Surface Roughness Tester Research Articles

Effect of Bisoctrizole on Ultraviolet (UV) Absorption Properties of Silicone and Effect on Surface Roughness - An In Vitro Study.

Premature degradation is the problem of maxillofacial silicones, significantly affected by ultraviolet exposure, contributing to silicones photodegradation. Degradation necessitates frequent replacement of prostheses that increase the total cost of rehabilitation. This study evaluated the effect of bisoctrizole on the ultraviolet absorption properties of silicone material and the stability of this absorption over time. Also, the bisoctrizole effect on the surface roughness of silicone was evaluated. There were 60 prepared specimens of room temperature-vulcanising maxillofacial silicone equally divided into two groups according to the conducted tests: ultraviolet absorption test and the surface roughness test. Each group was further subdivided into groups of 10 specimens based on the weight concentration of the ultraviolet (UV) absorber added: 0%, 1% and 2%. The UV absorbance of coloured specimens was measured before and after artificial weathering for 100 and 200 hours. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for UV absorption results, and one-way ANOVA was applied for the roughness test results to test the changing significances. Bisoctrizole incorporation led to a highly significant improvement in ultraviolet absorption in all groups, maintaining a high level even after subjecting the specimens to artificial weathering. Furthermore, the addition resulted in a significant increase in surface roughness as the concentration of bisoctrizole increased. Despite the surface roughness changes, bisoctrizole demonstrated efficacy as a UV absorber for maxillofacial silicone, making it valuable for applications such as maxillofacial prosthetics that require UV protection.

Investigation of surface roughness and tool wear in milling of AISI 4340 steel

Investigation of surface roughness and tool wear in milling of AISI 4340 steel has been conducted with a 4-flutes endmill. The relationships between cutting force, surface roughness and cutting parameter were investigated To determine the tool life of the tool. It is required to research the wear of the tool and the roughness of the machining results on the material tested. In this research, the test material used is AISI 4340 steel with a cooling method in the cutting process. The cutting model is slot mill cutting. To determine the wear of the cutting, a variation of the cutting thickness was performed where the selected cutting thickness was 0.5mm, 1mm, and 1.75mm. The tests that have been done are surface roughness testing, tool wear, and tool photos after cutting. The result obtained from the study is the highest level of roughness on the material cutting poses with a cutting thickness of 1.75 mm. In addition, the most optimal wear results on cutting with a cutting depth of 1 mm.

A Comparative Evaluation of Surface Properties of Cention N and TiO2-Enriched Cention N After Brushing Simulation and Erosive Challenge: An In Vitro Study.

Background This study aimed to evaluate and compare the abrasive and erosive wear resistance of Cention N and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle-enriched Cention N after three years of brushing simulation. Methodology A total of 48 freshly extracted mandibular molars were mounted in acrylic blocks and divided into two groups of 24 molars based on the type of restorative material used to restore them. Cavities of a standardized size were prepared. Group A was restored with Cention N, and group B was restored with 5% TiO2-enriched Cention N. Each group was further divided into three subgroups of eight. Subgroup 1was the control subgroup. Subgroup 2 was the abrasive subgroup, subjected to the abrasive challenge in a brushing stimulator with 30,000 cycles to 10,000 cycles in the linear X-axis and Y-axis each and another 10,000 cycles divided into 5,000 cycles clockwise and 5,000 cycles anticlockwise. The total number of brushing cycles was equal to three years of brushing with a duration of eight to nine hours. Subgroup 3 was the erosive and abrasive subgroup, subjected to an erosive pH cycle consisting of exposure to Coca‑Cola for five minutes thrice a day for seven days, and then subjected to brushing simulation as above. After the surface treatment, specimens were subjected to the Vickers microhardness test using a diamond indenter and the surface roughness test using an optical profilometer. The resulting values were subjected to statistical analysis. Results There was a significant decreasein mean surface roughness in group B, where TiO2 nanoparticles were added after erosive challenge and brushing simulation, than in group A. There was an increase in mean microhardness in group B which was not significant. Conclusions With the addition of 5% TiO2 to Cention N, there was a significant reduction in surface roughness. The surface microhardness of Cention N containing 5% TiO2 increased non-significantly compared to the control group.

Influence of Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2) Nanoparticles Loading in Treated Used Palm Oil Bio-lubricant on Surface Roughness during Turning of AISI420

The environmental impact and non-biodegradability of petroleum-based lubricants has caused some researchers to shift the formulation of lubricant formulation using plant-based oil, However, food security has caused concerns in development of new bio-lubricants. In this study, treated used cooking palm oil added with Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate and Molybdenum Disulphide nanoparticles were used as lubricant to assist the cutting of hardened martensitic stainless steel AISI420 using coated carbide tool. Surface roughness of the cut workpiece was investigated using a surface roughness tester. From the study, treated used cooking oil added with ZDDP and 0.8wt% MoS2 nanoparticles displayed the lowest average surface roughness of workpiece with Ra = 0.532µm and total roughness Rz = 4.006µm. This concluded that the new formulated bio-lubricant can successfully replace the readily available commercial cutting fluid as it produces a low surface roughness during cutting process.

A Study of 2D Roughness Periodical Profiles on a Flat Surface Generated by Milling with a Ball Nose End Mill.

This paper presents a study of 2D roughness profiles on a flat surface generated on a steel workpiece by ball nose end milling with linear equidistant tool paths (pick-intervals). The exploration of the milled surface with a surface roughness tester (on the pick and feed directions) produces 2D roughness profiles that usually have periodic evolutions. These evolutions can be considered as time-dependent signals, which can be described as a sum of sinusoidal components (the wavelength of each component is considered as a period). In order to obtain a good approximate description of these sinusoidal components, two suitable signal processing techniques are used in this work: the first technique provides a direct mathematical (analytical) description and is based on computer-aided curve (signal) fitting (more accurate); the second technique (synthetic, less accurate, providing an indirect and incomplete description) is based on the spectrum generated by fast Fourier transform. This study can be seen as a way to better understand the interaction between the tool and the workpiece or to achieve a mathematical characterisation of the machined surface microgeometry in terms of roughness (e.g., its description as a collection of closely spaced 2D roughness profiles) and to characterise the workpiece material in terms of machinability by cutting.

Study of poly allyl diglycol carbonate Kinetics treatment induced by ultrasonic frequency plasma

This research reveals the possibility of altering the structural, surface, fluorescence, and optical characteristics of CR-39 polymer detector by the effect of Ultrasonic frequency (UF) plasma argon gas. The samples were exposed to the plasma at different times ranging from 20 min to 100 min. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, contact angle goniometer, surface roughness tester, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and UV/Vis Spectroscopy have been applied to analyze alterations of CR-39 polymeric films to understand the mechanisms of produced alterations by plasma treatment. The obtained FTIR spectra demonstrated that the plasma treatment-related changes in the absorption bands are associated with the treatment time, leading to two critical processes, degradation, and crosslinking. In comparison to the untreated surface, the surface wettability results showed that the liquids' contact angle decreased after treatment with a UF plasma source. This modification in the treated surface denotes an increase in polar groups there, which causes the surface to change to a hydrophilic state. The surface roughness of the samples following plasma treatment showed that UF plasma significantly changed the surface morphology of the CR-39 films. After plasma exposure, considerable emission bands were produced, and the photoemission spectra of the treated film showed a fluorescence response. As the exposure time increased, more fluorescence peaks were formed due to the increase in defects. The UV/Vis spectra showed that the modified films' absorption edges were moved toward lower photon energies. This resulted in a smaller optical energy gap, which led to an expansion of the carbon cluster. Additionally, the untreated sample's transmittance dropped from 92% to 47% for the treated film. In contrast to untreated films, a change in optical characteristics was seen in treated films.

Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils

Abstract This study investigates the effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior between clayey soils and structural materials, aiming to determine the necessary parameters for soil-structural interaction. The research site, located in one of Iraq’s seismically active regions, was selected for its significance. Experimental measurements were conducted using the SRT-6210 Digital Surface Roughness Tester to assess the roughness characteristics of steel and concrete samples. Four distinct roughness parameters were measured, and their correlation with shear parameters was analyzed. The shear behavior of clay-steel and clay-concrete interfaces was successfully described using the average roughness parameter (Ra), which exhibited the strongest correlation with shear parameters. Direct shear box and interface shear box tests were employed to identify soil’s shear strength parameters and evaluate interface shear strength parameters. The experimental findings highlight the significant influence of surface roughness on the shear strength parameters of clay-steel and clay-concrete interfaces. The interface shear strength, friction angle, and adhesion exhibited an increasing trend with roughness. Notably, shear strength increased by approximately 29.76% when concrete sample roughness was below 20 μm and by 32.8% when steel sample roughness was below 30 μm. Moreover, increasing surface roughness improved the interface friction angle of clay-steel and clay-concrete samples by about 37.95 and 36.3%, respectively. Additionally, an increase in roughness led to a rise in the adhesion of concrete and steel samples by approximately 26.24 and 32%, respectively. These findings emphasize the significance of surface roughness in optimizing the interface behavior between clayey soils and structural materials. The results have important implications for enhancing the design and performance of soil-structural systems.

Effect of drilling parameters on the surface roughness of CFRP

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) have high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue performance. The most prevalent machining procedures connected with CFRP are edge trimming and drilling. The CFRP isfabricated using the hand lay-up methodin this work, and the effect of drilling parameters on surface roughness is investigated. To evaluate surface roughness Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array was used to generate a regression model. The drilling operation is carried out at various spindle speeds and feed rates with drill bits of varied diameters. For analysis, a surface roughness tester is utilized. Based on the following findings: Error Percentage = 1.73234 % and accuracy R2 = 0.85, the parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate, and drill bit diameter are optimized to achieve a smooth surface during CFRP drilling.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of current fluoride-releasing materials.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fractional radiation on the mechanical properties of fluoride-releasing materials. High-viscosity glass ionomer cement (F9), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (F2), glass hybrid restoration (EQ), and bioactive composite (AC) were divided into 3 subgroups: 0, 35, and 70 Gy fractional radiation doses. The specimens were subjected to surface roughness, Vickers microhardness, and compressive strength tests. The chemical components and morphology of the tested specimens were observed via energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. After exposure to fractional radiation, the surface roughness increased in all the groups. F9 had the highest surface roughness, while AC had the lowest surface roughness within the same radiation dose. The Vickers microhardness decreased in F9 and EQ. The AC had the highest compressive strength among all the groups, followed by F2. More cracks and voids were inspected, and no substantial differences in the chemical components were observed. After fractional radiation, the surface roughness of all fluoride-releasing materials increased, while the Vickers microhardness of F9 and EQ decreased. However, the compressive strength increased only in F2 and AC.

A comparative machinability analysis of polyimine vitrimer, epoxy and polycarbonate polymers through orthogonal machining experiments

End-of-life management of fibre-reinforced thermoset composites is challenging due to the difficult-to-recycle reinforcements and the irreversibly polymerised thermoset matrix; therefore, researchers proposed the vitrimers as a sustainable alternative to thermosetting polymers. Although the early results of the material scientists are promising, the machinability of vitrimers has yet to be explored. Therefore, this paper aims to present a comparative machinability study of polyimine vitrimer, pentaerythritol-based epoxy (PER) and polycarbonate polymers through orthogonal machining experiments. Reflecting on the temperature-dependent properties of vitrimers, the starting temperature of the cutting tool was varied between room temperature and an elevated temperature above 155 °C. The cutting tool was heated by a 2000-W hot air gun until the surface temperature of the cutting tool, monitored by a VariocamHD thermographic IR camera (with Jenoptik IR 1.0/60 LW lens) and checked by a Fluke 51 II thermometer with a type K thermocouple, was permanently above 155 °C for 5 min. The cutting force was measured by a Kistler 9257B dynamometer, and the machined surface was characterised by a Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-400 surface roughness tester and Keyence VHX-5000 (with VH-Z20UT VH lens) microscope. The analysis of variances (ANOVA) results show that the sustainable vitrimer polymer is an appropriate substitute for thermosetting epoxy polymers, especially at low cutting temperatures.

Study on the effect of magnetic needle grinding process on the service properties of medical Mg-1.6Ca-2.0Zn alloy

Magnesium alloy, valued for its superior mechanical properties and biocompatibility in biomaterials, faces limitations such as rapid corrosion, poor wear resistance, and unfavorable cell adhesion. To address these challenges and enhance medical magnesium alloy development, this study investigates a magnetic needle grinding process on magnesium alloy. Mg-1.6Ca-2.0Zn alloy, prepared through powder metallurgy and T6 aging treatment, undergoes milling, and magnetic grinding using various needle sizes. The impact is assessed through Vickers hardness, residual stresses, surface roughness, friction and wear tests, electrochemical assessments, and contact angle tests. Results indicate a 22.59% microhardness increase, 30.43 MPa residual compressive stress, increased surface roughness, improved wear and corrosion resistance, and improved hydrophilia after magnetic needle grinding. This research provides a theoretical foundation for advancing medical magnesium alloy industrially.

Development of superhydrophobic surface on mild steel by a facile approach and analyzing its self-cleaning and anti-freezing properties

Superhydrophobic surfaces are currently a subject of great interest because of their tremendous applications. This study offers greater insight into the self-cleaning ability and anti-icing behavior of the superhydrophobic mild steel and finds application in aircraft and marine systems. Superhydrophobic surfaces were developed on the mild steel surface by improving the roughness and reducing the energy on the surface. Mild steel was chemically etched with HCL solution for 10 min to improve the roughness. After etching, the surfaces were immersed in stearic acid solution for 3 h by solution immersion method to introduce low surface energy. The resultant surfaces have a combination of nano and micro-roughness. The roughness of the samples was measured with the aid of surface roughness tester. The roughness of the prepared surface is 4.213 μm. The microstructure of the as-prepared surface was characterized by a scanning electron microscope. The surfaces have changed to be pine-cone-like structure. The pinecone-like hierarchical structures can generate numerous grooves in which the air can be trapped which lead to a larger contact angle. The contact angle was measured by using a goniometer setup. The obtained contact angle of the surface is as high as 154° with a lower contact angle hysteresis. The surfaces were tested for self-cleaning and ice-delaying properties. The as-prepared superhydrophobic surfaces can self-clean the surface from dirt/dust while the water droplets roll over the surface. A freezing delay time of 392 s was achieved on the surfaces. The prepared surfaces possess better self-cleaning and ice-delaying properties.

Mechanical Properties of Aluminium 5052- SiC MMC

Abstract: The metal matrix composites are mostly used in aerospace applications and in automobile sectors due to its light weight to strength ratio. Aluminium 5052 has been used as matrix and SiC as reinforcement. A liquid metallurgy route of stir casting technique was adapted to prepare cast composites. Taguchi method orthogonal array of L9 is used to design experiments. The weight fraction of Sic 6%, 8% and 10%, stirrer speed of 1400 rpm, reinforcement preheating temperature of 8000c is used. Hardness test, surface roughness test and microstructure evaluation tests were conducted on the specimens. The hardness improvement and micro structure are appreciable in 10% of SiC.

Effect of Incorporation of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone on Transverse Strength, Impact Strength and Surface Roughness of Autopolymerizing Acrylic Resin

Autopolymerizing acrylic resin is one of the most frequently used materials in dentistry, but it has relatively poor mechanical properties This study investigated the effect of the addition of poly vinyl pyrrolidone on transverse strength, impact strength and surface roughness of autopolymerzing acrylic resin. A total of 60 specimens were prepared, 30 specimens of each conventional and modified autoplymerizing acrylic.20 specimens of each groups were fabricated with dimensions of (64×10×2.5) mm to conduct the transverse strength and surface roughness tests, while the remaining 10 specimens of each group were fabricated with dimensions of (80×10×4) mm to perform the impact strength test. The results of this study showed that the modified autopolytmerized acrylic had significantly higher transverse strength, and significantly lower surface roughness values while there was no significant differences in impact strength value. It can be concluded that addition of Polyvinylpyrrolidone can improve transverse strength and surface roughness of autopolymerizing acrylic resin.

Effect of Heat Treatment Duration and Cooling Conditions on Flexural Strength and Surface Roughness of Cobalt-Chromium Alloys produced by Selective-Laser-Melting

Post-heat treatment may enhance mechanical properties of selective laser melting (SLM) Cobalt chromium (Co-Cr) alloys, however it is unknown what duration the heat treatment needs to last and how the rate of cooling impacts the alloy's flexural strength and surface roughness. In this study, SLM Co-Cr alloy specimens were heated at 1150 C for 1 or 6 hours and subsequently cooled by air cooling (AC), furnace cooling (FC), or water quenching (WC). Flexural strength and surface roughness were then tested. Aim of this study: Investigate the effect of heat treatment and different cooling conditions on the flexural strength and surface roughness of SLM Co-Cr alloy specimens. The heat treatment will be conducted at 1150 C for two different durations (1-hour and 6-hours) and under three cooling conditions (AC, FC, and WC). Materials and methods: A total of forty-two rectangular specimens, measuring (34×13×1.5 mm) were manufactured through SLM and divided into seven groups, six specimens for each group as follows: The first group denoted as control with no heat treatment and no cooling applied, second and third groups heated for 1 or 6 hours then cooled in the air (AH-1 and AH-6), fourth and fifth groups heated for 1 or 6 hours and left inside the furnace until they cooled (FH-1 and FH-6), sixth and seventh groups heated for 1 or 6 hours and cooled by water quenching (WH-1 and WH-6). Flexural strength and surface roughness tests were performed on the specimens. A flexural strength value of (2147.33 MPa) was indicated that the control group exhibited the highest flexural strength, whereas the FH-6 group exhibited the lowest flexural strength value (1282.66 MPa). The control group showed the worst surface roughness (1.63 μm) while all other groups demonstrated no significant differences in surface roughness ranging from (0.32 to 0.49 μm) with a slight increase in the 6-hours heated groups. Conclusions: Slow cooling rate inside the furnace affects flexural strength negatively. Therefore, a high cooling rate is recommended to get a better flexural strength. On the other hand, surface roughness results suggests that 1-hour is better than 6-hours in terms of heat treatment duration and time saving

Experimental investigation of the effect of e‐waste fillers on the mechanical properties of Kenaf woven fiber composites

AbstractElectronic waste is one of the environmental issues that is worsening rapidly around the globe and is of particular concern to developing nations. A significant quantity of e‐waste is dumped in landfills without regard for the recycling process, which has a potentially adverse impact on the global ecosystem. In this work, waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) and cassette discs (CD) are grinded into powder form and used as fillers with lignocellulosic kenaf woven fabric blended with epoxy resin. Fabrication is carried out by hand lay‐up techniques assisted by vacuum bagging. Laminates are made with different proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of e‐waste filler by weight percentage of kenaf fabric. Mechanical, water absorption, and surface roughness tests were carried out. The result shows that a 5% addition of waste printed circuit board filler and a 10% addition of waste cassette disc (WCD) filler gave better results. In comparison, waste printed circuit board filler laminates show higher strength than waste cassette disc filler laminates. Experimental results indicate that e‐waste filler can be reinforced with lignocellulosic biomass fiber composites and better used for domestic and industrial applications instead of being dumped into landfills, which causes environmental and health hazards.

Effect of Ethanol Addition on some Properties of Self-Polymerized Acrylic Resins

Background: Self-polymerized acrylic resins are widely utilized in dentistry. A higher residual monomer content is seen after polymerization of denture base resins. The literature showed that the ethanol solvent could rise the leaching of residual monomer from the polymer. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the influence of ethanol addition on hardness and roughness of acrylic resins. Materials and Methods: Sixty acrylic resin specimens were prepared and were divided into 2 main sets due to the kind of test used (surface hardness and surface roughness). There were three groups according to the ethanol concentrations. The first group was the control specimens with no ethanol, the second group was loaded with 10 ml of ethanol; and the third group was loaded with 15 ml of ethanol. The acrylic specimens were measured using the Shore A Durometer hardness and the surface roughness tester. Results: showed that the addition of ethanol significantly decrease the surface hardness of acrylic resins. The results indicated that there are significant differences between groups (P< 0.0010). However, no significant differences between 10ml and 15 ml groups (P>0.05). For surface roughness test, no significant differences were found among the studied groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: The addition of ethanol to self-polymerized acrylic resins would significantly decrease the hardness and increases the surface roughness of acrylic resins

Effect of Ethanol Addition on some Properties of Self-Polymerized Acrylic Resins

Background: Self-polymerized acrylic resins are widely utilized in dentistry. A higher residual monomer content is seen after polymerization of denture base resins. The literature showed that the ethanol solvent could rise the leaching of residual monomer from the polymer. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the influence of ethanol addition on hardness and roughness of acrylic resins. Materials and Methods: Sixty acrylic resin specimens were prepared and were divided into 2 main sets due to the kind of test used (surface hardness and surface roughness). There were three groups according to the ethanol concentrations. The first group was the control specimens with no ethanol, the second group was loaded with 10 ml of ethanol; and the third group was loaded with 15 ml of ethanol. The acrylic specimens were measured using the Shore A Durometer hardness and the surface roughness tester. Results: showed that the addition of ethanol significantly decrease the surface hardness of acrylic resins. The results indicated that there are significant differences between groups (P< 0.0010). However, no significant differences between 10ml and 15 ml groups (P>0.05). For surface roughness test, no significant differences were found among the studied groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: The addition of ethanol to self-polymerized acrylic resins would significantly decrease the hardness and increases the surface roughness of acrylic resins

Production of abrasive materials recycled from glass cullet and snail shell

Two different waste materials from industrial products and pisciculture were used in this research work as raw materials for producing abrasives. Utilizing the resources that are currently accessible on the planet, and employing waste materials will lower the cost of producing abrasive materials while saving the environment from further contamination. Industrial wastes like glass cullet (GC), and piscicultural wastes like Pila globosa snail shell (SS) are utilized in the current research work. The raw materials are joined together by using a binder and applying compressive pressure. Abrasive composite samples were produced as follows: using only glass cullet particles (GC composite), using both glass cullet and snail shell particles (GC-SS composite), and using only snail shell particles (SS composite). The composites were constructed using 14% epoxy resin with hardener. The hardness, compressive strength, surface roughness, thermal conductivity, density, and water absorption tests were used to analyze the fabricated samples. GC composite is less water resistant than the SS composite. GC composite has the lowest density compared to SS composite. The heat conductivity and surface roughness increase with the addition of SS to GC. The particle morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. All composite samples were compared for their attributes to choose the most effective one to use as emery rock.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness in Clear Silicon Fabricated Using Three Different Techniques: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Anterior composite restorations present many aesthetic challenges for clinicians. Direct veneers provide chairside advantages such as evaluating tooth anatomy, shade selection, and correcting tooth morphology according to the patient’s desire. In today’s world, the use of digitalisation and 3D-printed models has grown. However, limitations of these are unknown and a research gap exists, with surface roughness being a major issue. Aim: To evaluate the surface roughness of clear silicon templates fabricated over 3D-printed models, blue inlay wax and dental stone. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study utilised both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study was conducted at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manubhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The study was completed over three months. A total of 36 surfaces of clear silicone template (Exaclear) were obtained from two blocks each of 3D-printed model, blue inlay wax, and dental stone, measuring 30×10×10 mm. These blocks were divided into six units of 10×5 mm (N=36) and were divided into three groups: 1) 3D-printed model; 2) Blue inlay wax; 3) Dental stone. Surface roughness was evaluated using a surface roughness tester and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Quantitative analysis of surface roughness was done using the surface roughness tester, and qualitative analysis was done using SEM. Statistical analysis was done using the posthoc Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test and statistical software SPSS Version 20.0. Results: The quantitative analysis showed the highest Roughness average (Ra) value mean±Standard Deviation (SD) for Group 1 (11.97±4.43 μm), followed by Group 3 (2.42±1.07 μm) and Group 2 (0.63±0.86 μm). SEM showed the presence of voids only in Group 1. Conclusion: Surface roughness of clear silicon template fabricated on wax surface is less as compared to templates fabricated on 3-D printed models.