Susceptibility Patterns Of Clinical Isolates Research Articles

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Infections due to multidrug resistant E.coli range from uncomplicated urinary tract infections to life-threatening sepsis. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in 173 (12.84%) Escherichia coli strains isolated from 1347 clinical specimens of different types. Isolation and identification of E.coli were done as per routine laboratory protocol directed by Cheesbrough1. The isolation rate of E.coli was 48.57% in stool followed by 17.68% in urine, 25% in wound swabs, and 15.38% in tracheal aspirate etc. Among the 173 isolates 102 (59%) were from males and 71 (41%) were from females. Patients were classified into five age groups: 0-15, 16-30, 31-45, 46-60 and >60 years. E.coli was found highest number in females (13.9%) of age range 31-45 years and in males (22%) belonged to age group of over 60 years. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disk diffusion method was conducted for 22 different antibiotics. The majority of isolated E.coli were highly sensitive to Imipenem (98.18%), Meropenem (97.37%), Amikacin (91.67%), Amoxiclav (80%), Ceftazidime (73.33%), and Gentamycin (71.76%). The antibiotics Tobramycin and Azithromycin were found as moderately sensitive against E.coli with the susceptibility rate of 52.5% and 50% respectively. The isolates show low degree of susceptibility to Penicillin G (9.52%), Carbenicillin (10%), Erythromycin (19.48%), Amoxycillin (19.59%), and Ampicillin (25%). These findings have clinical and epidemiological significance and provide a benchmark for future studies on the pattern of susceptibility of clinical isolates of E.coli in this region as well as may help the clinician to prescribe the right empirical treatment.KYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-1, Jul 2016, Page 681-686

A Cross Sectional Study Characerization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter at a Tertiary Health Care Teaching Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

A Cross Sectional Study Characerization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter at a Tertiary Health Care Teaching Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients of respiratory tract infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Peshawar.

Objective:This study aims to determine the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in patients suffering from respiratory tract infection.Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted from January to December 2014 in Northwest General Hospital and Research Centre, Peshawar. A total of 615 sputum samples were collected from both in and out-patients. Sputum samples were collected as per standard procedure and were inoculated on Blood, MacConkey and Chocolate agar. The isolates were identified by standard protocols using biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of each isolate was checked as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines using Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method.Results:Out of 615 sputum samples, 354 (57.56%) were culture positive. Out of these a total of 71 (20.05%) strains of Pseudomonas were isolated, where 54.93% was from males and 45.07% were from females (Mean age was 44.29 ± 22.72:). Highest sensitivity was seen to Amikacin (92.86%) followed by Meropenem (91.55%) while lowest sensitivity was seen to Cefoperazone + Sulbactam (16.9%). There were 39.44% MDR strains, out of which 25% were Extensively Drug Resistant (XDR) and 10.71% were Pan Drug Resistant (PDR). In vitro susceptibility of MDR isolates showed highest sensitivity to Amikacin (82.14%) followed by Carbapenems (78.57%). All MDR isolates were resistant to Cefoperazone + Sulbactam. Resistance to Piperacillin + Tazobactam was 96.43%.Conclusion:Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the commonly isolated organisms and it is becoming more resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Carbapenems and aminoglycosides were the two classes of drugs that showed highest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Resistance Trends among <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Isolates in a Tertiary Care Centre in South Gujarat

It is necessary to determine the susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates especially nosocomial one in the clinical settings for making strategy for effective empirical treatment & to reduce incidence of multidrug resistant bugs. Aim of this study was to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples between January 2014 to December 2015, received at department of Microbiology, GMC, Surat. Clinical isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by phenotypic methods/Vitek2 compact system as per availability. Genetic sequencing could not be performed due to unavailability. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method/Vitek2 compact system & Interpretation was done according Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) of that year [1] [2]. Seven hundred fifty seven P. aeruginosa strains were studied during the study period. Most of the isolates were from surgery ward (62%), followed by orthopaedic ward (15%). 65% of the total isolates were from swab samples followed by urine (7%), pus, fluid (5%) & devices (4%). 60% isolates were resistant to Ceftazidime & for other drugs resistance pattern was as follows: Cefepime (52%), Levofloxacin (49%), Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (49%), Meropenem & Gentamycin (44%), Ciprofloxacin (43%), Amikacin (41%), Tobramycin (39%), Netlimycin (36%), Piperacillin (32%), Aztreonam (31%), Piperacillin/tazobactam (26%), Imipenem (23%) , Doripenem (12%) & Gatifloxacin (10%). As there is predominance of isolates from surgical ward in present study & resistance to carbapenem group of drugs was also found, indicating that most of the infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be nosocomial.

2. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore

2. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas from Patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Majority of gram negative pathogenic bacteria are responsible for extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production, which show resistance to some newer generation of antibiotics. The study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of ESBL and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas isolates collected during 2010 to 2014 from tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. Out of 3450 samples, 334 Pseudomonas spp. isolates comprised of 232 indoor and 102 outdoor patients were obtained from different specimens and their susceptibility pattern was determined against 20 antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method and ESBL production was detected by Synergy Disc Diffusion technique. The mean age group of the patients was 29.9 + 9.15 years. Meronem showed best activity (91.02%) from class carbapenem, β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitors exhibited 69.16% activity, and doxycycline had a diminished activity (10.18%) to Pseudomonas spp. Outdoor isolates were more resistant than the indoor and during the course of the study the sensitivity rate of antibiotics was gradually reducing. ESBL production was observed in 44.32% while the remaining was non-ESBL. The moderate active antibiotics were amikacin (50.7%), SCF (51.4%), TZP (52.7%), and MXF (54.1%) among ESBL producing isolates. Lack of antibiotic policy, irrational uses (3GCs particularly), and the emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms in hospitals may be causes of high antibiotic resistance.

Bacteriological trends and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates at Government Cancer Hospital, Marathwada.

Preventing and starting early treatment of infections in patients whose immunity system is weak due to malignancies can reduce mortality. Since our hospital is a newly constructed one, this study aimed to determine microbial and antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical samples of patients with cancer at our center to start early treatment before the results of clinical tests are known. The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Government Cancer Hospital during the period from January 2016 to December 2016. A total 170 clinical samples (urine, blood, sputum, pus, etc.) were collected and processed for culture, identification as per standard recommended procedures and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out on isolates as per Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. A total of 170 specimens were cultured. Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp. , Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most commonly encountered. A high level of resistance to various antibiotics was noted among Gram-negative bacteria. Resistance among Gram-positive was not acute. The present study reveals microbiological profile in patients attending our hospital. Regular surveillance helps in implementing better therapeutic strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated in patients in health-care facility.

Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates in a tertiary care cancer center.

Introduction:This increased risk of bacterial infections in the cancer patient is further compounded by the rising trends of antibiotic resistance in commonly implicated organisms. In the Indian setting this is particularly true in case of Gram negative bacilli such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp. Increasing resistance among Gram positive organisms is also a matter of concern. The aim of this study was to document the common organisms isolated from bacterial infections in cancer patients and describe their antibiotic susceptibilities.Methods:We conducted a 6 month study of all isolates from blood, urine, skin/soft tissue and respiratory samples of patients received from medical and surgical oncology units in our hospital. All samples were processed as per standard microbiology laboratory operating procedures. Isolates were identified to species level and susceptibility tests were performed as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines -2012.Results:A total of 285 specimens from medical oncology (114) and surgical oncology services (171) were cultured. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter spp. were most commonly encountered. More than half of the Acinetobacter strains were resistant to carbapenems. Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems was >50%. Of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates 41.67% were methicillin resistant.Conclusion:There is, in general, a high level of antibiotic resistance among gram negative bacilli, particularly E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp. Resistance among Gram positives is not as acute, although the MRSA incidence is increasing.

Japanese nationwide surveillance in 2011 of antibacterial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates from complicated urinarytract infection cases.

To investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of various bacterial pathogens isolated from complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) cases, the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association of Infectious Disease, and the Japanese Society of Clinical Microbiology conducted the second nationwide surveillance from January to September 2011. With the cooperation of 42 medical institutions throughout Japan, 1036 strains belonging to 8 clinically relevant bacterial species were collected. Among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain, the vancomycin (VCM) MIC for 5.5% (3/55) of the strains was 2 μg/mL. Ampicillin, VCM, and linezolid were relatively active against 209 Enterococcus faecalis strains. The proportion of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant strains was >20%. The MIC90 of FQs against the 382 Escherichia coli strains was 2-64 mg/L and the proportion resistant to FQs was approximately 30%. However, susceptibility of E. coli to sitafloxacin was still high (MIC90 = 2 mg/L). Fifty-eight (15.2%) of 382 E. coli, 6 (4.5%) of 132 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1 (2.4%) of 41 Klebsiella oxytoca and 4 (6.8%) of 59 Proteus mirabilis strains were suspected of producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Of 93 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, the proportions resistant to imipenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin were 21.5%, 4.3%, and 20.4%, respectively. Four strains (4.3%) were found to be multidrug-resistant. In complicated UTI cases, all of MRSA and E. faecalis were susceptible to all anti-MRSA agents. Sitafloxacin was active against other FQ-resistant E. coli strains. The isolation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and multidrug-resistant strains increased.

Outbreak of bloodstream infection with extendedspectrum ß-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae at a Teaching Hospital

Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an important hospital-acquired pathogen causing severe infections in neonatal units. Several outbreaks of infection caused by multi-drug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates have been widely reported among neonates. The aim is to investigate an outbreak of blood stream infection caused by Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamases (ESBL) producing K.pneumoniae in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Teaching Hospital Kandy, Sri Lanka. Materials and Methods: Blood culture samples were collected from the neonates on admission to the NICU and 2 to 3 days later on clinical suspicion of blood stream infection. The blood culture samples were processed according to the standard methods and the antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Of the 140 blood cultures 36 were identified as Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamases (ESBL) producing K.pneumoniae. All the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, netilmicin, imipenem and meropenem. Twenty eight of the 36 patients responded to treatment with a combination of amikacin and meropenem. Conclusion: ESBL producing K.pneumoniae was responsible for this outbreak at the NICU. Knowing the susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates will allow the rational use of antibiotics, which is important in the treatment of infections with multi-drugresistant bacteria. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):230-232 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.10459

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Uganda

Aim: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Method: A total of 400 S. aureus isolates recovered from various clinical specimens at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital were included in this study. Phenotypic screening was performed using Oxacillin. Presence of mecA gene was studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mecA positive isolates were tested for susceptibility to, Vancomycin, Imipenem, Fusidic acid, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, Clindamycin and Linezolid using the Kirby Bauer technique. Results: Of the 300 isolates of S. aureus 31.3% (94) were phenotypically MRSA and 38% (114) had the mecA gene. All the MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid but were highly resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (70.2%). Of the 114 Original Research Article British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(10): 1168-1177, 2014 1169 MRSA isolates 19.3% (22) were multi-drug resistant S. aureus (MDR-MRSA). The study found that there was a significant difference between genotypic and phenotypic detection methods (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of MRSA in Mbarara is high (38%) with a high resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The detection of mecA gene is a good predictor of methicillin resistance in S. aureus. There is a worrying prevalence of MDR MRSA among the clinical isolates of S. aureus in South Western Uganda.

Serotype distribution and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumonia in Iran

BackgroundThe development of antibiotic resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae strains has caused significant health problems worldwide.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance pattern and serotypes distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from clinical specimens.Material and MethodsA total of fifty Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were isolated from Tehran Hospital’s laboratory from 2008 to 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using broth microdilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each strain was determined. to verify the resistant strains and demonstrate the presence of antibiotic resistant genes, the PCR was performed.ResultsThe study showed that three strains (6%) and six strains (12%) indicated intermediate resistance and complete resistance to penicillin, respectively, 58% strains were susceptible to ceftazidime, two ones (4%) indicated resistance to ciprofloxacin, one (2%) indicated intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone , two strains (4%) indicated complete resistance and four (8%) strains indicated resistance to vancomycin.ConclusionsThe emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with multiple resistance needs permanent monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates. We have found that ceftazidime is not a suitable drug for choosing the treatment of pneumococcal infections.

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates from cases of ear infection using amoxicillin and cefepime

The aim of the present study was to determine the sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates of otitis media. During the last few decades, the occurrence of otitis media seems to have been rising probably because of prevalence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and β-lactamase producing Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of otitis media. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common causative microorganisms of ear infection. Keeping in view the importance of these pathogens, the present study had been designed to determine the sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates of otitis media. These isolates were collected from different hospitals and pathological laboratories of Karachi and their sensitivity against cefepime and amoxicillin were determined by using disk diffusion method. The results have shown that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common causative microorganism of ear infection. Cefepime, a fourth generation cephalosporin appeared to be an effective antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

English

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections with increasing resistance to antibiotics.&nbsp;Escherichia coli (E. coli)&nbsp;have been identified as the most common pathogen of urinary tract infections. Studies on prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates from urinary tract infections in Nigeria are few. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;isolates from urinary tract infections in two health institutions - a general hospital and a private clinic in South South, Nigeria. A retrospective study was carried out between January 2005 and December 2009. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 14, Chicago IL.&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;accounted for 1797 out of 3655 urine isolates (49.16%). Lowest susceptibility was for cotrimoxazole (13.9%), chloramphenicol (16.3%) and amoxicillin (16.8%) while highest susceptibility was for ofloxacin (65.1%) and ciprofloxacin (50%). There was a significant difference, p&lt;0.05, in prevalence and susceptibility patterns between the two institutions with higher susceptibility levels in the general hospital. There is a need for proper surveillance and development of hospital specific antibiograms to inform appropriate empiric therapy of urinary tract infections. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Escherichia coli,&nbsp;urinary tract infections, antimicrobial susceptibility, Nigeria.

In vitro susceptibilities of fungal isolates against amphotericin B and voriconazole in Aspergillus keratitis: A comparative study

Objectives: To study the susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of Aspergillus species to amphotericin B and voriconazole. Materials and Methods: Fifty isolates of Aspergillus species (21 A. flavus , 14 A. fumigatus and 15 A. niger ) from keratitis cases were tested for their susceptibilities to amphotericin B and voriconazole by a broth microdilution method, standardized in our laboratory. The relative MIC 50 units were calculated from the absolute MIC 50 (μg/ml) upon topical prescription dose in gm/100 ml. Results: The MIC values of amphotericin B for A. fumigatus and A. niger ranged between 0.2 mg/L to 6.25 mg/L (MIC 50; 1.56 mg/L and MIC 90; 6.25 mg/L) and for A. flavus between 0.78-6.25 mg/L (MIC 50 and MIC 90; 6.25 mg/L). MICs of voriconazole for A. fumigatus were in the ranges of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L, for A. niger 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L (MIC 50 and MIC 90; 0.2 mg/L for both fungi) and against A. flavus 0.05 to 0.39 mg/L (MIC 50 ; 0.2 mg/L and MIC 90 ; 0.39 mg/L). The relative MIC 50 of voriconazole against all the three Aspergillus species was 0.002, compared to those of amphotericin B which were 0.104 against A. fumigatus and A. niger and 0.416 against A. flavus . Conclusion: Voriconazole had lower MIC values and relative MICs than amphotericin B against Aspergillus species, the commonest fungi causing keratitis in this part of the country. Combined with its reported higher bio-availability, it appears far superior to amphotericin B for the treatment of fungal keratitis.

Prevalence and Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Isolates of &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; to Various Antimicrobials in A Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in South-South Nigeria

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli as an aetiologic agent in bacterial infections and its antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, perfloxacin, gentamycin and cotrimoxazole as a guide for empiric therapy. A retrospective study was carried out using a clinical microbiology laboratory in Nigeria. Data retrieved include number of E. coli isolates, sources of the isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility to various fluoroquinolones, gentamycin and cotrimoxazole between 2005 and 2009. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 14, Chicago IL. Out of a total of 906 bacterial isolates, E. coli accounted for 23 % (211) of the isolates. Thirty-eight percent (38.39 %) was isolated from urine samples, 27.96 % from high vaginal swab samples, 24.17 % from stool samples, 0.95% from urethra swabs, 1.9% from wound swabs and 6.6% from semen samples. There was poor level of susceptibility to norfloxacin (2.2%) and cotrimoxazole (23.7%), susceptibility to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin were 51.1%, 54.7% and 52.5% respectively, that of gentamycin was 51.8%. The trends across the years showed a significant increase in susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin and ofloxacin in 2007 after which it started reducing, while norfloxacin’s susceptibility was low across the five years with maximum susceptibility at 9.1% in 2006. There was an increase in susceptibility to gentamycin as the susceptibility levels of the fluoroquinolones were reducing. There should be continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and empiric treatment with fluoroquinolones discouraged, especially for non urinary tract infections.KEYWORDS: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Nigeria, Escherichia coli, fluoroquinolones, gentamycin

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients of lower respiratory tract infections

The present study was conducted to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sputum samples of lower respiratory tract infection patients admitted to different hospitals of Karachi. Most of the hospitals are hampered with high frequency of nosocomial infections generally caused by multiresistant nosocomial pathogen. Among Gram-negative pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa considered as most challenging pathogen. The objective of the study was to determine frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from sputum samples and to find out susceptibility pattern against four antibiotics widely used for treatment. The sputum samples from 498 patients were collected consecutively between January 2010 and March 2011 and were cultured and identified. According to CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method. Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from 24% (120/498) of the lower respiratory tract patient. A higher resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate was observed with piperacillin/tazobactam and cefipime i.e. 42% and 40% respectively. Imipenem was found to be most effective antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (76% sensitivity) but amikacin resistance was continuously increasing. In conclusion the frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also higher among lower respiratory tract infection patients with alarmingly high rate of resistance among widely used antibiotics. These findings focused on careful consideration for monitoring and optimization of antimicrobial use in order to reduce occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistant pathogen.

Serological Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Isolates of &lt;em&gt;Salmonella&lt;/em&gt; from Patients Attending General Hospital, Funtua, Nigeria

Serological characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates of Salmonella were carried out for a period of 8-months to study the most frequently encountered serovars in salmonellosis and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Two hundred and forty samples from both stool and blood specimens were collected from out patients attending General Hospital, Funtua, Katsina state of Nigeria. The samples were collected from patients diagnosed by clinicians of having either pyrexia, gastroenteritis or both. Samples were cultured, isolates identified and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using standard procedures. The total number of 29(12.1%) of the 240 samples collected were identified as Salmonella strains. Out of the 29 isolates, 19(65.5%) were responsible for typhoidal salmonellosis while 10(34.5%) were responsible for non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Of the 29 cases of salmonellosis, 24(82.8%) were from children and 5(17.2.7%) from adults. However, the age of the patients have no significant relationship in both the typhoidal and non-typhoidal diseases, with their p values= 0.109, 0.784 &gt; 0.05 respectively. S. typhi 16(55.2%) was the most frequently encountered, followed by S. enteritidis 7(24.1%) and 3(10.3%) each for S. paratyphi A and S. typhimurium. Of the total isolates, 26(89.7%) were found to be resistant to Ampicillin, 6(20.7%) resistant to Cefotaxime, 24(82.8%) resistant to Chloramphenicol, 9(31%) resistant to Co-trimoxazole and 2(6.9%) resistant to Nalidixic acid. However, resistance to Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin by the isolates were not observed. There was no statistically significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in antimicrobial resistance patterns exhibited among typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Therefore, Fluoroquinolones are recommended as the drug of choice for both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis, although, caution should be taken by the clinicians in prescribing them in order to avoid resistance to these drugs.

Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of Enterococci at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India

Context: Enterococcus is considered an important nosocomial pathogen because of its intrinsic as well as acquired antibiotic resistance. It also has the potential of transferring vancomycin resistance to other organisms such as Listeria monocytogens and Staphylococcus aureus. Aims: The objective of the present study was to determine antibiotic-resistance pattern of Enterococcus with special reference to vancomycin. Settings and Design: A total of 54 clinical isolates of enterococci were collected during the study period of 1 year at a tertiary care center in Mumbai. Material and Methods: Speciation and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done by standard procedures. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to vancomycin was carried out by agar dilution method. Results: Speciation and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done by standard procedures. The MIC to vancomycin was done by agar dilution method. Conclusions: Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Teicoplanin can be safely used for the treatment of serious enterococcal infections.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria Obtained from Intensive Care Units in a Tertiary Hospital in Beijing, China

In this study we investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria obtained from intensive care units (ICUs) in the people's liberation Army (PLA) 309 Hospital located in Beijing, China. Between 2007 and 2010, a total of 1949 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were collected and tested using an antibiotic susceptibility assay. A marked decrease was observed in the susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem and amikacin as compared to that described in a previous report in China. Similar results were obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, imipenem and amikacin showed strong activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall, the high rates of antimicrobial resistance against ICU pathogens in our hospital indicated a critical condition in Beijing, China. Development of a national control and monitoring system by the government may be an ideal method to solve the present problem of managing infections due to Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.