Surface Tension Isotherms Research Articles

Obtaining stabilized concentrated fuel emulsions with a mixed organic phase

The work is devoted to obtaining concentrated water-in-oil emulsions (emulsions of II type, inverse emulsions) with a mixed organic phase (hydrocarbons from diesel fuel and fusel oil), stabilized by surface-active compositions based on carboxylic acids and amine-containing compounds. The use of water-fuel emulsions based on liquid hydrocarbons is promising for reduction of costs in the petrochemical industry, energy saving increase and improvement of the environment by disposing of waste from alcohols distillation. The emulsions do not lose quality during long-term storage and are able to burn with high thermal efficiency. The synthesized surfactants used as emulsion stabilizers were studied by IR spectroscopy. For them, the surface tension isotherms were obtained by the tensiometric method, their colloid-chemical characteristics were determined (the critical concentration of micellization and the corresponding surface tension of an aqueous solution, the maximum adsorption at the solution-air interface, the Gibbs free energy of adsorption, the area per molecule or ion in the surface layer, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance), their emulsifying ability was evaluated. Visual microscopic observation of the structure of the obtained emulsions was carried out. The stability of emulsions at various temperatures and during long-term storage has been studied.

Thermodynamic Analysis of the Adsorption and Micellization Activity of the Mixtures of Rhamnolipid and Surfactin with Triton X-165.

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of Triton X-165 with rhamnolipid or surfactin mixtures was measured. The obtained results were applied for the determination of the concentration and composition of the Triton X-165 and biosurfactants mixture at the water–air interface as well as the contribution of the particular component of the mixtures to water surface tension reduction and the mutual influence of these components on the critical micelle concentration. The determination of these quantities was based on both the commonly used concepts and a new one proposed by us, which assumes that the composition of the mixed monolayer at the water–air interface depends directly on the pressure of the monolayer of the single mixture component and allows us to determine the surface concentration of each mixture component independently of surface tension isotherms shape. Taking into account the composition of the mixed monolayer at the water–air interface, the standard Gibbs adsorption free energy was considered. The obtained results allow us to state that the concentration of both mixture components corresponding to their saturated monolayer and the surface tension of their aqueous solution can be predicted using the surfactants’ single monolayer pressure and their mole fraction in the mixed monolayer determined in the proposed way.

Surface properties of binary and ternary solutions studied through precision measurements

The paper deals with the surface properties of aqueous two- and three-component organic solutions (water-acetone; water-1,4-Dioxane; water-acetone-1,4-Dioxane). A modern installation, K-100 tensiometer, was used to measure equilibrium surface or interfacial tension, contact angle, etc. The du Noüy ring and the Wilhelmy plate methods were used to measure the surface tension. It shows that the surface tension isotherms for a ternary system do not contain any features uncharacteristic of the surface tension isotherms for lateral binaries. The findings made it easy to specify the adsorption of surface-active agents in water. It shows that the nature of the ternary adsorption isotherms qualitatively coincides with the binary adsorption isotherms, which leads to the conclusion that, once used together as surfactants, organic substances (acetone and 1,4-Dioxane) in water does not enhance the surface activity of each other.

Mutual Influence of Some Flavonoids and Classical Nonionic Surfactants on Their Adsorption and Volumetric Properties at Different Temperatures

Due to the increasing practical use of mixtures of flavonoids with nonionic surfactants the presented studies were based on the measurements of surface tension and conductivity of aqueous solution of the quercetin (Q) and rutin (Ru) in the mixtures with Triton X-114 (TX114) and Tween 80 (T80) as well as the contact angle of model liquids on the PTFE surface covered by the quercetin and rutin layers. Based on the obtained results components and parameters of the quercetin and rutin surface tension were determined and the mutual influence of Q and Ru in the mixtures with TX114 and T80 on their adsorption and volumetric properties were considered. It was found, among others, that based on the surface tension isotherms of the aqueous solution of the single flavonoid and nonionic surfactant, the surface tension isotherms of the aqueous solution of their mixture, the composition of the mixed monolayer at the water-air interface as well as the CMC of flavonoid + nonionic surfactant mixture can be predicted. The standard Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the adsorption and aggregation of the studied mixtures were also found, showing the mechanism of the adsorption and aggregation processes of the flavonoid + nonionic surfactant mixture.

Study of interaction between cationic surfactant (CTAB) and ascorbic acid/ascorbic acids derivatives by tensiometric and spectroscopic methods

The interactions between the cationic surfactant-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and ascorbic acid and its derivatives in an aqueous media were investigated by using tensiometric and spectroscopic methods. On the basis of the surface tension isotherms, the values of the critical micelle concentration were determined also the adsorption parameters (the Gibbs free energy of adsorption, the surface excess at the saturated interface, the minimum molecular area in the adsorption layer at the saturated interface) were calculated using the Szyszkowski equation. The charged pseudophase model was adopted for define the Gibbs free energy of micellization. The infrared analysis (FTIR) contributed to the estimation of the possibility of the existence of interactions prevailing in the analyzed systems. The effect of CTAB-ascorbic acid/ascorbic acid derivatives interactions on their antioxidant activity was analyzed. Sets of ascorbic acid, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid and ascorbyl glucoside solutions differing in CTAB concentration were prepared. For the total antioxidant capacity determination, the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) assay were used. The results obtained for CTAB - ascorbic acid/ascorbic acid derivatives systems were compared with the ones obtained for pure antioxidants.

Impact of Amphiphilic Nanostructures on Formation and Rheology of Interfacial Layers and on Foam Film Drainage

The aim of the present studies is to clarify how the surfactant adsorption layer properties are related to the course of the drainage parameters of microscopic foam films in the special case of aqueous solutions containing premicellar amphiphilic nanostructures. The scope of the research covers the adsorption dynamics, construction of equilibrium adsorption isotherms, surface rheology of interfacial layers, and foam film drainage kinetics. It is established that, in the premicellar domain, there are concentration intervals, where the considerable irregularities of adsorption layerproperties are observed: several plateau regions in the surface tension isotherms, unusual changes of the surface rheological characteristics, etc. The systematic investigation of the drainage of foam films obtained from these solutions show that the dependences of basic kinetic parameters of the films on the amphiphile concentration run in synchrony with changes in the adsorption layer properties. Thus, the presence of smaller loose aggregates (premicelles) plays a significant role for the kinetic stability of films. The importance of this research is related toproviding a better insight into the initial stages of self-assembling phenomena and into the factors determining thedrainage and the stability of thin liquid films. The results have implications for the understanding and the correct prediction of properties of foam systems.

Transport of perfluorooctanoic acid in unsaturated porous media mediated by SDBS

Per– and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination is ubiquitous and likely co–exist with hydrocarbon surfactants in the subsurface environment. The transport of PFAS in unsaturated porous media (quartz sand–packed columns) with an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant was investigated using perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as representative PFAS and hydrocarbon surfactant at 1.5 and 30 mM NaCl, respectively. Our results show that SDBS inhibited the retardation of PFOA during transport. The degree of the inhibited retardation was more significant at higher concentration of SDBS (CSDBS) for a given concentration of PFOA (CPFOA) and higher ionic strength. In contrast, PFOA only marginally affected the transport of SDBS under all tested conditions. This is mainly due to the greater surface activity of SDBS with respect to PFOA, favoring the competitive preferential adsorption of SDBS at the air–water interface and then the transport of PFOA in the unsaturated sand. This assumption is further supported by the greater air–water adsorption coefficient (Kai) and surface excess (Γ) for SDBS than those for PFOA, as well as the surface tension isotherms that fairly weighted toward to SDBS in the binary PFOA–SDBS system. Our findings indicate the critical role of anionic hydrocarbon surfactant in retarding PFOA transport in unsaturated zone. This should be considered when assessing the transport potential and environmental risk, and developing remedial strategies of PFAS in the subsurface environment.

Experimental and theoretical study of adsorption of synthesized amino acid core derived surfactants at an air/water interface.

The adsorption characteristics of amino acid surfactants, synthesized as substances with different volumes and hydrophilic head properties, have been previously described experimentally, without robust theoretical explanation. A theoretical model enabling the characterization of the adsorption behavior and physicochemical properties of this type of biodegradable surfactants, based on molecular structure, would be beneficial for assessment of their usefulness in colloids and interface science in comparison with typical surface-active substances. In this paper, the adsorption behaviour of synthesized amino acid surfactants at the liquid/gas interface was analyzed experimentally (by surface tension measurements using two independent techniques) and theoretically by means of an elaborate model, considering the volume of the surfactant hydrophilic "head" and its ionization degree. It was shown that the adsorption behavior of the synthesized compounds can be successfully described by the proposed model, including the Helfand-Frisch-Lebowitz isotherm based on the equation of state of 2D hard disk-like particles, with molecular properties of surfactant particles obtained using molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). Model parameters allow for direct comparison of physicochemical properties of synthesized amino acid surfactants with other ionic and non-ionic surface-active substances. Furthermore, it was revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonds allow the formation of surfactant dimers with high surface activity.

In English

The interfacial properties (dynamic and equilibrium surface tension, viscosity and elasticity moduli) of chitosan lactate have been studied at the liquid/air interface by the oscillating drop shape method. Isotherms of dynamic surface tension of chitosan lactate are similar to dependences for other polyelectrolyte solutions, in particular for proteins. Chitosan is a weak cationic polyelectrolyte which can change its conformation from a linear rod to a chaotic and compacted coil. Therefore, the experimental dependence of the equilibrium surface tension on concentration of chitosan lactate was analyzed with the adsorption model proposed earlier for proteins. This model accounts the possibility of polyelectrolyte molecules existence in surface layer in n states with different molar surface varying from the maximum value at very low surface coverage by polyelectrolyte molecules to a minimum value at high surface coverage. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental values of surface tension was observed. The dependences of the elasticity and viscosity moduli of chitosan lactate solutions on the drop oscillations frequency are conditioned by the influence of exchange processes both between the surface layer and the bulk solution and in the surface layer itself. An increase of the solution concentration intensifies the exchange processes, and an increase of the oscillation frequency suppresses them. It is shown that the dependence of the surface viscoelasticity modulus of chitosan lactate is extreme in nature with a pronounced maximum. The reason for such behavior is the possibility of changing the molar surface area of the polyelectrolyte at the interface dependent on the amount of adsorption and its structural properties. Attempt of theoretical description of the viscoelasticity modulus within the framework of model accounting mono- or bilayer adsorption did not lead to a satisfactory result, possibly due to barrier adsorption mechanism of chitosan. But bilayer model provide qualitative description of extreme behavior of surface viscoelasticity on concentration. The values of the surface viscoelasticity modulus of chitosan lactate occupy an intermediate position in comparison with the data available in the literature for globular and flexible-chain proteins, that is consistent with their molecular structure. In addition, the work shows the applicability of the adsorption model, developed earlier for proteins in the framework of a nonideal two-dimensional solution theory, for describing the surface properties of other polyelectrolytes. This makes it possible to obtain qualitative and quantitative information about the processes occurring in the systems under study.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SULPHATE WASTE LIQUOR AFTER SOAP EXTRACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS

During the wood delignification a multicomponent spent liquor (black liquor) is formed. Depending on the type of wood, black liquor is enriched with valuable extractives. The isolation of extractives from processing liquors and their conversion into biologically active substances, tall products is according to development trend of pulp and paper industry. It includes the introduction of scientific based technologies in manufacturing processes with reference to modern environmental protection requirements. Now the extraction efficiency of sulphate soap does not exceed 75–80% whereby the quality of obtained soap is low. Sulphate soap, especially extracted after hardwood cooking, contains a large amount of impurities. This complicates the process of soap treatment into valuable biologically active substances (beta-sitosterol, etc.). 
 In the present work the addition of demulsifying and coagulating substances into the black liquor is proposed to intensify the hardwood sulphate soap extraction. The chemical colloidal characteristics of the obtained sulphate soap were investigated. Two critical micelle concentration (CMC) were found on the surface tension isotherms. The second critical micelle concentration (CMC2) in the concentration range of 0.9–1.0% CMC2 indicates the restructuring of micelles into a spherocylindrical shape. A comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of the composition of sulfate soap obtained in industrial conditions and in the presence of selected additives in laboratory was carried out. Surfactants promote the extraction of phytosterol from black liquor obtained from hardwood species cooking. The influence of surfactant addition on the main physical and colloidal chemical characteristics of black liquor before and after isolation of sulphate soap is investigated. A decrease in viscosity and a de foaming of a black liquor solution is observed as a result of the addition of surfactant additives.

Ethyl Lauroyl Arginate, an Inherently Multicomponent Surfactant System.

Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) is an amino acid-based cationic surfactant with low toxicity and antimicrobial activity. It is widely used as a food preservative and component for food packaging. When stored, LAE decomposes by hydrolysis into surface-active components Nα-lauroyl–l-arginine (LAS) or dodecanoic (lauric) acid. There are only a limited number of reports considering the mechanism of surface activity of LAE. Thus, we analysed the surface tension isotherm of LAE with analytical standard purity in relation to LAE after prolonged storage. We used quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) computations to determine the preferred hydrolysis path and discuss the possibility of forming highly surface-active heterodimers, LAE-dodecanoate anion, or LAE-LAS. Applying molecular dynamics simulations, we determined the stability of those dimers linked by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. We used the adsorption model of surfactant mixtures to successfully describe the experimental surface tension isotherms. The real part surface dilational modulus determined by the oscillation drop method follows a diffusional transport mechanism. However, the nonlinear response of the surface tension could be observed for LAE concentration close to and above Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Nonlinearity originates from the presence of micelles and the reorganisation of the interfacial layer.

Isotherms of Density, Surface Tension, and Na Adsorption in Pb–Na Melts

Isotherms of Density, Surface Tension, and Na Adsorption in Pb–Na Melts

Estimating the effect of aqueous cationic latex from the class of thermal elastic plastics on the properties of bitumen emulsions

To produce cationic bitumen emulsions, bitumen is used, whose penetration is not lower than 90 mm-1. Such bitumen has a small plasticity interval, which leads to a deterioration in its heat resistance at elevated temperatures and narrows the scope of application of emulsions based on it. Based on the review of emulsion modification methods, the modification has been proposed that involves mixing the finished bitumen emulsions with aqueous cationic latex. The process of interaction between a bituminous emulsion and an aqueous cationic latex has been considered. A mechanism for the disintegration of the modified bitumen emulsion on the surface of mineral materials was proposed. The emulsifiers have been selected and the composition of the aqueous phase has been chosen based on the analysis of surface tension isotherms. The influence of the modification on the properties of bitumen emulsions was investigated. It was established that the main physicochemical characteristics of the interphase surface accept similar values for the aqueous phase and emulsions based on it. It has been proven that the introduction of aqueous cationic latex quite moderately affects the basic physical-mechanical properties of emulsions, which makes it possible not to change the main technological parameters when using them. It was established that increasing the concentration of the polymer in the emulsion has a positive effect on the physical-mechanical properties of the binder. With an increase in the concentration of the polymer to 6 % the softening temperature increases by 16 °C, elasticity is 74 %, and the holding capacity at minus 25 °C is approaching 100 %. Improving the physical-mechanical properties of residual binder as a result of emulsion modification could increase the durability of layers in a roadbed based on bitumen emulsions and expand the scope of their application in the construction and repair of motorways

On the frother’s strength and its performance

It is a common rule that the strength of the frother is assessed by either its dynamic foamability index (DFI) or its critical coalescence concentration (CCC). The smaller the value of CCC the stronger the frother is. This general rule (CCC rule) however is superficial although being well accepted. Yet, there are critical questions about the performance of the frothers on the bubbles:1. Are the Gibbs elasticities stemming from the different frothers equally efficient in inhibiting the bubble coalescence?2. How the Gibbs elasticity control the mean bubble diameter for every specific frother?3. How the CCC value of the frothers and the mean bubble diameter are related?This work raises these questions and suggests a rule based on the Gibbs elasticity performance (Gibbs elasticity rule). The performances of seven frothers (PPG 200, PPG 400, PPG 600, BDPG, BTPG, BTEG, and MIBC), whose surface tension isotherms, CCC values, bubble fraction coalescence, and Sauter mean bubble diameter vs. frother concentration were previously studied, were analyzed According to the CCC rule, these frothers follow the order of increasing strength: MIBC≈BTEG < BDPG < PPG 200 < BTPG < PPG 400 < PPG 600. The Gibbs elasticity rule questions what will be the bubble fraction coalescence at a certain fixed value of the Gibbs elasticity of a frother? The above mentioned frothers according to this rule follow the series of PPG 400 < BTPG ≈ BDPG < MIBC ≈ BTEG < PPG 200. Surprisingly, it was established that PPG 600 exhibits abnormal behavior, thus significantly inhibiting the bubble coalescence in a different way, not related to the Gibbs elasticity. For this reason, PPG 600 in the above series was not included. Moreover, correlations between the mean bubble diameter, the Gibbs elasticity, and the CCC value were established. Additionally, a new dimensionless parameter was developed. It estimates the strength of a frother – ζ = ln(Ks.lCH2/α0). A Surprising correlation between the CCC values of 21 frothers and their ζ values was developed. Moreover, it was established a correlation allowing us to calculate the bubble fraction coalescence vs. the frother concentration if the CCC value is known.

Unification of surface tension isotherms of PFOA or GenX salts in electrolyte solutions by mean ionic activity

The surface tension isotherms of soluble salts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in electrolyte solutions are typically reported as functions of the PFAS concentration. However, for univalent salts and electrolytes, the Langmuir-Szyszkowski equation is a function of the mean ionic activity a*. Using previously reported data, we show that for salts of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX™), use of a* rather than concentration provides a unified surface tension isotherm, independent of the electrolyte concentration. This suggests that the electrolyte dependence of the isotherm arises purely from its effect on PFAS activity, rather than an intrinsic surface property. This finding has important implications for the understanding of PFAS retention in saline unsaturated soils, and for PFAS extraction from saline waters by foam fractionation.

Фізико-хімічні властивості та міцелоутворення розчинів полівінілового спирту різних молекулярних мас

The physicochemical properties (surface tension, dynamic viscosity, crystallization and melting temperatures) of polyvinyl alcohol solutions of molecular weight 9, 31 and 72 kDa have been studied. The surface tension and the critical concentration of micelle formation were determined by the method of stalogometry, and the dynamic viscosity was determined using an Oswald viscometer. The crystallization and melting temperatures were determined in a cooled modified chamber of the UOP-6 software freezer at a rate of 2°C/min. Cryomicroscopic studies were carried out on a polarizing microscope "MIN-8". The surface tension reflects the interaction of PVA solutions with the lipid layer of biomembranes and indicates the hydrophobic properties of substances. The viscosity of PVA solutions characterizes their interaction with water molecules and reflects hydrophilic interactions. The purpose of the study is to determine the physicochemical properties of PVS that characterize the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions in the studied solutions and the micelle formation of PVА solutions of different molecular weights. Materials and methods. Studies of the dynamic viscosity and density of 0.1%-1% PVA solutions of molecular weight 9, 31 kDa showed that these parameters increase with increasing PVA concentration, which leads to increased hydrophilicity of the solutions. Results and discussion. It was shown that the surface tension of PVA solutions decreases with increasing concentration, which leads to a decrease in the hydrophobic properties of the polymer. It was found that in 0.5% PVА solutions of molecular weight 9 and 31 kDa the crystallization and melting temperatures decrease from -5 to -6°C. At these temperatures, crystallization and melting of the solutions begin. Conclusion. The study of micelle formation in PVА solutions of different molecular masses was carried out, surface tension isotherms were constructed, and the break point on the isotherm corresponding to the CCM was determined. The values of the critical concentration of micelle formation of PVА of molecular masses 9, 31, 72 kDa were determined. Hydrophobic links of PVА of molecular masses 9 and 31 kDa form hydrophobic cavities in the micelle structure, which can reduce recrystallization activity

Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Dilational Visco-Elasticity of Adsorbed CnEOm Layers at the Aqueous Solution/Air Interface

The adsorption behaviour of linear poly(oxyethylene) alkyl ether (CnEOm) is best described by a reorientation model. Based on a complete set of experimental data, including the adsorption kinetics, the equilibrium surface tension isotherm and the surface dilational visco-elasticity, the thermodynamic and kinetic adsorption parameters for some CnEOm at the water/air interface were determined. For the study, six CnEOm surfactants were selected (n = 10, 12 and 14 and m = 4, 5 and 8) and were studied by bubble profile analysis and maximum bubble pressure tensiometry. A refined theoretical model based on a reorientation-adsorption model combined with a diffusion-controlled adsorption kinetics and exchange of matter allowed us to calculate the surface layer composition by adsorbing molecules in different orientations. It turns out that at larger surface coverage, the adsorption rate decreases, i.e., the apparent diffusion coefficients are smaller. This deceleration can be explained by the transition of molecules adsorbed in a state of larger molar surface area into a state with smaller molar surface area.

Concentration Dependence of the Surface Tension of Three and Four-Component Systems with Peculiarities in the Surface Tension Isotherms of Lateral Binary Melts

The experimental study results of the melts concentration dependence of the surface tension of the four-component indium-tin-lead-bismuth system and its constituent binary systems of indium-tin, indium-lead, indium-bismuth, tin-lead, tin-bismuth, lead-bismuth are presented in the paper. It is shown that the concentration dependence of the melts surface tension of the In-Sn-Pb-Bi four-component system can be predicted from the data on ST (surface tension) values of lateral binary systems. Features in the ST isotherms in the form of a minimum are observed only in the indium-tin lateral system from all lateral binaries. A distinctive feature of the detected minimum is that the minimum depth slightly exceeds the experimental error. Therefore, in addition to the fact that the area of average compositions was studied more thoroughly, we carried out the surface tension measurements by two independent methods. The experimental data obtained by both methods coincide within the experimental error and indicate the extremum availability on ST isotherms. Thus, ST experimental studies by two independent methods confirmed the presence of a flat minimum on ST isotherms of the indium-tin binary system increasing the reliability of the obtained data. The obtained outcomes and their comparison with experimental data have shown that the considered models for predicting surface properties based on data due to similar properties of lateral binary systems adequately reflect the experimental dependences. However, the prediction model based on Kohler's method of excess values describes the experimental curves more accurately.

The Effect of Particle Sizes on the Concentration Dependence of the Surface Tension of Aqueous Suspensions of Bentonite

The paper presents experimental results on the dependence of surface tension on the concentration of a suspension of bentonite (0 - 10% by weight). The isotherms σ of aqueous suspensions of bentonite are characterized by local minima in the concentration range of 3-4 mass% of the solid phase. It has been established that a decrease in the average particle size leads to the disappearance of the extremum on the surface tension isotherms. The data obtained led to the conclusion that the most important factors affecting the nature of the isotherms of the surface tension of bentonite suspensions are the degree of dispersion and the presence in the aqueous suspension of bentonite, both colloidal and coarse particles.

Research of surface-active properties of post-alcohol grain distillery dreg

The concentration of low-molecular pectins (6.67 mol/m3) in the liquid phase of wheat post-alcohol grain distillery dreg is relatively high. That is why the aim of the work was to study the surface-active properties of distillery dreg by the method of the highest pressure of air bubbles to assess the possibility of its use in pharmacy as an auxiliary aid. Also, the prospects for using distillery dreg as a pharmaceutical raw material are due to the rich composition of biologically active substances, multi-tonnage production, and affordability. According to a series of solutions of the liquid phase, distillery dreg with a concentration of pectins of 0.06÷6.67 mol/m3 were determined and calculated indicators at a temperature of 293 K: surface tension (58.89•10-3-72, 75•10-3 N/m), surface activity (11.67), surface excess (1.28•10-5 mol/m2), maximal surface excess (1.28•10-5 mol/m2), critical micelle concentration (1.32 mol/m3 or 0.22%). Sequentially Gibbs equation and graphical method (using the surface tension and Langmuir adsorption isotherms) were used in the experiment. According to these characteristics, distillery dreg is comparable to known tension-active polysaccharide (sodium alginate, polygalacturonic acid). They are used in drug technology as substances that increase the viscosity, which is used to stabilize liquid and soft dosage forms: emulsions, ointments, suppository bases and suspensions, and, consequently, changes in the rate of release and absorption of drugs, improving the conduct of technological processes.