Surface Texture Profile Research Articles

Research on the Rolling Process of SMA-13 Asphalt Surface Layer for Bridge Decks Based on Compaction and Skid Resistance Equilibrium Problems

In order to solve the equilibrium problem related to compaction degree, structural integrity of skid resistance, and skid resistance of asphalt wearing layer on a concrete bridge deck, the influence of rolling mode on compaction degree, structural integrity of skid resistance, and skid resistance performance was analyzed according to compaction curve characteristics, image processing technology, and laser method from the compaction mechanism and temperature control of rolling equipment. The results showed that the compaction degree and rolling times of an SMA-13 asphalt wearing course on the bridge deck could be characterized by a logarithmic model, and the model parameters had clear physical significance. Compared with the vibratory roller, the oscillation roller could achieve a greater and more stable compaction degree of the mixture and maintain a better density, compaction degree, and void ratio after 5 times of oscillation rolling. The pavement wear characteristics were extracted by a digital image method. The results showed that with the increase in rolling times, the rolling temperature decreased gradually, and the wear rate of surface texture increased significantly. The multiscale evaluation of pavement antiskid performance by a laser method showed that the surface structure gradually decreased and tended to be stable (1.2 mm) with the increase in rolling times of the vibratory roller, the microscopic texture density increased with the increase in rolling times, and the proportion of acute angle (<90°) in the peak angle of the surface texture profile decreased with the increase in rolling times. The SMA-13 asphalt wearing course on the bridge deck was rolled by a vibratory roller for 6 times, so as to achieve the balance of compaction degree, structural integrity, and skid resistance.

Internal interfacial interaction analysis of geopolymer-recycled aggregate pervious concrete based on a infiltration model

The comprehensive utilization of solid waste and construction waste is an important problem at present. In this study, geopolymer paste was prepared by fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag powder and the alkali-activator. Then geopolymer recycled-aggregate pervious concrete(GRAPC) was prepared by geopolymer paste and recycled coarse aggregate. The internal interfacial interaction between geopolymer paste and recycled coarse aggregate was studied by theoretical analysis and laboratory tests. The surface texture profile characteristics of recycled coarse aggregate was quantitatively measured by 3D morphometer. Contact angle was tested to characterize the surface energy of geopolymer paste. Combined with the microstructure of the experimental analysis and the classical theory of solid–liquid contact model, the geopolymer paste-recycled aggregate infiltration model was established. The investigation of infiltration and interaction of geopolymer paste on different types of recycled coarse aggregate was carried out. Based on the measurement of paste thickness and GRAPC macro performance, the actual internal interfacial interaction of GRAPC was analyzed by the infiltration model. The paste thickness, working performance, mechanical properties and water permeability of GRAPC were analyzed by laboratory tests. Furthermore, the correlation laws of porosity and enhanced treatment of recycled coarse aggregate were analyzed by the systematical investigation on internal interaction of GRAPC.

SHape Analyser for Particle Engineering (SHAPE): Seamless characterisation and simplification of particle morphology from imaging data

The mechanical and rheological behaviour of particulate and granular assemblies is significantly influenced by the shape of their individual particles. We present a code that implements shape characterisation of three-dimensional particles in an automated and rigorous manner, allowing for the processing of samples composed of thousands of irregular particles within affordable time runs. The input particle geometries can be provided in one of the following forms: segmented labelled images, three-dimensional surface meshes, tetrahedral meshes or point-clouds. These can be complemented with surface texture profiles. Shape characterisation is implemented for three key aspects of shape, namely surface roughness, roundness and form. Also, simplified particle shapes are generated by the code which can be used in numerical simulations to characterise the mechanical behaviour of particulate assemblies, using numerical approaches such as the Discrete Element method and Molecular Dynamics. Combining these two features in one automated framework, the code allows not only to characterise the original granular material but also to monitor how its morphological characteristics change as the shape of the particles is simplified according to the chosen fidelity level for the application of interest. Program summaryProgram Title: SHAPE: SHape Analyser for Particle EngineeringCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/7h3n5rxtf4.1Developer's respository link:https://github.com/vsangelidakis/SHAPELicensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: MatlabNature of problem: Automatic morphological description of three-dimensional particles for material characterisation and generation of simplified particle geometries to be used in numerical simulations of their mechanical behaviour.Solution method: SHAPE [1] analyses the morphology of particles using a range of different morphological descriptors, characterising the form, roundness and roughness of each particle. An object-oriented structure is put in place to ensure a robust handling of the morphological characteristics. The simplified particle geometries are exported in a variety of different formats, supporting some of the most popular Finite Element and Discrete Element codes.

Optimization tool based on multi-objective adaptive surrogate modeling for surface texture design of slipper bearing in axial piston pump

A novel multiobjective adaptive surrogate model is employed for the prediction of full-film lubrication performance of surface texture profile for thrust bearings in axial piston pumps. At present, a surface texture optimization design of thrust bearing in axial piston pump has not been provided based on a unique design solutions. In this study, multi-objective adaptive surrogate-based optimization (MO-ASMO) algorithm was used for solving both the mechanical and volumetric losses performance design of surface texture. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) formed part of the developed multi-objective optimization model, having three competing design objectives which mainly include load capacity, friction torque and leakage rate. A comparative study of two models with accuracy analysis of each case was performed. The results show that the MO-ASMO has the best performance among the different surrogate models. Comparing with the NSGA-II model, the improvement of the leakage rate and the load carrying force made by MO-ASMO are higher about 16.12% and 3.67%, respectively. In other words, multi-objective optimization is capable of enhancing textured slipper bearing performance using MO-ASMO method. The optimal texture radius and texture depth are chosen to minimize the leakage rate and texture bearing capacity.

Image authentication by assessing manipulations using illumination

With the ever increasing use of digital media, image tampering has become imperative. This spurs the need to identify such tampering for authentication and jurisdiction. The main idea of this paper is an assessment of the possible light source direction from the image. This technique uses the inconsistencies in the light source direction to detect the image forgery. Initially, in the preprocessing step on input image, surface normals are calculated using surface texture profile. RED band is mainly used for obtaining surface texture information and, further, surface normal calculations are done. With estimated illumination profile and normals, the incident angle θi is computed for various chosen image patches. The θi angle is the estimated angle from image object to light source direction. The inconsistency in θi values is used as an evidence of tampering. The proposed technique is tested on different known fake images and is found capable of identifying manipulated objects in an image. This technique works for homogenous illuminated surfaces and has better forgery detection accuracy. Additionally, our technique also diminishes human intervention for forgery detection. The performance of proposed forgery detection technique is examined using CASIA1 image database to give users a feel of the performance.

Deformation-based micro surface texturing using soft backing self-alignment for polymeric material

The deformation-based micro-surface texturing technique has been widely accepted as an effective method to add function to the surface of materials with the advantages of low equipment cost, easy machine setup and high-mix low-volume production capabilities. In this study, a low-cost deformation-based micro surface texturing process was developed to form single-sided micro-surface texturing on polystyrene petri dishes with local heating in atmospheric environment using soft backing self-alignment mechanism. A nickel mold, having micro-groove surface patterns with height and width of 2 μm and spacing of 6 μm, was produced by photolithography and electroforming. During the texturing process, the nickel mold was heated to a temperature slightly above the Tg before pressing down to the workpiece, which was rested on a non-heated flat backing. The effect of different holding time, temperature and force on the surface texture profile of the petri dish, which was rested on different backings, was studied. The result shows that PU rubber soft backing is more suitable to achieve high surface replication fidelity than the rigid backing, yet still maintaining good repeatability. With soft backing, the substrate is able to self-align, allowing homogeneous contact between the mold and the substrate to achieve excellent feature replication without usage of expensive precision alignment tools. Preliminary biological test on the textured petri dishes show that the formed micro surface texture is able to introduce directional growth in the cell culturing process.

BEM-FEM Model for Truck Tire-Pavement Interaction Noise Prediction

ABSTRACT Tire-pavement interaction noise has become the dominant source of traffic noise for vehicular speeds greater than 30 mph, as the automotive engine and exhaust system noise are being effectively controlled. Compared with field testing for tire-pavement sound pressure measurement, this study develops an efficient boundary element method (BEM)/finite element method (FEM) model for tire-pavement interaction noise prediction for typical truck tires. The tire structure and modal characteristics of a semisteel radial truck tire are computed using the FEM, and the solution for the radiation acoustic fields caused by the vibration under harmonic excitations is based on the BEM. Application of this model is verified for simulation of the noise reduction performance of porous asphalt concrete with different porosity values. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of tire-pavement interaction noise prediction with the BEM/FEM model. Further research will be conducted with the noise excitation resulting from pavement surface texture profiles.

Existing concrete textures: their effect on adhesion with fibre concrete overlay

This paper quantifies the roughness parameters of existing normal concrete substrate surfaces and evaluates their effect on adhesion strength with ultra-high-performance fibre concrete overlay. Three types of substrate surface textures are adopted: as-cast texture as control, wire-brushed texture and sand-blasted texture. The roughness profile of these substrate surfaces is assessed using an Alicona Infinite Focus device. Adhesion strength is quantified at 3, 7, 28 and 180 days based on the results of the pull-off test, splitting cylinder tensile test and slant shear test. The short- and long-term results of the splitting cylinder tensile and slant shear tests demonstrate that the surface texture profiles of the existing concrete substrate have an important effect on the adhesion strength between existing concrete and ultra-high-performance fibre concrete overlay. The behaviour of bonded ultra-high-performance fibre concrete/existing concrete with sand-blasted texture closely resembles that of monolithic normal samples under splitting cylinder and slant shear tests. The short- and long-term results of the pull-off test prove that failure occurs in the existing concrete, regardless of the type of existing concrete surface texture. A very good polynomial correlation (R2 > 80%) is observed between the average roughness parameter (Ra) of existing concrete textures and results of the splitting cylinder tensile and slant shear tests.

Establishment of Relationship between Pavement Surface Friction and Mixture Design Properties

In recent years, pavement designers have been increasingly challenged to achieve ideal surface friction properties to enhance driver safety through mixture design manipulation and material selection. A clear understanding of the relationship between pavement mixture design properties and surface friction is needed. In this study, the surface laser profilometer device was used to measure surface texture by scanning the surface of laboratory-compacted and field core samples, from which a surface texture profile was derived. Surface texture data were analyzed to calculate the mean profile depth. Statistical analysis and neural networks modeling were used to find the relationship between the mean profile depth results estimated from laser profilometer measurements and mixture design properties (i.e., aggregate size, gradation curve shape, binder content, air voids, and volumetric properties). Promising trends were observed in the data that could be used as guidance by mixture designers to optimize mixture design properties, such as to achieve better pavement surface friction and hence enhanced driver safety. Relationships between field-measured friction (mainly friction number) and laboratory-measured texture parameters were developed. Friction number values measured with the locked-wheel tire test in the field were taken from the MnROAD test track database and used for analysis. The study shows a correlation between friction number and mean profile depth that is of potential applicability to pavement designers for achieving target field friction with the aid of laboratory measurement and analysis. Such relationships between laboratory measurements and field friction could lead to better control of pavement surface friction.

Analyzing Variations in Roundness Profile Parameters During the Wavelet Decomposition Process Using the Matlab Environment

Analyzing Variations in Roundness Profile Parameters During the Wavelet Decomposition Process Using the Matlab Environment Signal analysis performed during surface texture measurement frequently involves applying the Fourier transform. The method is particularly useful for assessing roundness and cylindrical profiles. Since the wavelet transform is becoming a common tool for signal analysis in many metrological applications, it is vital to evaluate its suitability for surface texture profiles. The research presented in this paper focused on signal decomposition and reconstruction during roundness profile measurement and the effect of these processes on the changes in selected roundness profile parameters. The calculations were carried out on a sample of 100 roundness profiles for 12 different forms of mother wavelets using MATLAB. The use of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients allowed us to evaluate the relationship between the two chosen criteria for selecting the optimal mother wavelet.

Friction Reduction in Metal on Metal Hip Joint

In the world, approximately 800,000 total hip replacements are implanted, while, at least 50,000 hip replacements are performed in the United Kingdom each year. Orthopaedic surgeons have traditionally delayed joint replacement surgery in patients younger than 60 due to its limited survivorship time and biological effect inside the human body. The highest percentage (71%) hip joint failure was caused by aseptic loosening of the femoral and acetabular components and the war rate and debris are the accepted causes of that aseptic loosening. The wear particles, either ion or stable form, can react with proteins and change the pH value of albumin solutions inside the human body, causing damage to the DNA resulting in genotoxicity. There has been a great deal of research into the materials, dimension of the prosthesis, surface roughness, and lubrication effect by surface coating. But it is very rare to apply surface texture technique to a metallic prosthesis bearing surface although it has proven very successful in many engineering applications including automobile industry due to secondary lubrication effect and hydrodynamic effect. A TE 77 high frequency friction simulator has been used for the experiment where specimens were manufactured with 50 mm diameters and 50μm clearance. A dynamic loading was applied synchronized with Hip CD 98 while the temperature was controlled at 37°C. The output data including friction coefficient, friction force and contact pot were recorded in connected computer via COMPEND 2000 software. The surfaces were inspected after and before test under scanning electronic microscopy. The plateau honed surfaces were produced on the moving specimens with controlled load, speed and various grade of emery paper using a specially designed tool. The friction coefficient was recorded 0.035 for the honing surface which was made by 30 kg laod and 60 emery paper, 0.04 for the honing surface profile made by 30 kg load and 150 emery paper and 0.06 for plane surface after one million cycles. The rest of surfaces profiled surface were broken down before one million cycles. That made a conclusion that plateau honing surface made with 30 kg load and 60 emery paper was best surface texture profile (45° honed angle, 40±10μm width and 35±10μm depth honing) for the metal on metal hip prosthesis. The comparison experiment was continue for plane surface and plateau honing surface of 60 emery paper and 30 kg load up to one and half millions cycles. It was found that the friction coefficient (0.03) was further reduced 0.005 after one and half million cycles for plateau honing surface but it was increased nearly double (0.065) for plane surface. The static friction coefficient was also reduced 38% in case of that plateau honing surface. The contact pot profile which is an indicator of fluid film thickness was noticed higher in plateau honing surface. This was evidence that the lubrication distribution was better in plateau honed surface which should provide longer life of joint, reduce wear and improves acceptability of metal on metal hip joints.

Approximation of surface texture profiles

In this paper we are interested in the approximation of continuous surface texture profiles defined only at discretely obtained points. A continuous representation is required in order to be able to apply filtration methods that assume uniform data spacing to practical data that in general is not uniformly spaced. By reconstructing surface profiles as natural cubic spline interpolants accurately using numerically stable fitting algorithms, we can provide a mathematically sound basis on which to compute surface texture profile parameters. As an important direct benefit, parameters involving the integrals of surface profiles can be calculated directly from the spline interpolant. Examples are given to illustrate the advantages of using this reconstruction method.

Consideration of Fractals Potential in Pavement Skid Resistance Evaluation

Pavement surface texture greatly contributes to tire-pavement skid resistance. Pavement surface irregularities are continuous from pavement macrotexture to pavement microtexture. Their pattern is also roughly repetitive. This existence of self-similarity encourages an attempt to approximate the pavement surface texture with fractals in order to take advantages of fractal modeling. The mathematical background is based on \iC\u0 and \iC¹ fractal interpolation curves. Through this approximation, the procedure of pavement surface wear is evaluated, in respect to its effect to skid resistance values. Fractal potential is simultaneously tested in representing pavement surface contamination. A qualitative relationship between the skid resistance values of characteristic pavement surface texture profiles and the fractal dimension of their interpolation function is recognized. The whole attempt yields encouraging results, although it is apparent that further research is required.

Surface texture changes of a composite brushed with “tooth whitening” dentifrices

Objectives. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the significance of selected surface texture parameters used to describe and quantify the effect of tooth brushing with various “tooth whitening” dentifrices on a resin composite surface in vitro. Methods. Specimens of a microfil resin composite were brushed with selected dentifrices. Surface texture profiles were acquired and analyzed both pre- and post-brushing using a contact diamond stylus. The selected parameters chosen to describe the surface texture were Ra, Rz, Rpm and the Rpm:Rz ratio. Differences between toothpastes were assessed using an ANOVA and a multiple comparisons test, the Student Newman-Keuls procedure. P and t values were calculated to determine if any of the surface roughness parameters were significantly changed by brushing. Results. The results indicate that there were significant changes in the surface texture of the resin composite following tooth brushing with the selected dentifrices. For example, the use of Clinomyn significantly increased the surface roughness of the resin composite, as measured by the Rz parameter, from 2.19 ± 1.67 μm to 10.02 ± 2.57 μm (p < 0.05). In addition, the surface texture parameters chosen to describe the properties of the surface should reflect a knowledge of profile shape such as Rpm:Rz ratio, and care should be taken if measurements of surface texture of dental restorative materials are to be used as predictors of clinical performance. Significance. All the toothpastes chosen for this investigation left a surface on the resin composite which may be prone to crack propagation during “vertical barrelling” movements generated during mastication. However, this may be more of a function of the rigidity of the restorative material rather than the surface left after tooth brushing.

Surfascan 3D — An industrial 3D surface texture characterisation instrument

2D profile analysis has often in the past been considered sufficient to control the geometrical features of a surface and to ensure that they are compatible with the required functionalities. Yet, experience shows that 3D surface texture analysis is now essential wherever a complete assessment of the surface is required to enable the selection of the most appropriate surface texture to achieve a required functionality. This paper introduces measurement strategies and features considered as essential by SOMICRONIC when designing or developing 3D surface texture measuring instruments, knowing that the pursued aim is to assess the measured surface in a way to reveal the real surface. This is achieved without losing sight of existing ISO standardized concepts concerning surface texture profile analysis. Indeed, essentially for economical reasons, we consider that 31) surface texture stylus instruments must be designed to achieve classical surface texture profiles measurements and characterisations and to fulfil conditions and characteristics listed and described in existing surface texture ISO standards. We propose to develop in the next paragraphs, the following points: • - Design of the data acquisition unit of a 3D surface texture instrument • - Strategy for the measurement of the surface • - Application of these concepts - Examples.

A Characterization of Surface Texture Profiles

The spectral analysis of surface texture data is extended so as to include the longer wavelength ‘waviness’ features in addition to the ‘roughness’ aspects. This results in the identification of an underlying form in the spectral estimates of engineering surfaces whose complete description requires only two parameters. Also, by showing that the spectral estimates converge to a final steady value at the longer wavelengths, the need to select and apply a standard cut-off filter is avoided.

Slope Measurement in Surface Texture Analysis

This paper examines the use of some differential formulae in the context of surface texture profile analysis. After a theoretical analysis, their behaviour on real profiles was studied. It is shown that simple models of real profiles are adequate to predict the observed behaviour and so allow a judgement to be made on the accuracies of the formulae under real conditions.