Element Of Surprise Research Articles

Operation of Mental Health Centres (CZP) in Poland during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

The aim of the study is to characterise the changes in the operation of the Mental Health Centers (CZPs) in Poland during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Changing the concept of psychiatric care and moving towards a community model under the CZPs is, inter alia, no need to present and implement strictly defined schedules by service providers, which allows to respond to the current needs of patients and allows for the adaptation of the conditions and methods of providing psychiatric care services in Poland during pandemic. On the basis of the experiences from the pandemic period, recommendations were presented the aim of which is improving work organisation of the CZPs in Poland. A new map of mental health services' organisation following the peak of the pandemic in Poland is urgently needed. Well-functioning community care fosters good understanding of patients' needs, which means that even in a situation of, for instance, there is no element of surprise and there are known channels and methods of reacting to an emergency situation. The pilot CZPs quickly and easily adapted their response methods to the changing or new needs/new circumstances. As part of the activities in the field of psychiatric care reforms in Poland, it seems appropriate, at the present stage, to use all observations and information on the operation and organisation of work of entities that were included during pandemic in the CZP pilot programme in order to continuously improve the functioning of a new model of mental healthcare.

Cervical Fibroids: A Surgical Challenge

ABSTRACT Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors affecting the female reproductive tract and constitute around 18–20% of all the uterine pathologies that are seen in women of reproductive age group. Based on their location in the uterus, fibroids can be uterine, cervical, and ligamentary, of which the cervical fibroids are the rarest and make up only around 2–2.5% of the total incidence of fibroids. Large cervical fibroids generally give a typical appearance of “Lantern on St. Paul’s dome,” where the small size uterus sits on top of the cervical fibroid mimicking the lantern on the dome of the famous St. Paul’s Cathedral of Russia. We report here a case series of cervical fibroids who reported to the gynecology OPD of our institute. The first patient was a 41-year-old lady who presented with complaints of heavy menstrual bleeding for the last 2 years. Clinical findings as well as imaging confirmed a 24-week size large cervical fibroid along with surprise element in form of double ureters on right side on intravenous urogram(IVU). Our second patient was a peri-menopausal lady with heavy menstrual bleeding(HMB)for 2 months and cervical fibroid of 16-week size gravid uterus on examination. The third patient was a 37-year-old lady with heavy menstrual bleeding with pressure symptoms in the form of retention of urine. Clinically, a 16-week size cervical fibroid was present which after surgery revealed STUMP on histopathology. All patients were managed surgically with uneventful postoperative recovery.

Using a comfort zone model and daily life situations to develop entrepreneurial competencies and an entrepreneurial mindset.

This article presents a novel experiential learning format that aims to develop participants' entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial mindset. Furthermore, this study investigates factors that promote individuals' competency development and mindset formation when using this learning format. In this format, students practice enterprising behavior in daily life, rather than by starting a venture. Teams of participants receive a set of eight to 10 challenges. Each challenge asks participants to create value for other people. The challenges are not revealed until the exercise starts, and they are worked on for 1 or 2 days full-time. Each challenge allows participants to practice the competencies of generating ideas for opportunities, taking action, perseverance, networking and network utilization, teamwork, and convincing others. Collectively, this contributes to developing an enterprising mindset. This format is based on a comfort zone model and aims to promote significant learning in a short time. After a week, each participant submits a reflection on their actions during the experiential part. In this study, we analyze the experiences of 198 participating students from six courses in five countries to bring out the factors that contribute to students staying in versus leaving their comfort zone, and the types of learning which result. Learning occurs when participants leave their comfort zone and have experiences that surprise them, leading to novel realizations. Key to learning is the element of surprise.

The Element of Surprise as a Key Tactic in Installation Advertising Creativity

The Element of Surprise as a Key Tactic in Installation Advertising Creativity

The interpretative non-prototypicality of puns as a factor in the emergence of humor and in phatic communication

Abstract Adopting the bounds of Sperber and Wilson’s relevance-theoretic framework, this paper examines the emergence of humor in puns and the way puns are used in phatic communication. It argues that there is a so far unrecognized factor, which underlies their perceived humorousness, and which allows them to function as rapport builders. This factor, dubbed interpretative non-prototypicality, directly follows from the relevance-theoretic stand on utterance comprehension, and refers to the way the interpretation process plays out in puns, yielding utterances that go against what we have come to expect based on the default interpretative mode observed in the meaning derivation of non-punning utterances. The objective of the article is to argue, based on examples from English and Chinese, that it is the departure from the interpretative benchmark that can translate into the perceived humorousness of puns, whether linked to incongruity, the element of surprise or the manipulation of strategies used to inferentially work out utterance meanings. This departure, manifested in the low informative content characterizing puns used in such social practices as ping-pong punning, can also make them ideally suited for phatic communication.

An Overview of the Fake News Phenomenon: From Untruth-Driven to Post-Truth-Driven Approaches

“Fake news” was chosen in 2017 as the word of the year by the Collins Dictionary and the American Dialect Society, due to its extraordinary popularity. However, its relevance has been called into question due to its controversy and ambiguity. We have compiled herein 30 definitions from selected dictionaries, academic papers, news agencies, influential media observatories, and independent, certified fact-checkers over the last six years and have carried out a manual relational content analysis on them. We also collected data from four bibliometric studies from academic literature and five surveys on how the general public perceived fake news. In keeping with this three-level systematic review (lexicography, bibliometrics, and public perception) we detected some trends, including a growing drift towards a post-truth-driven conceptualization of fake news. Results also show that the “viral” and “memetic” quality of a rumor prevail over the demonstrable credibility of a source and even the factuality of a reported event; the element of surprise or outrage in the heat of the moment is more powerful than the ironic detachment elicited by news satire and parody; and sharing motivations are definitely less concerned with perceived accuracy than with partisan support, community sentiment, emotional contagion, and a taste for the sensational or bizarre.

The Translators' Take on Three Possible Typos in Jorge L. Borges' Story “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius”

This article examines how translators tackled the problem given by three possible typos in Jorge Luis Borges' short story “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius.” Translations to all major Western languages are considered. The translators' decisions are found to display great diversity. Some of them treat the textual changes in question as mere typos, while others incorporate the changes (be it partially, in full, or even in excess). Borges' role in altering the text can only be assessed indirectly as no hard evidence, such as corrected galley proofs or written accounts, is known to exist. The present findings allign well with Sánchez's complementary analysis of the context in which the three textual changes occur and how they indirectly impact the plot. In case they are not mere typos, the changes discussed here could obey Borges' decision to reintroduce a metaliterary element of surprise into the story.

The Effect of the Mechanisms of Directing the Recipient to Perceive Uniqueness on the Production of Unique Forms in the Urban Context -Mosul as a Case Study-

Architecture as a human production is considered as the principal source of distinguished elements within the city; such elements give the city its own identity. The progress of achieving such unique pieces is regarded as an urban design strategy which requires a particular methodology, depending not only on the designer but also on the perception of these elements. This paper concentrates on exploring the most important perceptual mechanisms that affect the recipient in making him distinguish the unique elements-particularly building- within an urban context. The study is spatially limited to the city of Mosul. The problem of the current study is constituted in the lack of a comprehensive vision about the mechanisms affecting the direction of the recipient to realize the unique output, so that the designer can follow clear mechanisms to reach the realization of a unique building within its context. This study aims to explore the mechanisms of guiding the recipient to realize uniqueness and the steps involved, within the different design practices, that affect obtaining a unique building. To achieve this goal, the research is defined by building the theoretical framework represented by the mechanisms of guiding the recipient to realize uniqueness, which includes two secondary axes: the first is the mechanisms of realizing uniqueness at the personal level of the recipient, and the second is the effectiveness of perceiving uniqueness at the level of urban structure. The practical side of the study is conducted in two parts; The first is to nominate a number of unique local products based on the mental image of the users of that urban environment, and the second includes the application of the learned mechanisms to a number of unique local architectural products according to the mechanisms of guiding the recipient to realize the uniqueness. The results show a great variation in the mechanisms that affect the realization of the unique building, which include the effectiveness of attracting attention, the element of surprise and mystery, the privacy of the building site, the available field of view and stimulation of the property of perception, and the size of the building in terms of distinguishing its height or size in its context, contrast with the background, through the type, color and properties of packaging materials that affect the realization of the unique building. The study concluded that there is a significant role for the perception mechanisms followed by the recipient in achieving the uniqueness of the architectural production, as variables that contribute to the visual assessment of the output among users of the urban environment. These mechanisms vary in the extent of their impact on directing the perception of the recipient, in addition to the possibility of the influence of more than one mechanism in achieving the uniqueness of the same production within the urban context.

On the Plains, and Among the Peaks, or, How Mrs. Maxwell Made Her Natural History Collection by Mary Dartt

Reviewed by: On the Plains, and Among the Peaks, or, How Mrs. Maxwell Made Her Natural History Collection by Mary Dartt Erica Hannickel Mary Dartt, On the Plains, and Among the Peaks, or, How Mrs. Maxwell Made Her Natural History Collection. Edited with introduction by Julie McCown. Boulder: UP of Colorado, 2021. [Originally published 1878–79.] 246 pp. Paper, $27.95; e-book, $22.95. Scholars at the intersections of western American literature and history, women’s literature, animal studies, gun culture, environmental studies, and World’s Fair history have long awaited an accessible, well-annotated reissue of On the Plains and Among the Peaks for use in research and the classroom. The book traces Martha Maxwell’s life as the “Colorado Huntress” and taxidermist, famous for natural history installations placing animals in their reconstructed environments—a revelation for the age—and most significantly displayed at the Philadelphia International Centennial Exposition of 1876. There are many additional reasons to take another look at the primary text, originally published in 1878–79. Two of them are the editor’s thoughtful introduction to the book, including biographical sketches of Martha Maxwell and her biographer and half-sister Mary Dartt, as well as McCown’s excellent historical and literary footnotes throughout. Reading the book with McCown as guide makes for a rich experience—one of the most surprising elements is the care with which Dartt is treated as narrator. We come away realizing that this text is not just an important historical document about Maxwell but equally prescient as a literary artifact by Dartt— quite close as sisters in the far West, but women who clearly had [End Page 91] different priorities and passions in life. In this way, the book gives much-needed additional texture to nineteenth-century women’s expertise in natural history and American literary and artistic canons. At the same time we see Dartt’s soaring descriptions of Colorado predating our most lauded poetry about the Rockies by two decades, and Maxwell’s acuity in how her “work would symbolically and materially affect society’s attitudes and behaviors toward women in general” (14–15). Both women were well aware of the national stage they were on and yet clearly used it to different effect. We might set historically competing descriptions of Maxwell— the hunter-housewife, lady-amazon, white-Native American—as a challenge to midcentury American culture: she was both too smart and too violent for the public to know what to do with her (with the exception that they were keen to buy a lot of postcards of her petite figure among large taxidermied mammals). And yet, Dartt continues to place Maxwell within the company of famous male artists, ornithologists, and authors of the age. Describing an “excursion party” she attended with Maxwell in Colorado, these often lasting between three days and three weeks, Dartt writes: Don’t let any one [sic] innocently imagine these were basket picnics, where everybody rode out in fresh dresses and blue ribbons at nine in the morning, partook of sandwiches, cold chicken, champagne and ice-cream, on rustic seats in a grove, and returned in good order to their usual domiciles at night. If any one [sic] has such an idea lingering around that word, excursion, I advise its banishment as soon as possible. (95) Throughout we find Dartt referencing Albert Bierstadt, William Cullen Bryant, Henry David Thoreau, and John James Audubon in relation to Maxwell. (A slightly longer scope must add big-game hunter Teddy Roosevelt to the list.) Yet the conditions in which these men worked were quite different from Maxwell’s. Her taxidermy serving as her family’s primary income for decades, Maxwell performed her best work on pared-down hunting excursions at altitude—no other adults present, very few supplies carried—yet we find out late in the book that her young daughter [End Page 92] Mabel, born in 1857, was often in tow. Think about that: would there have been a Bierstadt, Bryant, Thoreau, Audubon, or Roosevelt had they also been caring for a small child alone in their peak years? Dartt offers the question more provocatively: “What, amid such an awful passion-burst of nature, is...

Construction of the Poetic Scene for the Hythalists

The literary text must contain the elements of imagination and surprise, and these elements are provided by shifts in metaphor, linguistic structures, phonetic aspects, and letters through which the language contains shifts that push and shake the recipient and its role in supplying a scene in which the scenes are crowded, prompting the recipient to reveal and be affected by it, that the Al-Hudhali poetic text revealed the ability and ability of Al-Hudhali, which he enjoys. The poetic artistically and aesthetically showed the poet Al-Hudhili as a producer that presents scenes and events in a sequential, sequential manner, and its ability lies in moving the feelings of the recipient and attracting attention by charging poetic scenes with situations based on a sequence in narrating events and making images, which enables us to see and see people, places and time in a state of moving beyond the constraints of stability and survival. within reach of the recipient. Its importance in the poetic text lies in its ability to move the scenes and intensify the significance and make them in a dramatic sequential sequence of growing events, making the recipient a listener, beholder, and witness to it. Keywords: poetic scene, linguistic structures, the structure and significance of sounds.

Connecting the dots in ‘Rarest of rare’: Is judicial discretion the perfection of reason? Tracking judicial discretion in death penalty cases in India

In order to restrict the imposition of the death penalty to an extremely narrow band of cases, the Supreme Court of India laid down the principle of ‘rarest of rare’ guiding but not fettering the sentencing discretion of judges. Despite the guidelines, the decision remains purely discretionary with its accompanying arbitrariness leading to unpredictability, and disparity in sentencing, which places a tremendous burden of responsibility on the sentencing judge. It is necessary to think of an alternative to the judge-centric discretionary death penalty, such as Sentencing Commission recommended the death penalty, that will help bring transparency and predictability to the entire process of decision making. Discretion delivers discrimination. Therefore, the discretionary death penalty is discriminatory. Whether by a judge or a jury, the exercise of sentencing discretion is arbitrary and capricious, particularly if the discretion is untrammeled and unchannelized. The ‘rarest of rare’ principle does not differentiate between murder simpliciter and murder contemporaneous such as rape-murder. Each judge interprets the meaning of ‘rarest of rare’ in his way. The current system is not working. A guideline-driven sentence is far better than a judge-centric one. The US Congress has constituted the US Sentencing Commission, a statutory judicial body entrusted with formulating a mechanism for sentencing to remove disparity and element of surprise in the sentencing outcome. It lays down structured guidelines with narrow judicial discretion in the matter of sentencing a convict. Sentencing Commission, though not a perfect mechanism- no mechanism can be perfect given the very nature of capital punishment- seems to overcome many of the drawbacks and shortcomings of the existing judge-centric system raising questions on perfect reasoning.

Думи на водещите броя

Думи на водещите броя

Humour through the Scope of Social Theories and Pragmatic Approaches

Abstract: For many years, humour has been the subject of scientific research and it has been related to movies, television shows, literature, sociology, and others. When analysing how comic effect is achieved, humour can be complicated and multifaceted. For that reason, there is no specific theory that explains humour ideally. However, the various social theories and pragmatic approaches to humour, each of which focuses on the different aspects of humour functioning, complement each other. The article aims to present the propositions on humour and the central claims of different social theories and pragmatic approaches. Attention is focused on the butt of the ridicule, the psychoanalytic aspect of humour, and the surprise element. In addition, human agency, cultural knowledge, linguistic means and cognition, ostensive stimuli, and inferential reasoning are also outlined. Thus, the article contributes to a more profound and adequate understanding of the inventive and resourceful propositions on humour and comic discourse analysis. Keywords: humour, superiority theory, relief theory, incongruity theory, conversational maxims, relevance theory.

Kleist and the Uncertainty of Things

The appeal of things is that they insinuate a degree of stability, durability, firmness, and a degree of certainty in times of uncertainty. Unlike objects (Gegenstände), things are there even if we—humans who perceive, surround, use them—are not. The article draws on Heidegger’s 1950 essay “The Thing,” which uses the example of a jug, to reflect on Kleist’s things. Kleist’s things are not stable, not durable, and not a ground of certainty for the fickle mind. Nor are they merely fragile and transient. Rather, Kleist’s things are simultaneously both stable and fragile, durable and transient, certain and uncertain. Kleist’s writings show how the liminality of things extends into the social realm where things are recognized as a potential resource: as the singular, different, and surprising element that resists, that can change, but that also makes possible the general, the rule, the law. Focusing in particular on the broken jug in Kleist’s famous comedy by the same name, the article argues that Kleist finds in things an alternative to Kant’s “thing in itself” and to the Romantic absolute (as something Unbedingtes). Counter to the search for certainty and stable grounds advocated by some of the new materialists, Kleist’s episteme works toward a thinking that responds and recalls the uncertainty of things and with it their singularity and generative force.

Element of Surprise and Its Efficacy in Maintaining Exam Integrity in Online Exams

Element of Surprise and Its Efficacy in Maintaining Exam Integrity in Online Exams

The Element of Surprise: How Predictive Processing Can Help Coach Practitioners Understand and Develop Skilled Movement in Sport Settings

Predictive processing provides a framework for explaining how the brain solves problems of perception, decision making, and movement control by forming predictions, or plausible explanations, for what is happening in an approximately optimal manner. The strength or confidence of the prediction subjectively shapes whether something “surprising” has happened and whether a person’s perceptions and actions require adjustment. We put forward how predictive processing accounts of skill development emphasise predictive processes of action and perception that allows coaches who identify as “sporting ecology designers,” to better understand how to select the right action opportunities (i.e., affordances) to include in their training designs. We describe how motor learning can be incorporated into training designs through the element of “surprise” or the unexpected variations from the already established internal patterns that athletes have learned over time in a range of performance and practice settings. We conclude by presenting an applied example of coaching the backdoor cut manoeuver in basketball using predictive processing techniques, outlining how aspects of athlete knowledge, intentionality, memories, decision making, and prior experience cognitively coalesce during a coach-led training design to produce stable, yet flexible, movement couplings in a sport-based setting.

Analyse the Function of Discourse Markers Using in Naturally Occurring Discourses and Planned Speeches

This article delves into the multifaceted role of discourse markers in both naturally occurring conversations and planned speeches. Discourse markers, which are linguistic units that aid in establishing coherence and connectivity within discourse, are explored in their various functions and contexts. In the realm of spontaneous discourse, such as a talk show interview with the Avengers cast, the author highlights the strategic use of discourse markers like ‘and.’ These markers serve to build logical connections between sentences, maintain the flow of actions, de-escalate discourse processes, and reopen interactional agendas. The author exemplifies how ‘and’ is employed strategically to navigate interruptions, manage pauses, and sustain the coherence of the conversation. In planned discourses, like a TED speech by Cameron Russell, the focus shifts towards using discourse markers for enhancing coherence and clarity. Here, ‘so’ and ‘but’ are analyzed in their roles of signaling transitions, foreshadowing connections between sentences, and introducing elements of contrast or surprise. These discourse markers serve as indispensable tools for guiding the audience through the logical progression of the speaker’s thoughts and ensuring a deeper understanding of the discourse. Overall, the article underscores the versatile and impactful nature of discourse markers, which can serve different functions in spontaneous and planned discourse contexts. Whether it’s facilitating smooth transitions, managing interruptions, or enhancing coherence, discourse markers play a pivotal role in shaping effective communication.

Контрнаступальна операція Збройних сил України на Харківському напрямку у 2022 році: досвід та стратегічне значення

Background. This study aims to analyze the key factors behind the successful counteroffensive of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kharkiv in 2022 and highlight its strategic significance. The research reveals the prerequisites and context of the Slobozhanska counteroffensive, analyzes the assessments of the operation's success factors, and underscores its importance for subsequent events. Methods. The methodological framework of the study relies on a wide range of analytical and journalistic sources, comparative analysis of historical contexts, and the application of problem-chronological methods. Results. The article elucidates the sequence of events preceding the Ukrainian military's announced offensive actions in the South-Western operational zone. It delineates the onset of the Ukrainian Armed Forces' counteroffensive on the Kherson front and the corresponding Russian informational-propagandistic support. The subsequent relocation of Russian units and their deployment on the Kherson and Kharkiv fronts are also examined. The article identifies the key stages of the Slobozhanska offensive, distinguishing two periods: the liberation of territories before and after the crossing of the Oskil River. Furthermore, the study examines the key success factors of the Ukrainian Armed Forces' Kharkiv counteroffensive. The authors cite three main factors: a successful disinformation campaign, intensive disruption of Russian logistics and command systems, and the suddenness of the offensive operation, disguised as defensive and stabilizing actions. The authors emphasize the importance of the element of surprise in the Ukrainian Armed Forces' strike location. The reaction of leading media and analysts to the course of the Ukrainian offensive, as well as the response of Russian propaganda resources, is analyzed. The authors note that the successful counteroffensive and territory de-occupation had a significant military-political impact. From a military perspective, the operation allowed Ukrainian forces to strengthen positions, occupy advantageous positions, and avoid heavy urban combat. Conclusion. Politically, the success of the operation prompted Ukraine's partners to act more decisively and actively support Ukraine. In conclusion, the authors underscore that the operation was properly planned and executed, drawing attention from the scientific community to analyze the contemporary Russian-Ukrainian war.

WOMEN’S PROTESTS IN SMALL POLISH TOWNS

Late 2020 witnessed one of the biggest cycles of protests in contemporary Poland that were sparked by the decision of the Constitutional Tribunal further restricting the abortion law. This cycle of contention was somewhat similar to of the protests organized in 2016 and later but stood out in terms of scale and geographic distribution. The 2016 protests were surprising as they also emerged in Polish small and provincial towns. The scale of 2020’s protests in small towns belies the common assumption about the string conservatism of Poland and in particular Polish small towns and rural areas. Besides the scale, there are other surprising elements in these protests, one of them being the harsher and more direct language used during the protests and the generational composition of the protesting crowds. Our hypothesis is that these protests mark the emergence of a new generation of feminist activists, while the whole cycle of protests marks deeper changes in Polish society. The inclusion of the Roman Catholic Church as one of the targets of the protests’ claims can be linked to the increasing secularization of the Polish society; the growing and observed intersectionality during women’s protests (i.e. inclusion of social claims, support for LGBT+ community, antifascism) points out to the changing nature of feminist activism in Poland; and finally the new language used during protests suggests a significant change in defining the protest arena s and a shift of scale from locality to the translocal reality of social media.

Leading pedestrian intervals – Yay or Nay? A Before-After evaluation of multiple conflict types using an enhanced Non-Stationary framework integrating quantile regression into Bayesian hierarchical extreme value analysis

A pedestrian was estimated to be killed every 85 min and injured every 7 min on US roads in 2019. Targeted safety treatments are particularly required at urban intersections where pedestrians regularly conflict with turning vehicles. Leading Pedestrian Intervals (LPIs) are an innovative, low-cost treatment where the pedestrian and vehicle usage of the potential conflict area (a crosswalk) is staggered in time to give the pedestrians a head start of a few seconds and reduce the “element of surprise” for right-turning vehicles. The effectiveness of LPI treatment on pedestrian safety is mixed, and most importantly, its effect on vehicle-vehicle conflicts is unknown. This study investigates the before-after effects of LPI treatments on vehicle–pedestrian and vehicle-vehicle crash risk by applying traffic conflict techniques. In particular, this study has developed a quantile regression technique within the extreme value model to estimate and compare crash risks before and after the installation of the LPI treatment. The before-after traffic movement video data (504 h in total) were collected from three signalized intersections in the City of Bellevue, Washington. The recorded movements were analyzed using Microsoft’s proprietary computer vision platform, Edge Video Service, and Advanced Mobility Analytics Group’s cloud-based SMART SafetyTM platform to automatedly extract traffic conflicts by analyzing road user trajectories. The treatment effect was measured using a Bayesian hierarchical extreme value model with the peak-over threshold approach. For the extreme value model, a Bayesian quantile regression analysis was conducted to estimate the conflict thresholds corresponding to a high (95th) quantile. Odds ratios were estimated for both conflict types using untreated crossing as a control group. Results indicate that the LPI treatment reduces the crash risk of pedestrians as measured by the reduction in extreme vehicle–pedestrian conflicts by about 42%. The LPI treatment has also been found not to negatively affect rear-end conflicts along the approaches leading to the LPI-treated pedestrian crossing at the signalized intersections. The findings of this study further emphasize the effectiveness of video analytics in proactive safety evaluations of engineering treatments.