Suspension Types Research Articles

Study of the micro-pin fin heat sink with MEPCM suspension and different types of PCMs: A Comparative Study

In this paper used a microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) suspension and phase change materials (PCMs) in a micro-pin fin heat sink (MPFHS) with three types of fins (circular, triangular and square) are Numerically investigated. The MEPCM suspension used consists of microcapsules composed of PCMs n-octadecane and RT44, and shell materials used poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and poly-alpha-olefin (PAO). This capsules are suspended in different pure fluids pure oil, pure water and ethylene-glycol at a concentration of (0-20)%. Also, the phase change materials (PCMs) used represented by n-octadecane and RT44. The results obtained display that used MEPCM suspensions as a coolant fluid in micro-pin fin heat sinks in place of pure fluid leads to improved cooling performance of micro-pin fin heat sinks compared with used phase change materials (PCMs) only. Also, unfinned heat sink gives lower pressure drop and high rate of heat transfer coefficient compared with all types of fins used.

Insulator Extraction from UAV LiDAR Point Cloud Based on Multi-Type and Multi-Scale Feature Histogram

Insulators are key components to ensure the normal operation of power facilities in transmission corridors. Existing insulator identification methods mainly use image data and lack the acquisition of three-dimensional information. This paper proposes an efficient insulator extraction method based on UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) LiDAR (light detection and ranging) point cloud, using five histogram features: horizontal density (HD), horizontal void (HV), horizontal width (HW), vertical width (VW) and vertical void (VV). Firstly, a voxel-based method is employed to roughly extract power lines and pylons from the original point cloud. Secondly, the VV histogram is used to categorize the pylons into suspension and tension types, and the HD histogram is used to locate the tower crossarm and further refine the roughly extracted powerlines. Then, for the suspension tower, insulators are segmented based on the HV histogram and HD difference histogram. For the tension tower, the HW histogram is used to recognize the jumper conductor (JC) and transmission conductor (TC) from the power line. The HW histogram and VW histogram are used to extract the tension insulator in the TC and suspension insulator in the JC, respectively. Finally, considering the problem of setting a suitable grid width when constructing the feature histogram, an adaptive method of multi-scale histograms is proposed to refine the extraction result. Two 220 kV long transmission lines are used for the validation, and the overall object-based accuracy for suspension and tension towers are 100% and 97.3%, respectively. Compared with the point feature-based method, the mean F1 score of the proposed method improved by 0.3, and the runtime for each tower is within 2 s.

Optimal Design and Performance Evaluation of HMDV Inertial Suspension Based on Generalized Skyhook Control

The hub motor driven vehicle (HMDV), due to the increase in unsprung mass and the influence of uneven electromagnetic radial forces from road excitations, results in the deterioration of body acceleration, significantly impacting ride comfort. This seriously impacts ride comfort. However, the inerter proves effective in reducing low-frequency vibrations in body acceleration, and skyhook control significantly enhances ride comfort. To fully exploit the benefits of the inerter, comprehensively elevate skyhook control performance, and effectively counteract the worsening of body acceleration caused by the hub motor, this study integrates skyhook control with an inertial suspension system. This integration markedly improves the suspension’s low-frequency isolation performance, thereby substantially enhancing vehicle ride comfort. Firstly, establish a quarter-vehicle dynamics suspension model based on the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) driven wheel motor system. Subsequently, confirm the constraints of two different generalized skyhook inertial suspension structures separately and optimize their parameters to determine the most suitable parameters for each structure. Finally, analyze the impact of these two suspension types on body acceleration to derive the optimal structure. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared to traditional suspensions, the optimized generalized skyhook inertial suspensions reduce the Root Mean Square (RMS) values of body acceleration and suspension working space by 18.8% and 22%, respectively. This reduction is particularly significant in the 0[Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]Hz frequency range, effectively enhancing ride comfort. It also adequately validates the effective utilization of the advantages of inertial suspensions and skyhook control.

Automobile Suspension Prediction Model Based on Neural Network and Grey Neural Network

Vehicle Vibration is a major issue in automobile industry which hinders the stability of the vehicle and also adds to the discomfort levels of the passengers. The proposed work models a suspension prediction system using a combination of both Neural Network and Grey Neural Network for more efficient predictions. The research was divided into three stages. First stage is to develop a hardware to acquire the vibrational acceleration data of the test vehicle at different suspension types and road types. The data acquired was then used to train the designed neural model which was the stage two of the project. The final stage consisted of testing the prediction model by acquiring dynamic data with unknown parameters including the road type and the suspension tune settings. The research is effectively efficient to predict suspension tune settings for a vehicle traveling on dynamic road conditions with very little mean absolute percentage error. The training, learning, and the testing of the prediction model was done on a real-time system. The real-time vibration prediction model allows easy suspension tunings and improved drive experience for both the driver and the passenger. The incorporation of machine learning allows the reduction of MAPE thus, producing highly efficient results.

Exploration of the Mechanisms of Differential Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Dedifferentiated and Cambial Meristematic Cells of Catharanthus roseus Using Transcriptome Sequencing.

Catharanthus roseus produces terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) of high medicinal importance. The current research focuses on finding an efficient production system such as cell suspension cultures for high TIA concentrations. Catharanthus roseus cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) offer multiple advantages over dedifferentiated cells (DDCs) regarding growth, homogeneity, and shear resistance. Our lab has established a CMC culture system induced by C. roseus cambium. We determined the concentrations of TIAs in CMCs and DDCs. CMCs produced significantly higher concentrations of total alkaloids, vindoline, vinblastine, catharanthine, and ajmalicine as compared to DDCs. We then performed Illumina HiSeq transcriptome sequencing of CMCs and DDCs and explored the differential transcriptomic signatures. Of the 96,004 unigenes, 9,564 were differentially expressed between the 2 cell suspension types. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in 137 KEGG pathways. Most importantly, genes from the indole alkaloid biosynthesis and the upstream pathways i.e., tryptophan metabolism, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis showed differential transcriptomic signatures. Remarkably, the expression of genes associated with plant hormone biosynthesis, signaling, and MAPK signaling pathways was relatable to the different TIA concentrations in CMCs and DDCs. These results put forward multiple target genes, transcription factors, and regulators to develop a large-scale TIA production system using C. roseus CMCs.

Schooling Levels and School Discipline: Examining the Variation in Disciplinary Infractions and Consequences Across Elementary, Middle, and High Schools

School discipline is a significant problem of practice and policy. The differences in disciplinary patterns across schooling levels have received relatively little attention. This study examines the differences in disciplinary infractions and consequences across elementary, middle, and high schools. The results illustrate there are important variations in students’ disciplinary experiences across elementary, middle and high schools. In elementary schools, there is low overall prevalence of out of school suspension (OSS) yet disparities in OSS exist, especially for Black students and students with disabilities (SWDs). In middle and high schools, there is high overall prevalence of both in-school suspension (ISS) and OSS. The Black OSS and ISS risk indices as well as Black-White disparities in OSS and ISS are highest in middle schools. Differential processing (receiving harsher consequences for similar infractions) also varies across suspension types and schooling levels. In high schools, female students are more likely to receive an OSS for subjective offenses, whereas male students are more likely to receive an OSS for attendance-related offenses. Similar to elementary schools, there is differential processing of subjective offenses for SWDs in high schools. Scholarly and policy implications are discussed.

Sent out or sent home: understanding racial disparities across suspension types from critical race theory and quantcrit perspectives

ABSTRACT Although in-school suspensions may be viewed as less severe than out-of-school suspensions, both discipline consequences limit students’ access to learning opportunities and are negatively associated with a range of educational outcomes. Moreover, if sending students out of class perpetuates the same racial disparities as sending them home, this practice does not realize the equity goals of discipline reforms over the last decade. Our study draws on Critical Race Theory and QuantCrit to understand racial discipline gaps across in-school and out-of-school suspensions using data from students and schools in one large district. Results of multilevel regression models indicate similar racial disparities in both suspension types, suggesting neither approach is equitable. These findings illustrate the limits of race-neutral policies in mitigating exclusionary discipline gaps. Addressing the thorny issues that contribute to racial disparities will likely require greater resources for high quality implementation of school-wide culture change initiatives that are explicitly anti-racist.

Multi-Objective Optimisation of Tyre and Suspension Parameters during Cornering for Different Road Roughness Profiles

Effective emission control technologies and novel propulsion systems have been developed for road vehicles, decreasing exhaust particle emissions. However, work has to be done on non-exhaust traffic related sources such as tyre–road interaction and tyre wear. Given that both are inevitable in road vehicles, efforts for assessing and minimising tyre wear should be considered. The amount of tyre wear is because of internal (tyre structure, manufacturing, etc.) and external (suspension configuration, speed, road surface, etc.) factors. In this work, the emphasis is on the optimisation of such parameters for minimising tyre wear, but also enhancing occupant’s comfort and improving vehicle handling. In addition to the search for the optimum parameters, the optimisation is also used as a tool to identify and highlight potential trade-offs between the objectives and the various design parameters. Hence, initially, the tyre design (based on some chosen tyre parameters) is optimised with regards to the above-mentioned objectives, for a vehicle while cornering over both Class A and B road roughness profiles. Afterwards, an optimal solution is sought between the Pareto alternatives provided by the two road cases, in order for the tyre wear levels to be less affected under different road profiles. Therefore, it is required that the tyre parameters are as close possible and that they provide similar tyre wear in both road cases. Then, the identified tyre design is adopted and the optimum suspension design is sought for the two road cases for both passive and semi-active suspension types. From the results, significant conclusions regarding how tyre wear behaves with regards to passenger comfort and vehicle handling are extracted, while the results illustrate where the optimum suspension and tyre parameters have converged trying to compromise among the above objectives under different road types and how suspension types, passive and semi-active, could compromise among all of them more optimally.

Syntax and models of Cartesian cubical type theory

AbstractWe present a cubical type theory based on the Cartesian cube category (faces, degeneracies, symmetries, diagonals, but no connections or reversal) with univalent universes, each containing Π, Σ, path, identity, natural number, boolean, suspension, and glue (equivalence extension) types. The type theory includes a syntactic description of a uniform Kan operation, along with judgmental equality rules defining the Kan operation on each type. The Kan operation uses both a different set of generating trivial cofibrations and a different set of generating cofibrations than the Cohen, Coquand, Huber, and Mörtberg (CCHM) model. Next, we describe a constructive model of this type theory in Cartesian cubical sets. We give a mechanized proof, using Agda as the internal language of cubical sets in the style introduced by Orton and Pitts, that glue, Π, Σ, path, identity, boolean, natural number, suspension types, and the universe itself are Kan in this model, and that the universe is univalent. An advantage of this formal approach is that our construction can also be interpreted in a range of other models, including cubical sets on the connections cube category and the De Morgan cube category, as used in the CCHM model, and bicubical sets, as used in directed type theory.

The effects of different seat suspension types on occupants' physiologic responses and task performance: implications for autonomous and conventional vehicles

This study evaluated whole body vibration (WBV), non-driving task performance, muscle activity, and self-reported discomfort and motion sickness between different seat suspension systems in a simulated vehicle environment. In a repeated-measures laboratory experiment where field-measured 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) passenger vehicle vibration was replicated on a 6-DOF motion platform, we measured WBV, non-driving task (pointing, typing, web-browsing, and reading) performance, low back (erector spinae), shoulders (trapezius) and neck (splenius capitis and sternocleido-mastoid) muscle activity, and self-reported discomfort and motion sickness from three different seats: a vertical (z-axis) active suspension, multi-axial active suspension [vertical (z-axis) + lateral (y-axis)], and a static suspension-less seat (current seat type in all passenger cars). Both the vertical and multi-axial active suspension seats significantly reduced the vertical WBV exposure (p < 0.0001). However, no significant differences were found in non-driving task performance (p > 0.30), muscle activity (p > 0.22), self-reported discomfort (p > 0.07), and motion sickness (p = 0.53) across three different seats. These findings indicate that the active suspension seats may have potential to future reduce the vertical and total WBV exposures, respectively. However, none of the suspension seats demonstrate any significant benefits on the non-driving task performance, muscle activity, self-reported discomfort and motion sickness measures in a simulated vehicle environment.

Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Various Active Suspension Alternatives for Superior Ride Comfort and Utilization of Autonomous Vehicles

Abstract Autonomous vehicles (AVs) give the driver opportunity to engage in productive or pleasure-related activities, which will increase AV’s utility and value. It is anticipated that many AVs will be equipped with active suspension extended with road disturbance preview capability to provide the necessary superior ride comfort resulting in almost steady work or play platform. This article deals with assessing the benefits of introducing various active suspensions and related linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controls in terms of improving the work/leisure ability. The study relies on high-performance shaker rig-based tests of a group of 44 drivers involved in reading/writing, drawing, and subjective ride comfort rating tasks. The test results indicate that there is a threshold of root-mean-square vertical acceleration, below which the task execution performance is similar to that corresponding to standstill conditions. For the given, relatively harsh road disturbance profile, only the fully active suspension with road preview control can suppress the vertical acceleration below the above critical superior comfort threshold. However, when adding an active seat suspension, the range of chassis suspension types for superior ride comfort is substantially extended and can include semi-active suspension and even passive suspension in some extreme cases that can, however, lead to excessive relative motion between the seat and the vehicle floor. The design requirements gained through simulation analysis, and extended with cost and packaging requirements related to passenger car applications, have guided design of two active seat suspension concepts applicable to the shaker rig and production vehicles.

Direct and high-throughput assays for human cell killing through trogocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebiasis. Pathogenesis is associated with profound damage to human tissues. We previously showed that amoebae kill human cells through trogocytosis. Trogocytosis is likely to underlie tissue damage during infection, although the mechanism is still unknown. Trogocytosis is difficult to assay quantitatively, which makes it difficult to study. Here, we developed two new, complementary assays to measure trogocytosis by quantifying human cell death. One assay uses CellTiterGlo, a luminescent readout for ATP, as a proxy for cell death. We found that the CellTiterGlo could be used to detect death of human cells after co-incubation with amoebae, and that it was sensitive to inhibition of actin or the amoeba surface Gal/GalNAc lectin, two conditions that are known to inhibit amoebic trogocytosis. The other assay uses two fluorescent nuclear stains to directly differentiate live and dead human cells by microscopy, and is also sensitive to inhibition of amoebic trogocytosis through interference with actin. Both assays are simple and inexpensive, can be used with suspension and adherent human cell types, and are amenable to high-throughput approaches. These new assays are tools to improve understanding of trogocytosis and amoebiasis pathogenesis.

Rheological analysis of nitrate molten salts with suspended particles for solar thermal plants

Binary alkali nitrate molten salts are currently the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and thermal energy storage (TES) media of choice in commercial solar thermal energy (STE) power plants. This paper studies the rheological properties of binary alkali nitrate molten salts containing two distinct classes of suspended particles with unique practical applications and dynamics. Phase change salt slurries (liquid/solid suspensions) can appear during plant start-up after local freezing in pipes. Molten salt-nanoparticle suspensions are being proposed in the literature as an advanced HTF with enhanced properties. The phase change slurries were analyzed by rheological measurement of off-eutectic salt mixtures at sub-liquidus temperatures combined with determination of solid fraction through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) testing in a novel approach. Molten salts with a range of silica nanoparticle loadings were also studied in the rheometer. Both suspension types exhibit non-Newtonian, shear thinning behavior, with a dramatic increase in viscosity compared to the base fluid. Additionally, both suspension types show that measured viscosity depends on the shear history, but the trends in viscosity with shear history differs between the two systems. The increase in viscosity with solid volume fraction of the nanofluid is significantly higher than that of a partially-crystallized salt slurry at a given volume fraction. Particle aggregation, particle/cluster aspect ratio, cluster breakage and restructuring are considered as determining factors in the observed rheological behavior. Deviations from classical effective medium theories of well-dispersed systems are discussed. Differing trends suggest that unique physical phenomena govern the rheological behaviors of the molten salt mixtures with different suspended solid particles. Thus, engineers and scientists must exercise caution when extrapolating rheological results to unique applications. • Molten salt slurries and nanoparticle suspensions are investigated experimentally. • Rheology and calorimetry are combined to determine the viscosity dependence on solid volume fraction. • Viscosity of molten salt nanofluids follows a modified Batchelor expansion. • Viscosity depends on suspension type and shear history, and exhibits shear thinning/thickening.

Strength Testing of Definitive Transtibial Prosthetic Sockets Made Using 3D-Printing Technology

ABSTRACT Introduction Unlike endoskeletal connectors and prosthetic feet, prosthetic sockets are not subjected to structural strength testing using internationally recognized test standards, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10328. Definitive prosthetic sockets fabricated in the traditional manner have been shown to be inconsistent in the ability to withstand the loads applied by these standards. Persistent concerns regarding the strength and durability of 3D-printed prosthetic sockets are a barrier to clinical adoption of 3D-printing technologies in prosthetic socket fabrication. To develop a robust prosthetic socket design based on 3D-printing technology, an iterative development process was used with integral validation testing using the ISO 10328 loading conditions performed independently by two testing centers. Materials and Methods Twenty-four 3D-printed transtibial prosthetic sockets were tested using ISO 10328 loading conditions designed to represent the greatest atypical elevated loads a 125-kg user would be expected to place on their prosthesis without failure (ultimate strength test at the P6 load level). Several design iterations and variations were tested. One socket of a design that withstood the ultimate strength loading was reprinted and subjected to cyclic testing, up to 3 million cycles. All tests were conducted under the forefoot loading condition (Condition II of the ISO 10328 standard), which generates greater moments at the distal end of the socket than the heel loading condition. Results Early socket designs were unable to withstand the ISO 10328 ultimate strength test to the P6 load level. Successive design improvements increased the strength until a robust final design was achieved. Variations of that final design for different suspension types and a different limb model demonstrated consistent performance. The final design was significantly stronger than the initial design (P = 1.35 × 10−7). The socket that was tested for durability completed the 3 million loading cycles at the P6 load level without damage and withstood the subsequent static proof loads. Conclusions An iterative design process with integral structural testing can result in strong, durable prosthetic sockets made using 3D-printing technology that may be robust to variations in limb size/shape and suspension type.

Evaluation of Tractor Ride Vibrations by Cab Suspension System

HighlightsTractor ride vibrations were evaluated under various conditions according to type of cab suspension.Ride vibrations were measured on flat and bumpy roads using four tractors with different cab suspension types.Tractors with hydro-pneumatic suspension exhibited smaller ride vibrations than tractors with rubber mounts.Semi-active hydro-pneumatic control resulted in smaller ride vibrations than those resulting from passive control.Abstract. In this study, tractor ride vibrations were evaluated under various conditions according to the type of cab suspension, and the effects of different cab support methods on these ride vibrations were determined. Ride vibrations on flat and bumpy roads were measured using four tractors equipped with different cab suspension types and were analyzed based on ISO Standard 2631-1 for human exposure to whole-body vibration. The ride vibration values were evaluated using the weighted root mean square acceleration and fourth-power vibration dose value. The results confirmed that the tractor equipped with semi-active hydro-pneumatic cab suspension at the two rear positions yielded smaller ride vibrations than the tractors with rubber mounts at all four positions. Vibration reduction effects of up to 53.8% and 67.1% were yielded in the flat road test and bumpy road test, respectively. In addition, among the two tractors with hydro-pneumatic cab suspension systems, ride vibrations were reduced by approximately 7.1% in the tractor that used semi-active control as compared to the tractor that used passive control. Keywords: Hydro-pneumatic cab suspension, Ride vibration, Rubber mount, Whole-body vibration.

Advanced numerical analysis for vibration characteristics and ride comfort of ultra-high-speed maglev train

Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are environmentally-friendly, require little maintenance, and allow for mass transportation. For these reasons, the demand for ultra-high-speed maglev trains has been increasing. Maglev trains can be classified with two suspension types, electro dynamic suspension (EDS) and electromagnetic suspension (EMS). EDS-type trains are suitable for ultra-high-speed because levitation suspension gap is over 100 mm compared with levitation suspension gap of 10 mm for EMS. When speed goes faster, it is hard to control the small suspension gap rapidly in EMS type. To analyze the EDS-type maglev train, electromagnetic forces were calculated with the superconducting coils and magnets using 2D analytical model. Based on the calculated forces, the lookup tables for the levitation and guidance force were employed in the total couple-fielded analysis. Ultra-high-speed maglev train was simulated by using the ADAMS multi-body dynamic program. The simulation was carried out with two car body models, rigid and flexible car body. In order to construct flexible car bodies with the modal information, the finite element method was used and they were constructed with the equivalent elements using ANSYS™. The final framework was constructed in MATLAB Simulink, and we co-simulated the dynamics and the electromagnetics with the constructed simulation frame work. To consider disturbances caused by irregularities, random and power spectral density (PSD) were used to analyze the vibrational interaction. As results, the ride comforts for PSD were a little bit worse than the results for random irregularity because the characteristics of PSD irregularity have more low excitation frequencies. The use of PSD inputs and flexible car body models need to be considered to improve the simulation accuracy.

Experimental Modal Analysis Procedure for a Laser Spot Welded Hat-Plate Structure

Measuring the dynamic behaviour of a structure made from light thin steel sheets becomes arduous as a result of the double impact, local modes and mass loading issues which lead to inaccurate results. In addition, the attachments of accelerometers, selection of suspension types and methods of excitation adopted to the measurement greatly affect the quality of the experimental results. The aim of this paper is to present detailed procedure for the experimental setup of a welded structure made from thin steel sheets. A hat shaped plate and flat plate connected together by several laser spot welds were used for the demonstration of the experimental modal analysis. The laser spot welded hat-plate structure was tested under free-free boundary conditions using impact testing with roving accelerometers and an LMS Test Lab. This work revealed that the proper procedures used for the experimental setup would help dynamicists enhance and improve the quality of the measured results of frequency response function and the results could be confidently used for the validation purposes and updating analytical models.

Design methodology for wheel corner module topology based on position and orientation characteristics

With growing demands for maneuverability, safety, and energy conservation, the modern vehicles are increasingly electric in nature, with the use of advanced electromechanical technology, e.g., in-wheel drive (IWD) and 4-wheel independent steering (4WIS) systems. The concept of the wheel corner module (WCM) with multi-function integration presents new challenges, as well as a possible revolution in the traditional chassis mechanism, represented by the classic suspension types, centralized powertrain, and steering column. As a structural and functional extension of traditional suspensions, the WCM design features multiactuators integration and mechanisms simplification. This paper presents a general design methodology for WCM topology and investigates the principles of integration for different subsystems. More specifically, using position and orientation characteristics (POC) theory, the general type-synthesis process of the suspension system is summarized based on single open chain (SOC) units and spatial basic kinematic chains (BKC). The classic suspension types are extended with the application of rigid and flexible joints. Furthermore, the integration principles of independent steering and distributed drive system are discussed and specifically applied in several innovative WCM solutions with enhanced system integration. Multibody simulation results demonstrate the unique advantages of the proposed structures and verify their feasibility and application potential.

Influence of measurement conditions on results of a wheel geometry check

Wheel alignment effects on vehicle’s stability and steerability, so it has a significant influence on, so called, active safety of a car. That’s why it is important to regularly check and properly adjust the wheel geometry. The measurements should be performed according to specific requirements. The influence of measurements conditions on results of a wheel geometry check is analysed in this paper. The results of measurements of wheel alignment of three cars with different suspension types are presented and the influence of measurements condition on the obtained results is discussed.

Black Students in Handcuffs: Addressing Racial Disproportionality in School Discipline for Students with Dis/abilities

Although there are federal protections for students with dis/abilities under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 1975, Black students with and without dis/abilities continue to be suspended and expelled at rates that exceed their peers. Still, there is limited research on how Black girls and Black boys are disciplined across suspension types, and based on their identification for special education services. The purpose of this article is to examine the overrepresentation of Black girls and Black boys with and without dis/abilities and to determine, using a quantifiable percentage, how the overrepresentation of Black students for in-school and out-of-school suspension can be eradicated. We use data from the U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection 2011–2012 to examine equity (justice and fairness) in disciplinary referrals using state-by-state and regional data. Using an equity formula, we analyzed national data to determine the magnitude of Black females’ and Black males’ overrepresentation in in-school and out-of-school suspensions for students with and without dis/abilities. This study indicates that Black females with dis/abilities had the highest rate of overrepresentation in the Midwest in in-school and out-of-school suspension. In comparison, Black males experienced a greater representation in in-school suspension. Regardless of geographic area Black girls and Black boys are continuously being overrepresented in disciplinary punishments. To end the over-representation of Black girls and Black boys in in-school and out-of-school suspensions, schools and policy makers must collaborate with communities of color, eliminate teacher implicit and explicit racial biases, and discontinue racially punitive school policies.