Surgical Treatment Of Cataract Research Articles

Higher-order Aberrations — the Choice of Optimal Intraocular Correction in the Surgical Treatment of Cataracts. Review of the Literature

The cornea is the most powerful refractive element of the eye and plays a fundamental role in the quality of vision. Imperfection of corneas shape leads to the focusing errors formation, known as optical aberrations, which are responsible for visual performance deterioration. Understanding and assessing wavefront errors in IOL selection and calculation is great importance to achieve maximum optical outcome in the postoperative period. The article presents literature data of the effect of higher-order aberrations on the vision quality in unoperated eyes, changes of the wavefront in the eyes after cornea surgical interventions, the effect of various types of IOLs (spherical, aspherical, multifocal and EDOF) on the total error of the eye wavefront, recommendations at their choice with different severity levels of optical aberrations, as well as promising areas of research on this issue.

Технология предварительной радиальной ИАГ-лазерной факофрагментации в хирургическом лечении катаракты

Purpose. To represent the technology of preliminary radial YAG laser phacofragmentation in the surgical treatment of cataracts. Material and methods. The technology of preliminary radial YAG laser phacofragmentation has been used in the Kaluga branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution since 2016. The basis of the technology is the transcorneal endocapsular formation of radial cracks of the lens core for its subsequent fragmentation during ultrasonic phacoemulsification of cataracts (FEC). The total number of pulses ranges from 95 to 150. Results. In the Kaluga branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, preliminary radial YAG laser phacofragmentation was performed on 9468 eyes with cataracts of 2–4 degrees of density from 2016 to 2023. After YAG laser fragmentation of the lens core, its radial separation occurs according to the «snowflake» type, which consists of 3 layers and «petals» extending from cavitation bubbles that clearly outline the core. The clinical and functional state of the eyes after preliminary YAG laser phacofragmentation indicated the absence of reactive inflammation from the anterior and posterior segment of the eye, which was confirmed by biomicroscopy and ultrasound ophthalmoscanning data. Conclusion. The technology of preliminary radial YAG laser phacofragmentation is a safe and effective method that allows you to achieve uniform separation of lens fibers along the formed fragmentation zones, which correspond to subsequent nuclear fracture zones during the nuclear fragmentation stage during ultrasonic FEC. Key words: radial YAG laser phacofragmentation, cataract, ultrasonic phacoemulsification of cataract

MACHINE LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF POSTKERATOTOMIC CORNEAL DEFORMITY

Backgraund: A thorough analysis of both the optical and anatomical properties of the cornea in patients after anterior radial keratotomy is of particular importance in choosing the optical strength of an intraocular lens in the surgical treatment of cataracts and other types of optical correction. The variability of the clinical picture of postkeratotomic deformity (PCRD) determines the need to develop its classification and is an important task of modern ophthalmology.
 Aims: to develop an automated system of classification of corneal PCRD using machine learning and an artificial neural network based on the analysis of topographic maps of the cornea.
 Materials and methods: depersonalized results of the analysis of medical records of 250 patients aged 59.63±5.95 (from 46 to 76) years were used as the material. The analysis of 500 maps of the relief-topography of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and 3 stages of machine learning of the PCRD classification were carried out.
 Results: Stage 1- analysis of the relief topography of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea allowed us to fix the numerical values of the elevation of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea in three ring-shaped zones. At stage 2, in the course of deep machine learning, a direct distribution neural network was selected and created. 8 auxiliary parameters describing the shape of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea were established. Stage 3 was accompanied by obtaining algorithms for the classification of PCRD depending on the ratio of test and training samples, which ranged from 75 to 91%..
 Conclusion: The use of artificial neural network algorithms can become a useful tool for automatic classification of postkeratotomic corneal deformity in patients who have previously undergone radial keratotomy.

Review of the regulatory framework regarding the use of multifocal IOLs for cataract surgery.

Review of the regulatory framework regarding the use of multifocal IOLs for cataract surgery.

Comparison of pathogenetically oriented methods aimed at activating the trabecular meshwork in the surgical treatment of cataract

In modern ophthalmic surgery, the "gold standard" recognized by most surgeons is ultrasound cataract phacoemulsification, which can’t be said about its antiglaucoma component. Some surgeons prefer to combine phacoemulsification with a filtering surgery, or follow the cyclodestructive approach, but taking into account that the main aqueous humor outflow pathway is through the trabecular meshwork, interventions on the Schlemm’s canal are the most relevant and pathogenetically valid. The article covers the main approaches to surgical interventions aimed at the trabecular meshwork in combination with phacoemulsification, and presents surgical techniques developed by the authors.

Интравитреальное введение моксифлоксацина в комбинации с ванкомицином при субтотальной витрэктомии при послеоперационном эндофтальмите

Acute bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis is inflammation of the internal eye eyeball tunic with the formation of exudate in the vitreous chamber and / or anterior chamber which can quickly lead to an irreversible loss of visual functions, and sometimes loss of the eye as an organ developing most often after surgical treatment of cataracts. The generally accepted standard of the acute bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis treatment (the «gold standard») includes vitrectomy, sampling of contents of the vitreous chamber and anterior chamber for microbial analysis, and determination of its sensitivity to antibiotics. Intravitreal injection of Vancomycin at a dose of 1 mg/0.1 ml and Ceftazidim at a dose of 2.25 mg / 0.1 ml at the final stage of the intervention. To date, the choice of antibacterial substances for intravitreal injections remains open. One of the drugs that meet the requirements is Moxifloxacin; antibacterial drug of fluoroquinolone group with bactericidal effect. It is active against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria, anaerobic, acid-resistant and atypical bacteria. Keywords: acute bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis, intravitreal administration of antibacterial drugs, safety of moxifloxacin and vancomycin, endophthalmitis treatment standards

Vitamin D Supplementation and the Incidence of Cataract Surgery in Older Australian Adults

Observational studies suggest that higher serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration may be associated with lower risk of cataract. However, no randomized controlled trials have assessed the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of cataract. We aimed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation reduces the incidence of cataract surgery. We conducted an ancillary study of the D-Health Trial, a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of monthly vitamin D conducted from 2014 through 2020 within the Australian general population. We invited 421 207 men and women 60 to 84 years of age to participate; including an additional 1896 volunteers, 40 824 expressed interest. Those with hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, kidney stones, osteomalacia, or sarcoidosis or those who were taking more than 500 international units (IU) supplemental vitamin D per day were excluded. A total of 21 315 were randomized, and 1390 participants did not fulfil the eligibility criteria for this analysis (linked data available, no cataract within first 6 months), leaving 19 925 included. The median follow-up was 5 years. Participants took 60 000 IU of vitamin D3 (n= 10 662) or placebo (n= 10 653) orally once per month for a maximum of 5 years. The primary outcome for this analysis was the first surgical treatment for cataract, ascertained through linkage to universal health insurance records and hospital data. Among 19 925 participants eligible for this analysis (mean age, 69.3 years; 46% women) 3668 participants (18.4%) underwent cataract surgery during follow-up (vitamin D: n= 1841 [18.5%]; placebo: n= 1827 [18.3%] ). The incidence of cataract surgery was similar between the two groups (incidence rate, 41.6 and 41.1 per 1000 person-years in the vitamin D and placebo groups, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-1.09). In prespecified subgroup analyses, the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of cataract surgery was not modified by age, sex, body mass index, predicted serum 25(OH)D concentration, or ambient ultraviolet radiation. Routinely supplementing older adults who live in an area with a low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency with high-dose vitamin D is unlikely to reduce the need for cataract surgery. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Анализ результатов традиционной факоэмульсификации катаракты в сравнении с фемтолазер-ассистированной экстракцией катаракты с имплантацией премиум иол

Purpose. A comparative analysis of the results after conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery (CPCS) in comparison with femtolaser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) at patients with implanted premium IOL in the early postoperative period and one month after surgery. Material and methods. A retrospective study of patients who underwent cataract phacoemulsification (44 eyes) was conducted. The average age of the patients was 52 ± 8.7 years. Two groups were identified depending on the type of operation performed. The first group included 16 patients (23 eyes) who underwent (CPCS). Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) before surgery was on average 0.24 ± 0.12 D, best corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) 0.71 ± 2.8 D. The second group included 13 patients (21 eyes) who underwent (FLACS). UCVA before surgery was on average 0.25 ± 0.12 V, BCVA 0.93 ± 2.8 V. Results and discussion. In the first group, at the time of discharge, the UDVA was 0.95 ± 0.22 D, the CDVA was 0.96 ± 0.36 D. In the second group, the UDVA was 0.94 ± 0.22 D, the CDVA was 0.97 ± 0.36 D. In a month after surgery in the first group, Sphere (Sph) was –0.19 ± 0.91 D, Cylinder (Cyl) was –0.76 ± 0.55 D, UDVA was 0.73 ± 0.55 D, CDVA was 0.89 ± 1.21. In the second group, Sph was 0.03 ± 0.91, Cyl was –0.68 ± 0.55 D, UDVA was 0.70 ± 0.55 D, CDVA was 0.83 ± 1.21 D. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups between the indicators of UDVA and CDVA and refractive data at the time of discharge and a month after surgery (p < 0.05). Conclusion. According to preliminary data, after surgical treatment of cataracts with traditional CDVA in comparison with FLACS, comparable results were revealed according to refraction, UDVA and CDVA in the early and long-term postoperative period. At the same time, given the small sample size, for more complete conclusions, it is necessary to continue studies with a follow-up period of at least 6 months and the inclusion of aberrometry data. Keywords: femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery, multifocal intraocular lens, femtosecond laser, FLACS, CPCS.

О хирургическом лечении катаракты и причинах низкого зрения после операции (обзор литературы)

Cataracts are one of the leading causes of vision impairment and reversible blindness in the world. This literature review is devoted to studies that consider important aspects of surgical treatment of age-related cataracts, such as the number and quality of operations performed. The data on the influence of global trends, local territorial and social characteristics on the number of surgical interventions for cataracts are presented. The analysis of indicators of monitoring of surgical treatment of cataract is carried out, the main factors influencing the target indicators of the frequency of cataract surgery on a regional scale are presented. This review also presents the results of studies investigating the causes of low visual acuity after cataract surgery. Key words: cataract surgery, phacoemulsification, causes of low vision

Surgical Treatment of Age-Related Cataracts: Milestones and Challenges. Literature Review

Cataract (partial or complete violation of the transparency of the lens) is one of the main causes of low vision and reversible blindness in the world. It is a known fact that at present the only effective way to eliminate the clouding of the lens is its surgical treatment. About 18 million cataract-related surgical interventions are performed annually in the world. This literature review is devoted to studies examining important aspects of surgical treatment for age-related cataracts, such as the number and quality of operations performed on a population scale. The paper presents data on the impact of global trends, local territorial and social characteristics on the number of surgical interventions for cataracts. A review of key indicators of monitoring cataract surgery has been carried out, the main factors affecting the target indicators of the cataract surgery frequency on a regional scale (age structure of the population, normative indications for surgical treatment, threshold values for visual acuity indicating the need for surgical intervention, and the proportion of people in need in surgical treatment of cataracts). The main achievements and aspects of the modern technique of surgical treatment of cataracts are described, which can reduce the time of surgery, use more gentle surgery technology, significantly reduce the number of complications and achieve the highest functional results. This review also details the results of the largest epidemiological studies on the causes of low visual acuity after cataract surgery. Literature data on the prevalence of low visual acuity in different populations are reflected, its higher prevalence in countries where most of the operated cataracts were mature or complicated was revealed, the surgical technique of large incisions and a longer operation time prevailed. It was noted that low vision after cataract surgery is most often associated with the elderly patient, concomitant systemic and ocular pathology, surgical complications, inadequate intraocular correction.

Cataract surgery in patients with age-related macular degeneration: questions and controversies

The issue of surgical treatment of cataracts in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is important due to a high incidence of the comorbid course of the two diseases. The effectiveness of phacoemulsification of cataract (FEC) in patients with AMD, its influence on the course of AMD, the characteristics of visual functions, and the quality of life of these patients are still controversial. The study of risk factors for the development of choroidal neovascularization, the influence of the characteristics of surgical treatment and the number of injections on the incidence of intraoperative complications seems to be quite relevant for understanding the possible mechanisms of AMD progression after FEC. This study is instrumental in the development of measures preventing the reactivation of the pathological process, improving visual functions and the quality of life of patients after surgical treatment of cataracts. The range of contraindications for FEC in patients with neovascular AMD is rather limited , and continuation of anti-VEGF therapy stops active exudation and increases visual acuity in patients with neovascular AMD. Maintaining functional parameters, improving peripheral vision, contrast sensitivity, improving the quality of OCT imaging provides both significant benefits for the patient and boosts the control of the disease, increasing the accuracy of monitoring.

Интравитреальное введение Вигамокса (Моксифлоксацин без консервантов) в комбинации с ванкомицином при лечении послеоперационного эндофтальмита

Acute bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis is inflammation of the internal eye eyeball tunic with the formation of exudate in the vitreous chamber and / or anterior chamber which can quickly lead to an irreversible loss of visual functions, and sometimes loss of the eye as an organ developing most often after surgical treatment of cataracts. The generally accepted standard of the acute bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis treatment (the “gold standard”) includes vitrectomy, sampling of contents of the vitreous chamber and anterior chamber for microbial analysis, and determination of its sensitivity to antibiotics. Intravitreal injection of Vancomycin at a dose of 1 mg/0.1 ml and Ceftazidim at a dose of 2.25 mg / 0.1 ml at the final stage of the intervention. To date, the choice of antibacterial substances for intravitreal injections remains open. One of the drugs that meet the requirements is Moxifloxacin; antibacterial drug of fluoroquinolone group with bactericidal effect. It is active against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic, acid-resistant and atypical bacteria. Keywords: bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis, intravitreal injection, Moxifloxacin.

Gender effect on onset, prevalence and surgical treatment of cataract in patients with Myotonic Dystrophy type 1.

Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults, affecting 1:8000 individuals. It is a multi-systemic disorder involving muscle, heart, endocrine and respiratory apparatus and eye. The eye symptoms can include ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, epiphora, and early onset cataracts. Cataracts occur at a much earlier age (usually between 30 and 40) than the general population, where females are usually affected more than men. We studied gender differences in cataract prevalence and treatment age in 243 DM1 patients (134 M; 109 F), aged 18 to 70 years, who were subsequently screened at routine follow-up. For each patient, information was collected on age, sex, CTG expansion, age of cataract onset, and age at cataract surgery, when available. Seventy-three patients, 30 females and 43 males, had cataracts, at a mean age of onset of 41.14 ± 12.64 in females, and 40.36 ± 10.03 in males. Sixty-nine of them underwent cataract surgery, males at an earlier age than females (42.8 ± 9.8 years versus 47.3 ± 12.6 years) and in 52.5% of cases before the age of 40, compared to 17.2% of females. The difference was statistically significant. The assumption that females in general and those with DM1 in particular develop cataracts more frequently and earlier than males is not confirmed, at least in this study. A possible explanation for these results could be related to non-advanced age, the protective role of estrogen and the lower prevalence of smoking in the study population.

The importance of the epithelial fibre cell interface to lens regeneration in an in vivo rat model and in a human bag-in-the-lens (BiL) sample

Human lens regeneration and the Bag-in-the-Lens (BIL) surgical treatment for cataract both depend upon lens capsule closure for their success. Our studies suggest that the first three days after surgery are critical to their long-term outcomes. Using a rat model of lens regeneration, we evidenced lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation increased some 50 fold in the first day before rapidly declining to rates observed in the germinative zone of the contra-lateral, un-operated lens. Cell multi-layering at the lens equator occurred on days 1 and 2, but then reorganised into two discrete layers by day 3. E- and N-cadherin expression preceded cell polarity being re-established during the first week. Aquaporin 0 (AQP0) was first detected in the elongated cells at the lens equator at day 7. Cells at the capsulotomy site, however, behaved very differently expressing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) from day 3 onwards. The physical interaction between the apical surfaces of the anterior and posterior LECs from day 3 after surgery preceded cell elongation. In the human BIL sample fibre cell formation was confirmed by both histological and proteome analyses, but the cellular response is less ordered and variable culminating in Soemmerring's ring (SR) formation and sometimes Elschnig's pearls. This we evidence for lenses from a single patient. No bow region or recognisable epithelial-fibre cell interface (EFI) was evident and consequently the fibre cells were disorganised. We conclude that lens cells require spatial and cellular cues to initiate, sustain and produce an optically functional tissue in addition to capsule integrity and the EFI.

Состав конъюнктивальной микрофлоры пациентов перед амбулаторной хирургией катаракты

Purpose. Study of the composition of the conjunctival cavity in healthy patients before elective outpatient cataract surgery. Material and methods. The contents of the conjunctival cavity were examined in 30 patients who were admitted to the ophthalmological departments of the Kirov Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital for the surgical treatment of cataracts as planned. Results. The growth of microflora was detected in 100% of the studied patients when examining crops from the conjunctiva. Most of the identified microorganisms are representatives of the normal microflora of the human skin and mucous membranes. Conclusion. 1. The structure of the conjunctival microflora in patients before elective cataract surgery has a wide spectrum – aerobes (Staphilococcus aureus, Staphilococcus epidermidis) and anaerobes (Propionibacterium granulosum), gram-positive (Corinebacterium spp.) and gram-negative (Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) microorganisms, as well as fungi of the genus Candida. 2. The most common representatives of the conjunctival cavity microflora are Candida fungi (72.4%), E. coli (65.5%), Enterococcus sp. (55.2%), Klebsiella sp. (55.2%), Strp.pyogenes (51.7%), which should be taken into account when prescribing antibacterial therapy in the pre – and postoperative period. Key words: cataract surgery, conjunctival microflora.

Особенности хирургии катаракты в государственном учреждении здравоохранения в период пандемии COVID-19

Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of the KGBUZ «KKOB» in the context of the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 using the example of cataract surgery. Material and methods. Based on regulatory documents aimed at preventing the spread of COVID-19, internal orders were issued that regulated the work of our institution. The actions of the clinic's services were regulated when a building was converted into a «covid hospital», as well as when employees of the institution were transferred to work in a covid hospital. Results. New rules for organizing and conducting medical and diagnostic procedures have been developed. The number of cataract surgeries decreased in 2020 and in the first half of 2021. The duration of the stay of patients with cataracts in a round-the-clock hospital decreased, amounting to 3 days. The waiting times for surgical treatment of cataracts have remained practically unchanged. Conclusion. Despite significant changes in the work of the clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic, the level of surgical treatment for cataracts has decreased slightly. Thanks to the measures taken to reconfigure the processes, it was possible to keep the work of the institution at an acceptable level. Key words: cataract surgery, COVID-19 pandemic.

СПОСІБ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВПЛИВУ ХІРУРГІЧНОГО ЛІКУВАННЯ КАТАРАКТИ НА ПРОГРЕСУВАННЯ ВІКОВОЇ МАКУЛЯРНОЇ ДЕГЕНЕРАЦІЇ

У роботі наводяться результати дослідження впливу хірургічного лікування вікової катарак-ти на прогресування вікової макулярної дегенерації (ВМД).Мета роботи – розробити спосіб оцінки впливу хірургічного лікування катаракти на прогре-сування вікової макулярної дегенерації.У 82 хворих (93 ока) вивчено вплив параметрів факоемульсифікації (ФЕК), операційні тапісляопераційні ускладнення на прогресування ВМД. Встановлено, що факторами ризикупрогресування ВМД після хірургічного лікування є щільність ядра кришталика по Buratto,тривалість операції, обсяг іригаційної рідини, показник кумулятивної розсіяної енергії (се-редня потужність і експозиція лінійного ультразвуку та середня торсійна амплітуда і тор-сійний час), післяопераційне запалення. Розроблено шкалу бальної оцінки прогресуваннявікової макулярної дегенерації після хірургічного лікування катаракти.

Retrospective analysis of functional and anatomical changes, the level of intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma and highgrade myopia during surgical treatment of cataracts

Purpose of the study. To conduct a retrospective analysis of functional, morphometric changes, the level of intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification of cataracts in the early and late postoperative period in patients with glaucoma and highgrade myopia.
 Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of lens morphometric parameters, baseline IOP in patients with PVKG and MIA, IOP in the early and late postoperative period (12 months) in 60 patients who underwent surgical treatment of cataracts by phacoemulsification. There were 2 groups: 1 group consisted of 20 patients with glaucoma, including men – 11, women – 9, the average age of patients in this group was 73,42 ± 6,8 years, the second group consisted of 20 patients with MIA, including men – 8, women – 12, the average age was 71,46 ± 8,25 years. The control group included 20 patients with cataracts (36 eyes), of whom there were 10 men, 10 women, the average age of patients was 70,82 ± 10,25 years.
 Patients in all groups were homogeneous and comparable in sex and age. Patients of the 1st observation group were in a state of compensation for the level of IOP on the background of the use of antiglaucoma drugs. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination, including visometry, perimetry, tonometers, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscope, echobiometry, keratorefractometry.
 Results. A retrospective analysis of functional and anatomical changes in patients with glaucoma and highgrade myopia during surgical treatment of cataracts indicates the effect of FEC + IOL on the condition of ophthalmotonus and functional parameters of the eyes in both early and late postoperative period.
 Conclusion. Analysis of examination of patients with primary openangle glaucoma and high grade myopia revealed differences in functional, morphometric parameters and the level of intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification of cataracts. Maximum corrected visual acuity (MCG) after phacoemulsification of cataracts was significantly increased in all observation groups. The frequency of thick lenses in the control group was 25%, in the group with PVKG – 35%, and in patients with MIA the incidence was minimal, «respectively – 10%. In the remote period 1 year after FEC there is a decrease in IOP in the control group and in glaucoma patients by 0,8 and 1,1 mm Hg, respectively, while in the group of patients in the Ministry of Internal Affairs there is an increase in ophthalmotonus by 0,7 mm Hg (P  0,05). The frequency of reduction of IOP 1 year after FEC is 70% in patients of the control group, 55% in patients with glaucoma and 10% in patients with high myopia.

Assessment of Risk Factors for the Development of Late Intraocular Lens Dislocation

Dislocation of intraocular lens is a serious complication of phacoemulsification with implantation of intraocular lens. Among the causes of early dislocation of intraocular lens intraoperative complications predominate, as well as various form of their mixed fixation. In the late postoperative period, dislocation of the capsular bag-intraocular lens complex mainly occurs, the main reasons for which are the zonular weakness and the failure of the capsular bag support or its fibrosis.Purpose: to assess the influence of various factors on the development of late IOL dislocation (both in the capsular bag and without it) requiring surgical correction.Patientes and methods. The study included 78 patients (78 eyes) who were underwent surgical treatment of varying degree of IOL dislocation from October 2018 to April 2020. The control group consisted of 62 patients recruited for surgical treatment of cataract at the same period. The main factors for assessment were the following: axial myopia (≥26 mm), previous vitreoretinal surgery, recurrent uveitis, primary glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and the use of the capsular tension ring during phacoemulsification.Results. Among the factors studied, the following risk factors of late IOL dislocation were revealed: age, gender, the presence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome, axial myopia, primary glaucoma, implantation of the capsular tension ring. Conclusion. Phacoemulsification is the standard surgical treatment of cataract. However, in patients with potential risk factors of developing IOL dislocation, surgeons should consider the use of additional IOL fixation.

Хирургическое лечение катаракты при увеальных осложнениях лазеркоагуляции при ретинопатии недоношенных

Хирургическое лечение катаракты при увеальных осложнениях лазеркоагуляции при ретинопатии недоношенных