers attention identify the condition of tourism and measuring level of local community participation in the development of Dago Pojok Creative Tourism Village.
 This study aims to identify tourism conditions and level of participation of local communities in the development of Dago Pojok Creative Tourism Village. The types of data used are qualitative and quantitative data with observation, interview and document data collection. Analysis of the data used is descriptive-qualitative data analysis using the concept of tourism components and the theory of a ladder of citizen participation.
 The results of this study show that the condition of tourism which is reviewed through the components of tourism products (4A) in Dago Pojok Creative tourism village recently is sufficient enough to improve some of the existing facilities. The level of community participation in Dago Pojok Creative Tourism Village is at the first level in the theory of a ladder of citizen participation.
 Based on the results, local communities have participated in the development of tourist attractions neverheless but it is still constrained by the government who expects the community itself to develop the tourist village without government assistance. On the contrary, local people expect assistance from the government.
 
 
 
 
 Keyword: participation, rate, community, creative, village
 
 

Sustainable tourism development: A dynamic model incorporating resident spillovers

The ongoing debate on over-tourism shows that developing more sustainable forms of tourism is not only relevant for environmental reasons but it would also create important spillovers benefitting residents within the economic and social domain of sustainability. Based on this broad idea, we develop a theoretical model of sustainable tourism considering the well-being of locals incorporating external effects and trade-offs with less sustainable forms of tourism. We employ a dynamic model of resident well-being, where utility is derived from consumption, tourism quality (e.g. better restaurants, hiking trails), and the number of tourists visiting. A benevolent regional government maximizes the representative resident’s well-being by choosing the rate of consumption, the number of tourists visiting (e.g. number of beds), and the rate of investment in tourism quality. Our results depend crucially on the initial number of tourists and state of tourism quality. Suppose the initial state of tourism quality is below its long-run optimum. If initial visitor numbers are small so that increasing them raises residents’ well-being directly through consumption (i.e. more tourism supply and cultural exchange raises resident’s marginal utility of consumption), the optimal strategy is to invest in tourism quality and to increase the number of tourists over time, as quality changes. If initial visitor numbers are large, increasing them further reduces the resident’s marginal utility from consumption (e.g. booked-out restaurants, crowed hiking trails, etc.) and the optimal strategy is to increase tourism quality over time but to reduce the quantity of visitors. Our general finding is that quantity and quality may move in tandem or in opposite direction, depending on current state and residents’ preferences. If over-tourism means that residents’ well-being is negatively affected by an increasing number of visitors, the model suggests that ongoing investment in tourism quality while reducing numbers will maximize residents’ well-being. We show that the first-best optimum, achieved in a centrally planned economy, can be replicated in a decentralized economy by using time-varying tax rates. This ensures that (i) the steady state of the first-best optimum is reached and that (ii) the speed of convergence to steady state is socially optimal.

Perceived Tourism Impacts of Tourists on the Environment of the Philippine Military Academy in Baguio City, Philippines

There has been an incredible increase in tourism activities in the Summer Capital of the Philippines, Baguio City, specifically at the Philippine Military Academy over the years. Unfortunately, these tourism activities led to the growth of a variety of environmental pressures. An environment-friendly or a sustainable form of tourism is seen as a solution to this growing problem. A perception analysis of tourists on the impacts of tourism on the environment of the Philippine Military Academy (PMA) was undertaken. This is a practical approach to gain information about the extent of environmental effects of tourism activity which will also identify areas that can be improved. The study adopted a survey research design with 109 PMA visitors, mainly women (63.3%), that are randomly selected. Respondents were surveyed through an online questionnaire from February to April 2019. Results of this study revealed that tourism has a moderate impact on the environment of PMA as perceived by the tourists on the different aspects of tourism including: general management, commercial areas, tourist routes and facilities. It also shows that respondents, regardless of gender, have a considerable level of awareness and concern about the effects of tourism on the PMA environment. Although considered as an environmental disturbance it is also offered that when managed properly, tourism is a positive activity benefiting the host community, environment and all stakeholders alike.

Ecotourism Landscape Planning in Nature Tourism Park of Buyan – Tamblingan Lakes Tabanan and Buleleng Regency Bali Province

Nature Tourism Park of Buyan – Tamblingan Lakes is an area located in Tabanan and Buleleng Regencies, Bali Province. This area has various tourism potentials such as beautiful twin lake panoramas and pristine forest. Ecotourism is one form of sustainable tourism that pays attention to aspects of conservation, natural interpretation, and education. The purpose of this study is to plan an ecotourism landscape in the Nature Tourism Park of Buyan – Tamblingan Lakes. The benefit of this research is that the community knows the potential of the area and as a consideration for the government in local spatial planning. The analytical method used in this study is spatial analysis to determine land suitability for ecotourism and descriptive analysis to determine the perceptions of visitors regarding Nature Tourism Park of Buyan – Tamblingan Lakes. The results of this study are ecotourism landscape plans in the Nature Tourism Park of Buyan – Tamblingan Lakes which include spatial plans, circulation plans, vegetation plans, activity and facility plans, tour itineraries, carrying capacity plans, and landscape plans. The spatial plan consists of a entrance and service area covering 3.7 ha (0.20%), main tourism space covering 676.5 ha (37.62%), supporting tourism space covering 1.67 ha (0.09%), buffer space covering 549.1 ha (30.53%), and conservation space covering 568.4 ha (31.60%). The circulation plan consists of a primary circulation of 10 298 m, a secondary circulation of 1 614 m, and a tertiary circulation of 13 752 m. Tourism activities developed on the site are activities that are recreational and educational and there are natural conservation values. The concept of vegetation is divided into conservation vegetation, aesthetic vegetation, steering vegetation, and condescendent vegetation. The tour itinerary was developed into three tour packages based on the time of tourist visit. Carrying capacity plans are made to limit the number of tourists to minimize damage to ecotourism areas, maintain the ecological value of the area, and avoid the accumulation of visitors.

MoGeo, a Mobile Application to Promote Geotourism in Molise Region (Southern Italy)

Geotourism represents a powerful and new form of sustainable tourism that has rapidly expanded worldwide over the last decades. To promote it, the use of digital and geomatic tools is becoming of increasing importance. Especially mobile information represents one of the most efficient and smart ways to bring geotourism closer to a wide audience. This applies in particular to rural and inner areas, where the exploitation of geoheritage can represent a crucial resource for eco-friendly and sustainable tourism development. With the aim to promote geotourism on a regional scale, we have implemented a mobile devise application for Molise region, tested in the Alto Molise area. This application, called MoGeo App, aims at providing diversified geotourism information that combines geologic attractions (geosites and geologic itineraries) with other possible tourist attractions (other sites of natural and cultural interest), to respond to differentiated interests and needs of a wide audience. Besides geotourism purposes, the structure of MoGeo App can be used also for other purposes such as educational targets, by adapting contents and language. It appears to be a flexible, easily updatable digital tool, adaptable to various target groups, as well as other regional contexts, both inside and outside of Italy.

Impacts of rural tourism-driven land use change on ecosystems services provision in Erhai Lake Basin, China

Tourism is an expanding activity worldwide, with vital implications for local economies but also for ecosystem management. Rural tourism in particular drives land use change, which results in ecosystem services provision being altered. We performed a comprehensive temporal and spatial assessment of the impact of tourism-driven land use change on ecosystem services and sought to identify tradeoffs between tourism income and provision of multiple ecosystem services in Erhai Lake Basin (ELB), China. The results show that constructed area in ELB, especially in the lakeside zone, increased strongly from 2000 to 2015 due to a tourism boom (in which tourism revenues increased 12-fold), at the expense of farmland, grassland, and forest. With these land changes, ecosystem services also changed greatly, to the detriment of ELB as a whole and especially the lakeside zone. By 2015, soil retention had decreased and nitrogen and soil export had increased, compared with the levels in 2000, while there was only a slight fluctuation in carbon storage and water yield. The nitrogen and soil exports are impairing water quality in Erhai Lake and causing severe environmental problems. This study provides empirical evidence of the important impact of tourism-driven land use change on provision of multiple ecosystem services. For environmentally friendly tourism in ELB and beyond, a form of sustainable tourism should be established. Tourism development and ecosystem services provision should be fully weighed up and considered in future tourism planning and land use management.

Management Practices in Creative Tourism: Narratives by Managers from International Institutions to a More Sustainable Form of Tourism

This article analyses the managerial practices implemented by international organisations that provide platforms for promoting and carrying out creative tourism activities and workshops. The methodology of this research was conducted in four phases. The first phase consisted of Internet-based research to identify organisations involved in creative tourism and 24 institutions were found. In the second phase, we analysed the information provided on the institutions’ websites. In the third phase, we prepared an interview script and sent it to those institutions. We received 12 positive replies and held a semi-structured interview with those managers. In the last phase, the narratives of the interviews were subjected to content analysis. The 12 managers interviewed, between the ages of 35 and 56, belong to public and private entities and lead technical teams. The studied institutions displayed good practices for creative tourism and strategic lines to consolidate this tourist product in the future. This study is pertinent and original because no international study has analysed in detail the management practices implemented by creative tourism platforms and a consistent characterisation of the profile of the creative tourist is yet to be outlined. It can also help institutions involved in creative tourism to better understand the international state of the field in this tourism segment.

Mana Tupuna: Honoring the Ancestors Abroad

The Mana Tupuna Project reimagines the connection between contemporary Rapanui people and the carvings of their ancestors. The inaugural iteration of this multifaceted project focuses on the Mulloy collection in the University Wyoming Museum of Art. By digitally bridging between museum art abroad and people on Rapa Nui, this project reinforces Polynesian language, culture, and values in both local and global settings. Beginning in March 2020, international travel and tourism to Rapa Nui (Easter Island) stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the island was in a state of relative isolation for nearly two and a half years. Resilient and indomitable as ever, the people of Rapa Nui took this time to refocus on traditional farming, fishing, Rapanui language, and cultural revitalization projects. The Mana Tupuna project, which is a collaboration between the Rapa Nui Tour Guides Association, Rapa Nui wood carvers, and the author, explores and assesses colonial discourses, their effects on the art and culture of Rapa Nui, and the possibilities for more sustainable forms of tourism that do not rely solely on people physically visiting the island. The applications that support Mana Tupuna function as language and culture revitalization tools. Educational institutions on Rapa Nui have already begun to use them. These applications re-anchor Rapa Nui wood carvings from the 1950s and 1960s, now residing in the University of Wyoming Art Museum, to the people and places of Rapa Nui via 3D modeling, 360° photography, virtual reality, and the internet. Crucially, the global tourist audience can also access versions of these applications. Wood carvings (moai toromiro), among the first trade goods exchanged between Europeans and the Rapanui, have been a key element of social interactions between the islanders and their visitors since the first Europeans visited the island 300 years ago. This article, which privileges traditional Polynesian cultural values, explores the history of Rapa Nui wood carving and Western views of this tradition.