Sustainable Energy Future Research Articles

A novel nanoparticles spilled-over In2O3 microcubes-enabled sustainable chemiresistor for environmental carbon dioxide monitoring

Achieving sustainable future energy goals includes enhancing renewable energy production, optimizing daily energy consumption using feedback loops and minimizing/monitoring contributions to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Developing economic next-generation CO2 sensors enables local monitoring of industrial CO2 emissions, aiding energy management and climate monitoring. This study elucidates the efficacy of CO2 chemiresistor based on indium oxide (In2O3) micro cubes with spilled-over nanoparticles. The investigation primarily focuses on fabricating and optimising In2O3-based CO2 chemiresistors utilizing a hydrothermal technique, creating porous micro cubes essential for enhanced CO2 monitoring. As revealed by various characterization techniques, the minimum crystallite size was found to be 24.92 nm with optimum porosity and a high surface-to-volume ratio comprising spilled-over nanoparticle morphology. The fabricated chemiresistor demonstrated excellent CO2 sensing efficacy with a maximum response of around 4.1% at room temperature with selectivity, repeatability, and reversible sensing behavior. The sensing mechanism has been revealed, which is supported by theoretical density functional theory evaluations. Notably, the sensing results reveal the capability of In2O3-based sensors to detect CO2 at low concentrations as low as ⩽10 ppm, which enables the chemiresistor for practical implementation in diverse sectors to achieve sustainability.

Cobalt Nanoparticles Supported Active Carbon from Chitosan Biopolymer Using Thermal Method: Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrogen Production

AbstractActivated carbon based Cobalt nanoparticles (Co@AC NPs), considered in the context of hydrogen energy, which is a renewable and sustainable energy, were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and their catalytic activities were tested. For this, hydrogen production tests were carried out with the help of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) methanolysis of Co@AC NPs synthesized by the thermal method. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transmission spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization tests were performed. According to the TEM characterization result, it has been observed that the NPs have a spherical shape and an average size of 2.52 ± 0.92 nm. Then, using the catalytic studies, it was observed that hydrogen production’s reusability is found to be 86% . The activation energy (Ea), enthalpy (∆H), and entropy (∆S) values were found to be 20.28 kJ⋅mol−1, 17.74 kJ⋅mol−1, and −125.97 J⋅mol−1 K−1, respectively. The obtained values have yielded excellent results and guide future sustainable and renewable hydrogen energy studies by reducing costs, ensuring environmental sustainability by avoiding the formation of undesirable by-products, and producing hydrogen from NaBH4 through its high catalytic properties.

Towards a Sustainable Energy Future in Kosovo – Balancing Development, Environmental Concerns and Renewable Solutions

Towards a Sustainable Energy Future in Kosovo – Balancing Development, Environmental Concerns and Renewable Solutions

A comprehensive analysis of real options in solar photovoltaic projects: A cluster-based approach

Solar photovoltaic (PV) projects are pivotal in addressing climate change and fostering a sustainable energy future. However, the complex landscape of renewable energy investments, characterized by high upfront costs, market uncertainties, and evolving technologies, demands innovative evaluation methods. The Real Options Approach has emerged as a powerful tool, offering strategic flexibility in decision-making under uncertainty. This paper comprehensively analyzes the application of real options for evaluating solar photovoltaic projects in 2008–2023. Analysis of document descriptors (author keywords, index keywords, and noun phrases extracted from titles and abstracts) reveals that the dominant research topics in the last ten years (2014–2023) include investment optimization, strategic analysis, energy policy, optimization of energy generation and investments in wind energy. These descriptors are used to analyze the evolution of research interests on a two-year basis and reveal the yearly evolution of the research topics. Finally, the concept of emergence is used to unveil emerging research trends, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the renewable energy sector. Ultimately, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of how real options analysis empowers decision-makers to make informed choices in advancing clean and sustainable energy solutions.

The Potential of matoa seeds (Pometia pinnata) as a biodiesel raw material

Abstract Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst) is an origin species from Papua, widely cultivated around Indonesia. Matoa seeds have gained attention because of their fatty acid content, which can be used as a biodiesel raw material. This study aims to determine the quality of manta seeds as an alternative biodiesel development in Indonesia. Oil extraction used the Soxhlet method and then tested based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results showed that the yield oil of mature seeds was 22,37%. In contrast, the quality of matoa seed oil was based on colour (ASTM D 1500), kinematic viscosity at 40°C (ASTM D 445), pour point (ASTM D 97), and water content had met the SNI standard in the other side, the specific gravity (ASTM D 1298) and cloud point (ASTM D 97) were below the SNI standard. Based on the results, matoa seeds oil can be used as biodiesel raw material for future sustainable energy but needs further development.

A Sustainable Energy Future: Leveraging the Potential of Smart Energy Systems

A Sustainable Energy Future: Leveraging the Potential of Smart Energy Systems

Towards a sustainable energy future: Modeling Morocco’s transition to renewable power with enhanced OSeMOSYS model

Developing countries encounter numerous challenges, such as limited access to reliable electricity and a heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels. To satisfy the rising energy demand, which is essential for economic growth, these regions are shifting towards sustainable energy solutions. Solar and wind power have emerged as key and secure energy sources. This research develops an enhanced OSeMOSYS energy system model to examine long-term energy supply strategies, using Morocco as a case study. The proposed model addresses the specific needs of decision-makers in developing countries, enabling the achievement of renewable energy targets and optimal temporal resolution. A baseline and three alternative scenarios were developed, exploring both a restructuring plan to address existing gaps and a forward-looking policy targeting nearly 100 % renewable energy. These scenarios are assessed in terms of installed capacity, generation mix, investment costs, variable and fixed costs, storage capacity utilization, and carbon emissions. The results indicate that a 92 % integration rate for renewables is feasible at an additional cost of $32 billion, thanks to new energy efficiency measures reducing demand by 15 % between 2030 and 2050 compared to baseline forecasts. Furthermore, an ambitious energy strategy by 2050 could achieve the lowest emissions rate of 0.29 Mt, paving the way for complete decarbonization. Technologically, investment in pumped-storage hydroelectric plants is the most viable backup option for a country dependent on natural gas imports. Our findings emphasize that a diversified energy mix and robust energy efficiency plans are essential for a rapid and feasible transition of the country’s energy system. This paper offers an enhanced energy model to help decision-makers in developing countries set targets on the share of renewables in total installed capacity, thereby increasing their integration rate at minimal additional cost.

Embracing the sustainable horizons through bioenergy innovations: a path to a sustainable energy future.

The urgent need for mitigating climate change necessitates a transformative shift in energy production and consumption paradigms. Amidst this challenge, bioenergy emerges as a pivotal contributor to the global energy transition, offering a diverse array of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels derived from biomass. This mini review delves into the unique potential of bioenergy innovations, particularly renewable diesel, bio jet fuel, and ethanol, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transform various industries. The article highlights critical technological advancements, supportive policies, and cross-sector collaboration essential for a sustainable energy transition. Specific challenges such as ensuring a consistent biomass feedstock supply, decentralizing processing units, and navigating complex regulatory frameworks are examined. Innovative solutions like decentralized biomass processing and enhanced biomass logistics are discussed as pathways to overcome these barriers. The review provides specific recommendations for near-term policies and strategies to support decentralized facilities, showcasing bioenergy's role in achieving a sustainable future.

Optimization of microgrid operations using renewable energy sources

Microgrids, comprising localized energy systems capable of operating independently or in conjunction with the main grid, are increasingly being recognized as vital components of modern energy infrastructure. The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into microgrids offers significant potential for enhancing operational efficiency, sustainability, and resilience. This paper presents an overview of recent advancements and methodologies for optimizing microgrid operations utilizing renewable energy sources. The optimization of microgrid operations involves the strategic coordination and management of diverse energy resources, including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and energy storage systems (ESS). Key objectives include minimizing operational costs, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, ensuring reliable power supply, and maintaining system stability. Advanced optimization techniques, such as model predictive control (MPC), mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), and heuristic algorithms, play a crucial role in achieving these objectives by enabling the dynamic adjustment of energy generation and distribution in response to real-time conditions. A critical aspect of microgrid optimization is the accurate forecasting of renewable energy generation and load demand. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have been effectively employed to enhance prediction accuracy, thereby improving decision-making processes. Furthermore, the integration of ESS, such as batteries and flywheels, helps to address the intermittency of RES, providing a buffer that can store excess energy during periods of high generation and release it during peak demand. The implementation of demand response (DR) strategies within microgrids further contributes to optimization efforts. By incentivizing consumers to adjust their energy usage patterns in response to price signals or grid needs, DR programs help to balance supply and demand, reduce peak loads, and enhance overall grid reliability. Case studies and field implementations demonstrate the practical benefits of optimized microgrid operations. For instance, microgrids incorporating high shares of RES have been shown to achieve significant cost savings, improved energy security, and reduced environmental impacts. These successes underline the importance of ongoing research and development in optimization techniques and the need for supportive policy frameworks to facilitate the broader adoption of microgrids. In conclusion, optimizing microgrid operations using renewable energy sources presents a promising pathway toward a more sustainable and resilient energy future. Continued advancements in optimization algorithms, predictive analytics, and integrated system design are essential for unlocking the full potential of microgrids, ensuring they can effectively meet the evolving energy demands and environmental challenges of the 21st century. Keywords: Optimization, Microgrid, Operations, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources.

Project management tools in renewable energy integration: A review of U.S. perspectives

The integration of renewable energy into the U.S. electricity grid is a multifaceted challenge that demands innovative project management approaches. This review article explores the current landscape of renewable energy integration in the United States, emphasizing the diversity of renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. It examines the state of integration, highlighting significant progress and persistent challenges, particularly in grid stability, regional variations, and regulatory frameworks. Key stakeholders, including federal and state agencies, utilities, independent power producers, and advocacy organizations, play pivotal roles in shaping the renewable energy sector. The article delves into the critical importance of project management, outlining how effective coordination, risk mitigation, and performance optimization are essential for successful project execution. Various tools and techniques, including advanced analytics, agile methodologies, and stakeholder engagement strategies, are analyzed for their effectiveness in navigating the complexities of renewable energy projects. The review also addresses the emerging trends and innovations in project management, such as the adoption of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and sustainability-focused frameworks, which are poised to revolutionize the sector. It concludes with practical recommendations for project managers, emphasizing the need for flexibility, technological awareness, stakeholder collaboration, and data-driven decision-making to overcome challenges and drive the transition to a sustainable energy future. By providing a comprehensive overview and actionable insights, this article aims to equip project managers and stakeholders with the knowledge needed to successfully integrate renewable energy into the U.S. grid, thereby contributing to the nation's goal of a resilient and sustainable energy system. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Project Management, Grid Integration, Stakeholder Engagement, Sustainability, Technological Advancements, Energy Transition, Review.

Advancing Sustainable Power: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies and Strategies for Green Electricity Production.

The transition to sustainable energy systems is essential to address global environmental challenges, with green electricity production playing a crucial role. This comprehensive review examines the advancements in green electricity production technologies, focusing on solar, wind, biomass, and hydroelectric power. By exploring the efficiency, cost trends, adoption rates, and environmental impacts of these technologies, the review highlights their potential to transform the energy landscape. Solar PV and wind energy have seen substantial improvements in efficiency and cost reduction, while biomass and hydroelectric power offer valuable contributions to a diversified renewable energy portfolio. Despite the challenges, ongoing research and innovation are driving the adoption and integration of these technologies, paving the way for a sustainable and resilient energy future. The findings underscore the importance of leveraging a multifaceted approach to green electricity production, emphasizing the need for continued advancements and strategic integration of renewable energy sources.

Comprehensive analysis of integrating smart grids with renewable energy sources: Technological advancements, economic impacts, and policy frameworks

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of integrating smart grids with renewable energy sources, focusing on technological advancements, economic impacts, and policy frameworks. The primary objective is to explore how smart grid technologies can efficiently incorporate renewable energy sources, thereby enhancing grid reliability, efficiency, and sustainability. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, the study examines successful case studies, pilot projects, and innovative practices that highlight the potential and challenges of this integration. Key findings reveal that advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain are crucial for the real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimized management of energy systems. These technologies address the inherent variability and intermittency of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Case studies, including the Brooklyn Microgrid and Germany’s Energiewende, demonstrate significant improvements in energy resilience, efficiency, and consumer empowerment through decentralized energy systems. Economic analysis underscores the dual impact of cost savings from operational efficiencies and the financial challenges posed by substantial upfront investments in smart grid infrastructure. Policy frameworks play a pivotal role, with recommendations for supportive regulatory policies, increased funding for research and development, and enhanced public-private partnerships to drive innovation and consumer engagement. The study concludes that overcoming the technical, economic, and regulatory barriers requires coordinated efforts among stakeholders. Recommendations include developing consistent regulatory frameworks, fostering public-private partnerships, and implementing educational programs to encourage consumer participation in renewable energy initiatives. By addressing these challenges, the integration of smart grids with renewable energy sources can pave the way for a more sustainable, resilient, and efficient energy future. Keywords: Smart Grids, Renewable Energy Integration, Technological Advancements, Economic Impacts, Policy Frameworks, Grid Management Innovations.

Demand side management through energy efficiency measures for the sustainable energy future of Pakistan

Pakistan is facing energy crises due to localized shortages, market manipulation, infrastructure disruption, rising demand, governance issues, climate and geopolitical events. In this situation Demand Side Management (DSM) is a promising solution to overcome the problem of energy crises. DSM strategy helps to manage consumer demand through energy conservation rather than to addition of new power capacity. In this study, Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) develops an energy model for Pakistan for the period 2022–2050. Three scenarios has been to constructed namely Baseline (BAS), Green Energy Policy (GEP), and Energy Efficiency (ENE) to predict the future energy demand, production, carbon emissions and the investment cost which covers capital, operational and maintenance costs. The model results suggest that DSM targets should be achieved through the implementation of ENE scenario. Predicted energy production and consumption under the ENE scenario are substantially less than those under the BAS scenario. The country can meet its 635.83,000 GWh energy demand with its 747.15,000 GWh energy production. Non-renewable sources produce 171.27,000 GWh, whilst renewable sources produce 575.88,000 GWh. According to this scenario, by 2050, CO2 emissions will be produced around 93.16 million metric tons, requiring an investment cost of $46.80 billion for building new power capacity. The study provides a roadmap with a suggestive optimal balance between energy saving with DSM approach and utilizing renewable energy production to meet energy demand for different sectors of the economy.

Phased transition from methane to hydrogen in internal combustion engines: Utilizing hythane and direct injection jet ignition for enhanced efficiency and reduced emissions

A strategic pathway to decarbonizing internal combustion engines and advancing toward sustainable energy includes the transition from conventional fuels to methane combustion, followed by methane-hydrogen mixtures, and ultimately to hydrogen-only combustion. This progression leverages the miscibility of hydrogen and methane, enabling the use of Hythane, a fuel blend that combines the advantages of both gases. Methane's widespread availability and existing infrastructure facilitate a cost-effective transition, while its combustion produces lower emissions compared to gasoline and diesel. Hydrogen's high reactivity and clean combustion properties enhance engine efficiency and reduce emissions, making it a crucial component in this phased transition. Challenges in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion of CH₄-H₂ mixtures, such as controlling ignition timing and managing stable combustion, are addressed by the direct injection jet ignition (DIJI) technique. DIJI creates stratified air-fuel mixtures that ensure rapid and complete combustion, minimizing quenching and reducing heat losses. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the combustion properties of methane and hydrogen, the benefits of phasing the transition with the availability of green hydrogen, and the technical challenges and solutions in developing HCCI and DIJI combustion systems for Hythane. The research underscores the potential of DIJI to enhance engine performance, efficiency, and emissions control, paving the way for a sustainable energy future in transportation.

Harnessing the potential of agriculture biomass: reuse, transformation and applications in energy and environment.

Biomass, an organic matter, has gained worldwide attention due to the overconsumption of fossil fuels. Biomass has emerged as a new alternative resource with implications for efficient energy production, environmental benefits and socio-economic impacts. According to the World Bioenergy Association, biomass has accounted for 14% of the energy supply in 2016 and is expected to provide 44% of the energy demand by 2030. This literary endeavour comprises insights into past developments, including biomass types, characterization methods and conversion technologies. This review article aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of agriculture biomass utilization and its significance in achieving sustainable development goals by analysing the latest research findings. Moreover, the emerging role of biosensors in optimizing biomass utilization and monitoring environmental impacts has been documented. The scope embraces the vast realm of bioenergy production, environmental mitigation and the generation of valuable by-products. In conclusion, portraying biomass conversion technologies as the transition towards cleaner, renewable energy, the potential benefits and challenges extend beyond energy production, encompassing effective agricultural residue management and the creation of valuable by-products. This review will guide the researchers and stakeholders towards a deeper understanding of the transformative potential embedded in biomass conversion processes for a sustainable and cleaner energy future.

Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Solid-State Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries, with notable advantages in safety, energy density, and longevity, yet the environmental implications of their life cycle, from manufacturing to disposal, remain a critical concern. This review examines the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life management of SSBs, starting with the extraction and processing of raw materials, and highlights significant natural resource consumption, energy use, and emissions. A comparative analysis with traditional battery manufacturing underscores the environmental hazards of novel materials specific to SSBs. The review also assesses the operational environmental impact of SSBs by evaluating their energy efficiency and carbon footprint in comparison to conventional batteries, followed by an exploration of end-of-life challenges, including disposal risks, regulatory frameworks, and the shortcomings of existing waste management practices. A significant focus is placed on recycling and reuse strategies, reviewing current methodologies like mechanical, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes, along with emerging technologies that aim to overcome recycling barriers, while also analyzing the economic and technological challenges of these processes. Additionally, real-world case studies are presented, serving as benchmarks for best practices and highlighting lessons learned in the field. In conclusion, the paper identifies research gaps and future directions for reducing the environmental footprint of SSBs, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance sustainable SSB technologies and contribute to balancing technological advancements with environmental stewardship, thereby supporting the transition to a more sustainable energy future.

Advancing Renewable Energy Forecasting: A Comprehensive Review of Renewable Energy Forecasting Methods

Socioeconomic growth and population increase are driving a constant global demand for energy. Renewable energy is emerging as a leading solution to minimise the use of fossil fuels. However, renewable resources are characterised by significant intermittency and unpredictability, which impact their energy production and integration into the power grid. Forecasting models are increasingly being developed to address these challenges and have become crucial as renewable energy sources are integrated in energy systems. In this paper, a comparative analysis of forecasting methods for renewable energy production is developed, focusing on photovoltaic and wind power. A review of state-of-the-art techniques is conducted to synthesise and categorise different forecasting models, taking into account climatic variables, optimisation algorithms, pre-processing techniques, and various forecasting horizons. By integrating diverse techniques such as optimisation algorithms and pre-processing methods and carefully selecting the forecast horizon, it is possible to highlight the accuracy and stability of forecasts. Overall, the ongoing development and refinement of forecasting methods are crucial to achieve a sustainable and reliable energy future.

Efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation and desalination using simple, salt-resistant, carbon nanotube-based Janus evaporators

Desalination technology is an effective solution for global freshwater crisis, but conventional methods usually consume fossil energy. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation desalination offers a promising solution to address freshwater scarcity and energy crisis. Its key feature is that the solar absorber is at interface between seawater and air above, where localized heating generates vapor. However, there remains crucial challenges in designing evaporators that are simple to prepare, salt-resistant, stable, and highly efficient in evaporation. Janus evaporators in this study demonstrates superior performance compared to other carbon nanotube-based evaporators reported in current literature, particularly in terms of evaporation and salt resistance. In-laboratory experimental results showed the evaporation rate of deionized water was 2.49 kg m−2 h−1 and the energy conversion efficiency was 91 % under 1 kW m−2. Furthermore, evaporators exhibited excellent salt resistance performance, with evaporation rates of 2.0 and 1.9 kg m−2 h−1 in Bohai seawater and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, respectively. Additionally, salt crystals formed during the evaporation with salinity higher than 15 wt% for continuous 12 h could be self-cleaned in absence of light. In outdoor environments, a simple device based Janus evaporator also exhibited good desalination performance. Overall, this study indicates great potential of Janus evaporators for future sustainable energy applications in solar desalination.

Role of Rule of Law in the Renewal Energy Transition in Saudi Arabia: A Review and Analysis

The effectiveness of the rule of law and general institutional quality are critical for encouraging Renewable Energy Consumption (REC), which facilitates the Renewable Energy Transition (RET). This concept is empirically tested in Saudi Arabia, using data spanning 1996–2022. Our findings show that there are substantial long- and short-term correlations within the model, demonstrating a positive association between RET and all evaluated variables of institutional quality. The long-term favorable impact of the rule of law is also remarkable, implying that reforms in legal and regulatory frameworks could result in an instant boost in RET. Similarly, control of corruption, as well as voice and accountability, have positive long- and short-term impacts. However, our data shows that economic growth has no substantial impact on RET. As a result, we urge that the Saudi economy emphasize efforts to improve institutional quality as a means of advancing the Renewable Energy Transition agenda. Strengthening the rule of law, reducing corruption, and increasing voice and accountability procedures can all contribute to the development of renewable energy in Saudi Arabia, propelling the country toward a more sustainable energy future. Received: 14 February 2024 / Accepted: 30 April 2024 / Published: 02 July 2024

Competitive Analysis at the Cournot-Nash Equilibrium of an Interconnected Network

The electric power network has long been subject to monopolization, encompassing production, transportation, and distribution sectors. However, recent liberalization efforts have introduced competition into the electricity market. To understand and manage this competition, game theory, a prominent tool in economics, is frequently employed. Specifically, competition within the electricity market has been analyzed through various game-theoretical models, including Bertrand's atomicity, Cournot's homogeneity, and Nash's research competition. These models aim to achieve the Cournot-Nash equilibrium, where each participant in the market makes optimal decisions given the strategies of others. To effectively allocate production and ensure a balance between supply and demand, as well as to maintain the stability of the interconnected network, one has adopted a method that combines Load Flow techniques with game theory principles. This hybrid approach enables a strategic distribution of power production, taking into account the competitive dynamics of the market. By integrating these methodologies, one can address the complexities of competition while ensuring efficient and stable operation of the power grid. This innovative approach not only enhances the management of electricity production and distribution but also fosters a more competitive and resilient power network. Moreover, the application of game theory in this context allows for a deeper understanding of strategic interactions among market participants. It helps in predicting behaviors, formulating strategies, and anticipating market changes, thus providing a robust framework for decision-making. This is particularly crucial in a liberalized market where multiple entities vie for market share and profitability. By employing game-theoretical insights, one can simulate various market scenarios, optimize resource allocation, and enhance overall market efficiency. Furthermore, this approach supports the integration of renewable energy sources by ensuring that their variable nature is accommodated within the grid's operational dynamics. In summary, the intersection of game theory and load flow methods offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges posed by a competitive electricity market, paving the way for a sustainable and efficient energy future.