Surprising Effect Research Articles

СТОРІТЕЛІНГ ЯК ПОЛІФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ СУЧАСНОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ: МОВНОСТИЛІСТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ

The article analyzes media instrument of modern communication, i.e. storytelling, which is widely used for commercial, advertising and corporate purposes to influence recipient's emotions, cognition and motivations. At the same time, storytelling based on real life facts is one of the most effective learning techniques that promotes linguistic competence and enables various communication tasks to be solved. Analysis of storytelling showed that it gained particular relevance due to the principles of submission the information in implicit form, unobtrusively influencing the audience, gaining its trust and loyalty, resulting in the recipients make their own decisions and draw appropriate conclusions. It is established that to reach a high level of influence on the target audience, a story must be true, emotional, relevant and new, contain an idea, a bright character or image, have a dynamic plot, often with a surprise effect, logical conclusion, intrigue till the end and (for electronic versions)be accompanied by quality content. Despite defined algorithms for story-building and typical content structures of its plot, there is a tendency to create storytelling outside the box. The main principle that determines the theme, ideas, specifics of language organization of stories is adaptation to the target audience. Separate analysis of direct-acting storytelling which has recently spread in social networks is given. Its purpose is to draw the reader's attention to current problems, influence the recipient's emotions and behavior with the help of verbal and non-verbal means. An example of such storytelling in Ukraine is the Ukraїner Media Project which helped to represent our country in a new way and realize the dreams of many ordinary citizens. The studying of different stories showed that storytelling uses such linguistic and stylistic means as emotionally coloured vocabulary which is typical for literary, mass media and colloquial functional styles, foreign words, jargon, slang expressions, phraseologisms, metaphors, personifications, rhetoric constructions etc. As for parts of speech, verbs are more frequently used because they intensify and dynamize the narrative.

Electrostatic charging of wind-blown dust and implications on dust transport

It is well known that electric fields occur in wind-blown dust, due to the triboelectric charging of particles as they collide. Triboelectric charging, or contact electrification, is a poorly understood and complex phenomenon. It is especially important in granular systems, as the high surface-to-volume ratio can lead to the build-up of large amounts of charge. A particularly surprising effect, which is important in dust systems, is that charge transfer occurs in systems of a single composition, such that there is a particle-size dependent polarity of the particles. Here, we use a combined experimental and theoretical approach to elucidate the electrostatic charging that occurs during dust storms, and the effects of this electrostatic charging on dust transport. We create laboratory-scale wind-blown dust systems, and study the electrostatic charging. We find that larger particles tend to charge positive and to stay at or near the sand bed, while smaller particles tend to charge negative and get lofted to higher elevations. This self-segregating of charged particles would lead to electric fields within a dust storm. Our results show that electric fields then increase the dust transport by more easily lofting charged particles.

Fearing the Fed: How Wall Street Reads Main Street

Using intraday stock returns around macroeconomic news announcements (MNAs), we find strong evidence of persistent, cyclical variation in the stock market's response to MNA surprises. The response is particularly strong coming out of recessions and is gradually attenuated as the economy expands. We show that this cyclical pattern can be explained by a regime-switching model. In the model, we find that the direction and shape of the market's response reflect the evolution of beliefs about the state of the economy and monetary policy. The risk of an interest rate hike can entirely mitigate (and even reverse) the effect of positive MNA surprises on returns. This mechanism is consistent with the data -- positive MNA surprises coincide with negative stock market returns when there is substantial uncertainty over monetary policy.

Investors' Opinion Divergence and Post-Earnings Announcement Drift in REITs

Executive Summary. In this study, we examine whether investors' opinion divergence has explanatory power for post-earnings announcement drift in equity real estate investment trusts (REITs). We measure investors' opinion divergence using abnormal trading turnover around the earnings announcement date. Our results show that investor opinion divergence is positively related to the REIT post-earnings announcement drift (PEAD) after controlling for the effects of earnings surprise, initial market reaction to the announcement, firm size, and risk. Further analysis shows that the effect of investor opinion divergence on the REIT PEAD is asymmetric. The effect exists for negative earnings surprises but not for positive earnings surprises.

The inventory change surprise's role in energy price behaviour

In this paper, we investigate how the inventory announcements through information surprises affect energy commodity prices on return and volatility using a daily data from 9 November 2010 to 24 September 2013. The data set covers 150 inventory news released by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) for each commodity. Across a range of specifications, we find strong evidence for the negative effect of inventory surprises on energy commodity futures returns on the day of the announcement. In contrast, the effect after the announcement day becomes insignificant. Moreover, in separating inventory announcements into positive and negative surprises, we find that asymmetric responses in returns to EIA inventory shocks are pronounced for energy commodity. Finally, we show that natural gas volatility is susceptible to both positive and negative inventory surprises, whereas surprises do not matter for crude oil volatility.

МЕТОДИКА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ЧИННИКІВ РАПТОВОСТІ НА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВИКОНАННЯ ЗАВДАНЬ У СПЕЦІАЛЬНІЙ ОПЕРАЦІЇ ІЗ ЗНЕШКОДЖЕННЯ НЕЗАКОННОГО ЗБРОЙНОГО ФОРМУВАННЯ

From the beginning of the anti- terrorism operation in the east of Ukraine, during the period April – June of 2014, the effectiveness of illegal armed groups neutralization was not enough, as evidenced by underperformance and a large amount of losses and damages of military units and low enforcement forces. Increasing the combat employment effectiveness of a unit of the National Guard of Ukraine in the special operation to neutralize illegal armed groups is possible through the use of surprise principle, which doesn`t require engagement of considerable additional resources. The surprise of actions of the National Guard of Ukraine units must be understood as an ability to use unexpected for enemy modalities and methods of operation in a sudden place and at unknown time in order to seize the initiative and take the advantages. Surprise allows army to take possession of enemy unexpectedly, cause the panic in his disposition, immobilize attempts for holdout, drastically reduce combat effectiveness, disorganize the management, create favorable conditions for obtaining success with the least loss of forces and equipment. In this article a tactic of estimation of influence of surprise effect on the mission performance effectiveness in a special operation to neutralize illegal armed groups has been created. It allows appraising the significance of performance possibilities and completion effectiveness, and also making conclusions about their accordance to selected criteria, reducing time for conceptual development of Spec Op with increasing in quality factor and planning accuracy. The methodology is based on mathematical models: an estimation of the readiness level of the NGU unit to perform missions of the intended purpose; an estimation of the march (maneuver) capacities; an estimation of the reconnaissance capacity, a capability to neutralize an illegal armed group; a performance of a mission based of fire duels. These models show the actions dynamics of the NGU unit in the Spec Op to neutralize illegal armed groups. Quantitative and qualitative composition of developed capability indicators and mission effectiveness aims to obtain sufficiently steady results of expected actions evaluations of the unit of NGU in the Spec Op, and during an automated calculation of technique realization of their meanings it meets requirement of flexibility and sufficiency of conceptual development and operation plan.

Interlinguistic crosses and transextuality in María Rosal

The objective of this article is to analyse the different textual strategies with which María Rosal Nadales makes a transtextual construction in her anthology "Al este del andén". The use of this technique responds to different reasons: the active role that is assigned to the reader and the playful character in which the writing is framed, the tribute to and poetic concordance with other authors, the surprise effect and the irony, the postmodern fusion of classical culture and popular culture and, finally, the ethical-aesthetic commitment to point out contradictions, create new metaphors and encourage the reader's reflection together with new ways of thinking, especially around the figure of the woman poet and the representation of the female body.

When Do Followers Compensate for Leader Silence? The Motivating Role of Leader Injustice

Leaders are important for overcoming silence in organizations, because they can serve as role models and facilitate voice, for example, by being just. However, at times, leaders themselves remain silent. In such instances, trickle-down models of leadership and role-modeling theory suggest that leader silence results in follower silence. Drawing on research on laissez-faire leadership and coping, we challenge these approaches proposing that team members can compensate for their leader’s silence. This compensatory effect, in turn, is proposed to be contingent on followers’ justice perceptions, although in a counterintuitive way: Drawing on the fairness heuristic and collective action research, we propose that perceiving the leader as unjust makes it less likely that followers use their leader as a role model and can motivate followers to overcome fear and resignation, eventually resulting in followers’ speaking up in cases when leaders fail to do so. Results from two studies in organizations support our assumption that jointly considering leader and follower silence can reveal surprising effects and thus inspire new research complementing current approaches to overcome silence and its detrimental effects for organizations and their stakeholders. Additionally, we discuss theoretical and practical implications regarding the role of leaders, followers, and context as antecedents of silence.

R&D COLLABORATION BETWEEN FIRMS: HARD AND SOFT ANTECEDENTS OF SUPPLIER KNOWLEDGE SHARING

Manufacturing firms that collaborate with external R&D partners are inevitably confronted with the danger of R&D suppliers deliberately with holding knowledge. Empirical analyses on a set of 104 supplier firms provide results concerning the impact of “soft” determinants of knowledge sharing that have not been investigated to date. In particular, they show that intrinsic motivation and organisational culture are more important than better examined “hard” determinants such as behaviour monitoring and the collaboration perspective. Additionally, we detect a theoretically surprising effect of knowledge sharing on the supplier firm’s success.

Strong coupling of a two-dimensional electron ensemble to a single-mode cavity resonator

We investigate the regime of strong coupling of an ensemble of two-dimensional electrons to a single-mode cavity resonator. In particular, we realized such a regime of light-matter interaction by coupling the cyclotron motion of a collection of electrons on the surface of liquid helium to the microwave field in a semi-confocal Fabry-Perot resonator. For the co-rotating component of the microwave field, the strong coupling is pronouncedly manifested by the normal-mode splitting in the spectrum of coupled field-particle motion. We present a complete description of this phenomenon based on classical electrodynamics, as well as show that the full quantum treatment of this problem results in mean-value equations of motion that are equivalent to our classical result. For the counter-rotating component of the microwave field, we observe a strong resonance when the microwave frequency is close to both the cyclotron and cavity frequencies. We show that this surprising effect, which is not expected to occur under the rotating-wave approximation, results from the mixing between two polarization components of the microwave field in our cavity.

The surprise effect of ambient ad on the path leading to purchase: Testing the role of attitude toward the brand

ABSTRACT Enterprises have made changes in their marketing and communication activities because of increased competition and changes in consumer behavior. In seeking to stand out from their competitors, brands have started to use more creative, extraordinary, interactive, and nontraditional approaches in their advertisements. One of these approaches is ambient advertising, which involves the guerilla marketing activities and alters environmental elements that consumers interact with (e.g., pedestrian paths, bus stops) creatively and unexpectedly and renders these elements meaningful in terms of advertising. In ambient advertising literature, relationships between perceived surprise, attention toward the ad, attitudes toward the ad and brand, purchase intention, and mediation effect of attitude toward an unknown brand have not been hierarchically tested. In this study, the effectiveness of ambient advertising was evaluated based on a structural equation model and the data were collected from 194 consumers through cross-sectional survey method. The results revealed some statistically significant relationships. In conclusion, perceived surprise was determined as a strong antecedent of attention toward the ad, attitude toward ambient advertising was found to have a positive effect on purchase intention, and it was also found that attitude toward the brand had a mediating effect between attitude toward the ad and purchase intention.

Elucidating the Exceptional Passivation Effect of 0.8 nm Evaporated Aluminium on Transparent Copper Films

Slab-like copper films with a thickness of 9 nm (~70 atoms) and sheet resistance of ≤ 9 Ω sq-1 are shown to exhibit remarkable long-term stability towards air-oxidation when passivated with an 0.8 nm aluminium layer deposited by simple thermal evaporation. The sheet resistance of 9 nm Cu films passivated in this way, and lithographically patterned with a dense array of ~6 million apertures per cm-2, increases by less than 3.5% after 7000 hrs exposure to ambient air. Using a combination of annular-dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, nanoscale spatially resolved elemental analysis and atomic force microscopy, we show that this surprising effectiveness of this layer results from spontaneous segregation of the aluminium to grain boundaries in the copper film where it forms a ternary oxide plug at those sites in the metal film most vulnerable to oxidation. Crucially, the heterogeneous distribution of this passivating oxide layer combined with its very low thickness ensures that the underlying metal is not electrically isolated, and so this simple passivation step renders Cu films stable enough to compete with Ag as the base metal for transparent electrode applications in emerging optoelectronic devices.

CD19-CAR T Cells Treatment for Minimal Residual Disease in B-Cell Lymphoma with a Higher Response Rate and Fewer Adverse Reactions

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells directed against CD19 (CART19) has demonstrated efficacy in relapsed or refractory (r/r) B-cell lymphoma with durable complete remissions (CR). However, there are some patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) also need attention. Persistence or reappearance of minimal residual disease (MRD) after chemotherapy always results in relapse. MRD is an indicator of resistance to chemotherapy. Based on these considerations, a clinical retrospective trials with control and without random study (ChiCTR-ONN-16008911) was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of CD19-CAR-T cells in MRD positive B-cell lymphoma patients, which is devoted to reduce the risk of recurrence. This paper will discuss the difference of efficacy and safety between minimal residual disease or partial remission and relapsed or refractory patients. The structural features of our CAR-T products include anti-CD19 scFv, a transmembrane domain, and a 4-1BB/CD3ζsignaling domain.Patients and Methods: This study enrolled B cell lymphoma in two cohorts. Cohort1 includes 10 patients with MRD persistence or reappearance after induction and consolidation therapy or patients acquired partial remission(PR). Cohort2 includes 12 patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) B-cell lymphoma were included. We used autologous T cells expressing a CD19-CAR T cells to treat these patients. Patients were monitored for response to treatment, toxic effects, the expansion and persistence of CD19-CAR T cells.Results: 1. A total of 22 patients with B-cell lymphoma received CD19-CAR T cells, the median dose of CAR-T cells was 5.2×106/kg (2.0~10.0×106/kg). The infusions were safe, and no dose-limiting toxicities occurred. 2.The cohort1 overall response rate was 100%. Complete remission occurred in 8 of 10 patients (80%). The other 2patients with DLBCL were stable after CAR T cells treatment. The cohort2 overall response rate was 75%(9/12). Complete remission occurred in 2 of 12 patients (17%),partial remission occurredin 5 of 12 patients (42%).And another 2 patients got stable disease. 3. CD19-CAR T cells proliferated in vivo and were detectable in the blood of patients. The cohort1 and cohort2 peak time of CAR T cells proliferated was 12(5~19) days and 4.5(1~12) days after treatment respectively. And among peripheral blood cells, CAR-T cells accounted for 10.10% (3.55% ~24.74%)and 4.02% (2.23%~28.60%) of T lymphocytes respectively. 4. The cohort1 patients achieved sustained remissions, and at a median follow-up of 10 months(3 ~18 months). None of all the patients relapsed and the median follow-up time was 10 months (3~18 months). However, 9 of the cohort2 patients who had a response maintain a good condition for 40-90 days. Except for one patient with following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the remaining patients developed disease progression in different degrees. 5. Cytokine-release syndrome(CRS) occurred in all patients, which in cohort1 were grade 1-2 CRS and in cohort 2 has one patient developed a grade 3 CRS.Conclusions: CAR-T cell therapy not only plays a role in the rescue treatment of relapsed and refractory patients, but also has a surprising effect in the consolidation and maintenance of B-cell lymphoma, and it is expected to become a treatment that benefits more patients.CD19-CAR T cells might be more effective in the treatment of MRD+/PR B-cell lymphoma patients than in the refractory or relapse patients. High response rate were observed, with fewer adverse reactions. CAR T treatment in MRD-positive B-cells lymphoma patients may be a therapeutic option to put off the progression to relapse and refractory lymphoma. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Temporal expectations modulate face image repetition suppression of early stimulus evoked event-related potentials

Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to reduced responses of stimulus-selective sensory neurons, an effect known as repetition suppression or stimulus-specific adaptation. Several influential models have been proposed to explain repetition suppression within hierarchically-organised sensory systems, with each specifying different mechanisms underlying repetition effects. We manipulated temporal expectations within a face repetition experiment to test a critical prediction of the predictive coding model of repetition suppression: that repetition effects will be larger following stimuli that appear at expected times compared to stimuli that appear at unexpected times. We recorded event-related potentials from 18 participants and mapped the spatiotemporal progression of repetition effects using mass univariate analyses. We then assessed whether the magnitudes of observed face image repetition effects were influenced by temporal expectations. In each trial participants saw an adapter face, followed by a 500 ms or 1000 ms interstimulus interval (ISI), and then a test face, which was the same or a different face identity to the adapter. Participants’ expectations for whether the test face would appear after a 500 ms ISI were cued by the sex of the adapter face. Our analyses revealed multiple repetition effects with distinct scalp topographies, extending until at least 800 ms from stimulus onset. An early (158–203 ms) repetition effect was larger for stimuli following surprising, rather than expected, 500 ms ISI durations, contrary to the model predictions of the predictive coding model of repetition suppression. During this time window temporal expectation effects were larger for alternating, compared to repeated, test stimuli. Statistically significant temporal expectation by stimulus repetition interactions were not found for later (230–609 ms) time windows. Our results provide further evidence that repetition suppression can reduce neural effects of expectation and surprise, indicating that there are multiple interactive mechanisms supporting sensory predictions within the visual hierarchy.

ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF PRESCRIBING CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NHS SECONDARY SECTOR

The overall objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the hemostatic activity of secondary metabolites (polyphones, flavonoïds and tannins) of Marrubium vulgare leaves, aromatic plant widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma, cough, diabetes ( by its effect on the pancreas to secrete insulin), heart disease, fever has a high efficiency as against inflammation. Qualitative analysis of the aqueous extract (AQE ) by thin layer chromatography revealed the presence of quercetin, kaempferol and rutin. Quantification of total phenols by Folin Ciocalteu method and flavonoïds by AlCl3 method gave high values with AQE: 175 ± 0.80 mg GAE per 100g of the dry matter, 23.86 ± 0.36 mg QE per 100g of dry matter. Moreover, the assay of condensed tannins by the vanillin method showed that AQE contains the highest value: 16.55 ± 0.03 mg E-Catechin per 100g of dry matter. Assessment of hemostatic activity by the plasma recalcification method (time of Howell) has allowed us to discover the surprising dose dependent anticoagulant effect of AQE lyophilized from leaves of M. vulgare. A positive linear correlation between the two parameters studied: the content of condensed tannins and hemostatic activity (r = 0.96 ) were used to highlight a possible role of these compounds that are potent vasoconstrictor activity in hemostatic. From these results we can see that Marrubium vulgre could be used for the treatment of health.

The geographic mosaic of coevolution in mutualistic networks

Ecological interactions shape adaptations through coevolution not only between pairs of species but also through entire multispecies assemblages. Local coevolution can then be further altered through spatial processes that have been formally partitioned in the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution. A major current challenge is to understand the spatial patterns of coadaptation that emerge across ecosystems through the interplay between gene flow and selection in networks of interacting species. Here, we combine a coevolutionary model, network theory, and empirical information on species interactions to investigate how gene flow and geographical variation in selection affect trait patterns in mutualistic networks. We show that gene flow has the surprising effect of favoring trait matching, especially among generalist species in species-rich networks typical of pollination and seed dispersal interactions. Using an analytical approximation of our model, we demonstrate that gene flow promotes trait matching by making the adaptive landscapes of different species more similar to each other. We use this result to show that the progressive loss of gene flow associated with habitat fragmentation may undermine coadaptation in mutualisms. Our results therefore provide predictions of how spatial processes shape the evolution of species-rich interactions and how the widespread fragmentation of natural landscapes may modify the coevolutionary process.

Overlimiting current due to electro-diffusive amplification of the second Wien effect at a cation-anion bipolar membrane junction.

Numerical simulations are presented for the transient and steady-state response of a model electrodiffusive cell with a bipolar ion-selective membrane under electric current. The model uses a continuum Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory including source terms to account for the catalytic second Wien effect between ionogenic groups in the membranes and resolves the Debye layers at interfaces. The resulting electric field at the membrane junction is increased by as much as four orders of magnitude in comparison to the field external to the membrane. This leads to a significant amplification of the second Wien effect, creating an increased ionic flux due to the catalytic decomposition of water. The effect also induces an exaltation effect wherein the salt ion flux undergoes a concomitant increase as well. The interplay of effects results in a unique over-limiting current mechanism due to concentration polarization internal, rather than external, to the membranes. In addition to the case of two equal but oppositely charged membranes under the standard simplifying assumption of equal ionic diffusivities, two variations on this model are studied. Asymmetric diffusivities, representative of the actual mobility difference in dissociated water ions, and the effect of the membrane charge density ratio were also considered. The latter elucidates an overlimiting current shift mechanism for DNA adsorption on anion-selective membranes proposed by Slouka et al. [Langmuir 29, 8275 (2013)]. The former provides more realistic picture of multi-ion transport and demonstrates a surprising steady-state effect due to the asymmetry in the diffusivity of hydroxide and hydronium.

Modeling implicit learning in a cross-modal audio-visual serial reaction time task

This study examined implicit learning in a cross-modal condition, where visual and auditory stimuli were presented in an alternating fashion. Each cross-modal transition occurred with a probability of 0.85, enabling participants to gain a reaction time benefit by learning the cross-modal predictive information between colors and tones. Motor responses were randomly remapped to ensure that pure perceptual learning took place. The effect for the implicit learning was extracted from the data by fitting five different models to the data, which was highly variable due to motor variability. To examine individual learning rates for stimulus types of different discriminability and modality, the models were fitted per stimulus type and individually for each participant. The model selection identified the model that included motor variability, surprise effects for deviants and a serial position for effect onset as the most explanatory (Akaike weight 0.87). Further, there was a significant global cross-modal implicit learning effect for predictable versus deviant transitions (40 ms reaction time difference, p < 0.004). The learning rates over time differed for both modality and the stimuli within modalities, although there was no correlation to global error rates or reaction time differences between the stimulus types. These results demonstrate a modeling method that is well suited to extract detailed information about the success of implicit learning from high variability data. It further shows a cross-modal implicit learning effect, which extends the understanding of the implicit learning system and highlights the possibility for information to be processed in a cross-modal representation without conscious processing.

Determinants of moral hazard in research and development supply relations: Empirical results beyond the agency‐theory explanation

Moral hazard can hinder both the realization and the effectiveness of research and development (R&amp;D) supply relations. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no empirical studies investigating the determinants of moral hazard under the specific circumstances of R&amp;D supply relations. Based on a study on 104 cases, this article will help to fill that gap. The results not only confirm information asymmetries as determinants, as predicted by principal‐agent theory, but also reveal surprising effects of additional factors. Thus, we show that the general explanation of moral hazard needs to be adapted to the specifics of a concrete exchange situation.

Peculiar Features of the Spectrum Saturation Effect When the Spectral Diffusion Operates: System with Two Frequencies

The saturation of a spectrum with two separated spectral lines is theoretically analyzed in the presence of the spectral diffusion. Surprising effects of circularly polarized alternating magnetic field on the spectrum under saturation conditions were obtained. The alternating magnetic field pushes two lines apart, while the spectral diffusion tends to shift the lines to the center of gravity. As a result, the so-called exchange narrowing of the spectrum occurs at a higher spectral diffusion rate with the increase in the amplitude of the alternating magnetic field. The spectrum is presented as a sum of two lines which correspond to the two independent collective modes of the magnetization vectors motion. The resonance frequencies of these modes depend on the spectral diffusion rate and the intensity of the alternating magnetic field.