Surface Plots Research Articles

Mathematical analysis of a three-strain model for dengue with vaccination

Abstract Dengue has emerged as the most widespread mosquito-borne ailment in humans, causing an estimated 390 million infections within the endemic regions of the world annually. In this paper, a novel mathematical model is proposed for three strains of dengue virus with vaccination measures. Some of the important qualitative analysis carried out are as follows: The dengue serotypes 1, 2 and 3 sub-models are qualitatively analyzed, using well constructed candidates of Lyapunov function. The sub-models' infection-free equilibria are proven to be locally asymptotically stable.The infection-free and endemic equilibria of the sub-models are established to be globally asymptotically stable. The complete model's infection-free equilibrium is proven to be locally and globally asymptotically stable. Also, simulations are also presented to validate the theoretical analysis in the paper. The solution profiles of all epidemiological compartments when the reproduction numbers are both below one and greater than one are graphically presented. It was observed that, for the scenarios when the dengue reproduction number $\mathcal{R}_{0}$ is below and above one, the solution trajectories converge to the infection-free and dengue-endemic steady states, respectively. Sensitivity analyses using the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), and also using contour plots and surface plots are performed on the dengue serotypes associated reproduction numbers. The impact of influential parameters are graphically presented. Worthy of mention, is the significant impact of dengue transmission rates (positively correlated) and dengue vaccination rates and vaccine effectiveness levels (negatively correlated). Different scenario analyses to investigate the impact of dengue vaccination measures are presented. It was observed that enhanced dengue vaccination programme under the administration of safe and highly effective vaccine could curtail the spread and co-circulation of different dengue serotypes within the population.

Structures and NMR Solution Dynamics of Diorganotin Complexes with Bulky Quadridentate Salen‐ and Salphen‐Type Schiff Bases (N2O2) Incorporating Diazenylpyridyl Side Arms

AbstractA series of six complexes [n‐Bu2Sn(L1)]⋅S (S=Benzene/toluene, mixed/partial) (1), [Ph2Sn(L1)]n⋅S (S=Benzene) (2), [Bz2Sn(L1)] (3), [n‐Bu2Sn(L2)]n (4), [Ph2Sn(L2)] (5) and [Bz2Sn(L2)] (6) were synthesized using diorganotin(IV) oxide precursors and two new bis‐Schiff bases containing N2O2 donor atoms. The Schiff bases, H2L1 and H2L2, were prepared by reacting ethane‐1,2‐diamine or benzene‐1,2‐diamine with 2‐hydroxy‐5‐(pyridin‐3‐yldiazenyl)benzaldehyde in absolute ethanol. Compounds 1–6 were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies, as well as by solid‐state single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (except for 3 and 6). In all the complexes the bis‐Schiff bases occupy the equatorial positions and the R groups are in axial sites. However, while 1 and 5 are discrete molecules where the tin atoms adopt distorted octahedral geometries, 2 and 4 are monoperiodic polymers with the metal cations in pentagonal bipyramidal environments. Although solid state crystallographic results revealed asymmetrical molecular configurations, solution NMR studies proved symmetric arrangements for all the compounds. Tin NMR spectroscopy confirmed that all complexes are six‐coordinate in solution, despite variations in solid‐state coordination. Further analysis using Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plots provided insights into intermolecular interactions in compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5. This comprehensive study underscores the structural diversity and solution‐state dynamics of organotin(IV) complexes synthesized using novel Schiff bases.

Experimental and theoretical studies of a new NLO active organic salt of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid

The new monohydrate organic salt (AHMPHB) of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine (AHMP) with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) was successfully synthesized and grown as an organic single crystal with characteristic optical quality using the slow evaporation technique (SET). The structural study of the grown crystal was performed using single-crystal XRD. The XRD results revealed that AHMPHB belongs to the triclinic system with space group P-1. Various functional groups of AHMPHB were identified using Raman and FTIR spectroscopic analyses. The optimized geometry and other theoretical results were determined by the DFT/B3LYP method at the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The H⋅⋅⋅H and O⋅⋅⋅H intermolecular forces are dominated in the crystal packing and these were explored using Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plot analyses. TG and DTA studies demonstrate that AHMPHB remains stable up to 140 ºC. According to UV-Vis spectral analysis, AHMPHB has exhibited high transparency in the visible region with a direct band gap of 4.10 eV. The NLO measurement of AHMPHB was done using the Z-scan method. The energy of the HOMO-LUMO gap of 4.37 eV was predicted using DFT calculations. NBO analysis was performed to represent the charge transfer between localized bonds and lone pairs. Moreover, the MEP maps, HOMO-LUMO profiles and theoretical NLO parameters of AHMPHB and its constituents are also obtained.

An Estimation of Baricitinib by AQbD-driven UV Spectrophotometry Development and Validation Process

Background: Baricitinib (BCTB) is a novel Janus Kinase (JAK) 1 and 2 inhibitor used in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, approved by the “Food and Drug Administration” in 2018. It has significant dose-dependent effectiveness and severe side effects. Thus, it is crucial to figure out its concentration in developed dosage forms. The literature search revealed that there has only been one UV spectroscopy technique documented up to this point. Methanol was chosen as the detection medium in this approach, which is not comparable with plasma or serum. As a result, the preliminary research suggested developing a UV spectroscopic approach that can estimate BCTB concentration and compare it to its concentration in the plasma or serum. Thus, in the proposed method, 7.4 pH phosphate buffer was selected as a mobile phase. Aim: Using the Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) methodology, a simple, robust spectrophotometric method for the detection of BCTB in API form and Niosomes drug delivery system is designed and assessed. Methods: In the AQbD approach, a face-centered CCD design of Design Expert 13 software was used to evaluate two critical method variables: scanning speed and sampling interval. The design space suitability was confirmed by standard error and overlay plots. The 2-D contour and 3-D response surface plots were used to forecast the relationship between the response variable and predictor variables. Results: Baricitinib displays an absorption maximum at 249.40 nm in saline phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The distinguished linearity of the method was obtained over a concentration of 5–30 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R2 ) value of 0.998. BCTB % assay was found to be near 99 %. Intraday and Interday precision were found to have % RSDs of 0.067–0.488 and 0.146–0.942, respectively. Conclusion: The established spectrophotometric technique was observed to be precise as per ICH revised guidelines ICH Q2 (R1) and Q14 for analytical method validation. Our findings are instructional for the future design and development of safe and reliable therapeutic dosage forms of BCTB for rheumatoid arthritis.

Enhancing Ketoprofen Solubility: A Strategic Approach Using Solid Dispersion and Response Surface Methodology.

In the pharmaceutical sciences, the solubility profile of therapeutic molecules is crucial for identifying and formulating drugs and evaluating their quality across the drug discovery pipeline based on factors like oral bioavailability, metabolic transformation, biodistribution kinetics, and potential toxicological implications. The investigation aims to enhance the solubility parameters of ketoprofen (BCS-II class), which exhibits low solubility and high permeability. In this method, hydrotrope blends of aromatic sodium benzoate and electrolyte sodium acetate were employed to enhance the solubility parameter of ketoprofen. Several batches of solid dispersion of ketoprofen were made using a solvent evaporation method, and the response surface method 3² factorial design was used to find the best one. The optimised formulation, KSD9, underwent in-vitro drug dissolution, DSC, pXRD, and SEM studies. The optimized batch demonstrated substantial improvement in ketoprofen solubility, attributed to mixed hydrotropy. The results indicated that both solubility and %CDR improved when hydrotropes were employed, suggesting a direct proportionality between the rise in solubility and %CDR. Formulations KSD1-KSD9 exhibited solubility enhancements ranging from 2.23 to 5.77-fold, along with an elevation in %CDR from 72.28% to 94.76%. This implies that the %CDR was modulated by the hydrotropes, specifically influenced by the concentration levels of the independent variables. An increase in hydrotrope levels corresponded to an increase in %CDR. The positive coefficients in the quadratic equation for %CDR underscored the significant role of these independent variables in augmenting the in-vitro release of Ketoprofen. Similarly, during a comparative dissolution investigation, the optimized KSD9 formulation exhibited remarkable solubility and drug content compared to conventional Ketoprofen dispersible tablets. The synergistic effect of combining two hydrotropic agents significantly increased the solubility of ketoprofen by up to 58 times. The results indicated that the independent variables exerted a positive influence on solubility and %CDR. Furthermore, the responses were contingent on the specific hydrotropes selected, which functioned as the independent variables. Analyzing the r² and ANOVA results suggested that the dependent variables aligned well with the chosen model. Visual representations, such as the 3D response surface plot and contour plot, demonstrated the impact of each hydrotrope individually and when combined. Overall, employing hydrotropes led to improved solubility and %CDR, highlighting a direct proportionality between the rise in solubility and %CDR. Mixed hydrotropic lessens the toxicity associated with individual hydrotrope concentrations while also offering a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. This study paves the way for future research aiming to improve the solubility of low- solubility drugs, broadening their clinical applications.

Mechanistic model of minute virus of mice elution behavior in anion exchange chromatography purification.

This study aimed to propose a methodology for developing a mechanistic model for viral clearance of the minute virus of mice (MVM) on flow-through anion exchange (AEX) chromatography. Protein surface analysis was applied to investigate the possibility of molecular interaction between the recombinant biotherapeutic and MVM. The protein product-free Tris buffers were spiked with MVM, and the MVM elution profile from AEX chromatography was quantitatively analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for pooled fractions. GoSilico™ Chromatography Modeling Software was applied to develop the mechanistic models for MVM species. For evaluating the visual fit of the developed model, the R2 of intact MVM virions and uncoated capsids between the simulated and measured amount in each fraction are 0.880 and 0.948, respectively. Response surface plots of logarithmic reduction values (LRV) against pH and conductivity in loaded sample were generated to show the range for suitable loaded sample conditions for achieving a good LRV. To evaluate the applicability of the developed MVM elution model to a recombinant biotherapeutic, two demonstrations of AEX chromatography purification were performed with a loaded sample of a model monoclonal antibody. The peaks of the MVM species in the elution step of both runs were accurately simulated by the developed model. In addition, to assess the possibility of molecular interaction between the virus and the target protein significantly affecting the MVM elution behavior, the antibody's surface was evaluated in terms of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity using surface analysis.

Optimal Geometry for Focused Ion Beam-Milled Samples for Direct-Pull Micro-Tensile Testing Performed In Situ in a Scanning Electron Microscope

A thorough procedure was developed to efficiently manufacture dogbone samples using focused ion beam (FIB) milling for micro-tensile testing. A Bruker PI 89 PicoIndenter, Billerica, MA, USA, was used as a case study, although the analysis and results are applicable to other micro-mechanical testing systems capable of mounting a standard, Ø12.7 mm × Ø3.2 mm pin, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pin stub (Ted Pella, Redding, CA, USA). Nine dogbones were made from an Fe-45Cu alloy additively manufactured using powder-fed laser-directed energy deposition (DED-LB). Testing showed that fracture was confined to the gauge section for all dogbones and that the fracture mode, ductile vs. brittle, was entirely dependent on the grain orientation relative to the loading direction. The analysis showed that the measured plastic strain to failure can vary from >11% (optimal geometry) to <1% (non-optimal geometry) in micro-tensile testing of high-tensile-strength (>1 GPa) metallic materials. Subsequently, a finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to identify the improved dogbone geometries. A total of ten thousand dogbone geometries were tested, and their dimensions were defined by a set of four adjustable parameters (corner radius, load surface angle, load surface length, and dogbone head length). The gauge width and gauge length were fixed to 4 µm and 10 µm, respectively. Three-dimensional surface plots of the stress concentration as a function of two parameters were used to identify the optimal ranges of parameter values. The addition of maximum width and length constraints, measuring 25 µm and 30 µm, respectively, allowed us to identify an optimal geometry at load surface angles of 30° and 45°. Their respective dimensions (corner radius, load surface length, and dogbone head length) are, in µm, 12, 6, and 7 and 10, 7, and 7. Testing these two optimal geometries with a range of gauge lengths from 4 to 20 µm showed that smaller gauge lengths only slightly reduced the detrimental stress concentration outside the gauge section. However, smaller gauge lengths will notably improve the FIB surface polishing step as tapering is reduced with smaller dogbone lengths.

Optimization study and application of box-behnken model for probing eggshell supported transition metals based catalysts to synthesize hydrazone & dihydropyrimidinones

Solid supported catalysts have several synthetic applications. Herein, finely ground eggshells were used as a solid support for the preparation of transition metal (Ni, Zn, Cu, Sn and Co) based catalysts to synthesize 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (3) and dihydropyrimidinones (7 and 8). The effect of catalyst load, time and temperature on product yield was studied. Box Behnken Model was employed, and three predictors named catalyst amount (A), reaction time (B), and reaction temperature (C) were used to find the correlation of the predictors with the yield. Second order polynomial equation was used to estimate the effects of these factors. According to the statistical model, about 12% increase in yield was observed as a result of one-unit increase in reaction time while all other terms were kept constant. The values of S (18.1616) and R2 (71.2%) indicate that the statistical model gave an adequate fit to data. Quadratic model for the response surface was used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, the larger F-values, and smaller p-values indicated that the predictors are in good agreement. The linear model terms of predictors were found to be significantly effective for yield (P < 0.05). The response surface and contour plots were also in agreement with the predicted model.

A-145 Are EDTA and Citrate Collection Devices Interchangeable for Estimating Blood Platelets Values using Sysmex XN™Analyzers ?

Abstract Background In the Sentara Healthcare System patient blood platelets are estimated using Sysmex XN™ analyzers. The blood specimens are collected in devices with EDTA anticoagulant. In the Emergency Departments, upon the first assessment of a patient a number of collection devices, including one with Na citrate anticoagulant, are obtained in case repeated testing is required. To prevent the collection of an additional EDTA device we investigated whether devices with Na citrate anticoagulant could be used interchangeably with EDTA devices for platelets values estimation. Methods Instruments: Sixteen Sysmex XN analyzers (Siemens) located in several institutions. Specimens: Seven-hundred nighty-eight patient blood specimens were obtained with both EDTA and citrate BD™ collection devices. The specimens, platelets numbers between 5000 and 800,000 platelets/mcL, were assayed in parallel within two minutes, after receipt in the laboratory, and then at intervals to reach 20 hours. The data were transferred electronically to Minitab® (version 21, Minitab Inc) statistical software. The paired data were analyzed with orthogonal, ordinary least squares (OLS), weighted polynomial ordinary least squares (WPOLS) and locally weighted scatterplot smoother (lowess) regression models and their graphic representations. The CLIA’s total error criterion (target value ± 25%) was used for evaluating acceptable variability. Results The parallel box plot of the differences between specimens as obtained with EDTA and those as obtained with Na citrate, showed that the distribution of the differences was similar between instruments and within the allowable total error of ± 25%. The orthogonal and the OLS models showed similar regression lines (Orthogonal: Y=3.3+0.94X: OLS: Y=-1+0.93X) and increase in variance for increasing platelets values. Consequently, a WPOLS model was employed for additional analyses. The ANOVA table of the WPOLS showed that there were no probabilistically significant differences between regression lines for either platelet’s values (P = 0.5) or specimen age (P = 0.1). Tridimensional surface plots clearly illustrated that the differences were distributed within -12.5% and the zero lines. The aptness of the WPOLS model was demonstrated by the standardized residual (std. res.) analysis showing quasi-normal distribution, with a few outliers (std. res. &amp;gt; |3|) and two influential observations for (Hi &amp;gt; 0.5) which were for platelets values less than 10,000 platelets/mcL. Conclusions The differences between EDTA and citrated specimens were within zero and -12.5%, this represented half of the CLIA’s criterion. The weighted polynomial regression model was employed due to the heteroscedasticity of the variance, The simultaneous evaluation by platelets values and the age of the specimen did not detect probabilistically significant differences by either platelets values or age of the specimen. This limited study suggested that EDTA and citrate anticoagulated specimens may be used interchangeably for patient care for specimens with platelets values between 10,000 and 800,000/mcL and within twenty hours from collection. However, the limited number of patients precluded to evaluate whether the detected outliers represented group(s) of patients with a particular medical condition and or pharmacotherapeutic treatment. Finally, the electronic collection and transfer of specimens to statistical software, such as Minitab, was crucial for performing this study.

NNN type pincer Pd (II) complexes of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamides: Catalytic activity and supramolecular formation

Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, NNN pincer type pro-ligands, and their palladium complexes were synthesized. The prepared pro-ligands and complexes were characterized with several characterization techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV-vis analyses). The molecular structure of the acetonitrile-N2,N6-bis(2-bromophenyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamidopalladium(II) complex has been determined by single crystal XRD measurement. This complex contains intramolecular and intermolecular H-bonds, C–H⋅⋅⋅π and face-to-face π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. In addition, two synthons were found in the crystal lattice that have been generated through hydrogen-bond interactions. Homo-synthons (R22(12)), which forms through C–H⋅⋅⋅O intermolecular interactions (2.816 Å for C15–H15⋅⋅⋅O1 and 2.603 Å for C13–H13⋅⋅⋅O2) and hetero-synthons (R21(8)), that generated via C–H⋅⋅⋅N intermolecular interactions (C21–H21C⋅⋅⋅N4, 3.439 Å). Furhermore, homo-synthons (R33(11) and R22(9)) through intermolecular contacts were determined between the palladium complex and the acetonitrile molecules. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the noncovalent interactions within the structure was performed using Hirshfeld surface and two-dimensional fingerprint plot analyses. The three-dimensional arrangement of the crystal packing was assessed during the energy-framework calculations, revealing that the electrostatic energy framework had a considerable influence on the dispersion energy framework. The [PdL5] complex provided a conversion of more than 98% and a yield of more than 98% in the shortest time among other catalysts, in which the Suzuki-Miyaura C-C cross-coupling reaction (SMR) was carried out with the 4-bromotoluene substrate. The activity of [PdL5] complex was then examined in the reactions of two other substrates, 1-bromo-4-isobutylbenzene and 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene. Although a yield of over 97% and a conversion of over 97% were observed in the reaction of 1-bromo-4-isobutylbenzene after two hours, the reaction of 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene achieved complete conversion and a yield of over 99% within just one hour.

Computer aided villi morphometric quantification in video-capsule enteroscopy: A newly developed software to quantify small bowel atrophy

Background and AimsSmall bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) has an established role in patients with non-responsive celiac disease (CeD). A non-invasive method to quantify small bowel atrophy is still lacking. MethodsWe analysed SBCE frames from CeD patients from 2018 to 2020. Histology was the reference standard, with atrophy defined as Marsh-Oberhuber score ≥ 3a. Three regions of interest (ROI) were blindly selected from each frame by an expert gastroenterologist and analysed using a National Institute of Health J image-processing software into a numerical scale. A 3D surface plot macro identified intestinal villi density through isolines plots. ResultsWe acquired 306 ROIs from 57 frames with macroscopic atrophy and 45 with normal mucosa. Frames were classified as atrophic (n = 63) or non-atrophic (n = 39) per Marsh-Oberhuber classification. Median density score significantly differed between atrophic and non-atrophic frames (p < 0.001). The morphometric analysis showed a sensitivity of 77 % and a specificity of 79 % in discriminating between atrophic or non-atrophic mucosa with a 14.10 cut-off (Youden Index) and an overall AUC of 0.805 (CI 95 % 0.712–0.897). ConclusionsOur newly developed SBCE software can effectively quantify villous atrophy. Further studies are needed to validate its applicability in an external cohort.

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Theoretical Analysis of Nonconventional Bonding in Dinuclear Zinc(II) Complexes with Tridentate Schiff Bases.

Two tridentate N,N,O-donor ligands, HL1 = 4-chloro-2-(((2-(methylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)phenol and HL2 = 4-chloro-2-(((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)phenol, have been used to synthesize phenolate-bridged dinuclear complexes [Zn2(L1)2Cl2] (1) and [Zn2(L2)2(N3)2] (2). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed their structures. Both complexes form assemblies in the solid state. Moreover, the existence of nonconventional spodium bonds in 1 and tetrel bonds in 2 has been explored using theoretical calculations, including MEP surface plots and QTAIM and NCIplot analyses.

Damage-free hole making using microwave drilling in flax/PP composite

ABSTRACT The current study focused on the examination of hole quality in microwave drilling of microwave cured natural flax and polypropylene composites. The effect of two input parameters, i.e. microwave power and feed rate of the concentrator were investigated to evaluate HAZ, circularity error, and overcut of the hole. Stereomicroscopic images were used for examination of the response parameters. The full factorial design of the experiments was carried out with two factors and four levels. It was found that flax/PP composite drilled at 180 W of microwave power and 130 mm/min of feed rate resulted in a minimum overcut and circularity error of 9 µm and 138.5 µm, respectively. Also, 360 W of microwave power and 130 mm/min of feed rate showed a reduced HAZ of 67.5 mm2. There was no fiber delamination observed during hole formation. Regression analysis was done in order to establish a relationship among responses and process parameters. Additionally, an ANOVA was undertaken to determine the significance of the model. Over 95% of the correlation between the experimental data and the projected model outcomes was observed. Combined interaction of both the input parameters was shown through surface and contour plots.

Control factor optimization for friction stir processing of AA8090/SiC surface composites

Friction Stir Processing is a state-of-the-art technology for microstructure refinement, material property enhancement, and surface composites fabrication. This investigation concentrates on AA8090/SiC surface composites produced via friction stir processing. Experiments were conducted by varying the following friction stir processing parameters: Tool rotational speed (800–1400 rpm), Tool traverse speed (25–75 mm/min), and Groove width (1.0–1.8 mm). Response measures encompassed Ultimate Tensile Strength and surface roughness. Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology designed the experiments and mathematical relationships established between input parameters and ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to test the model's adequacy. The models examined individual and interaction effects of input factors on ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness of surface composites. A combinations of input parameters was identified that yields the maximum ultimate tensile strength and minimum surface roughness. The current work employs the friction stir processing approach to synthesis near-net-shaped surface composites without additional machining by systematically optimizing process parameters. Results indicate that increasing tool rotational speed produces well-finished AA8090/SiC surface composites with decreased strength. In contrast, increased tool traverse speed and groove width generate surface composites with rougher surfaces and higher strength. Surface and contour plots further explored the influence of parameter interactions on responses.

Bio-process optimization for developing a turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) beverage fermented with functional lactic acid starter cultures

Turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa, is a herbaceous plant characterized by its rhizomatous nature with remarkable chemical composition and biologically active compounds. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been observed to break down complex polyphenols into simpler, more bioactive compounds through fermentation. The success of the fermentation process relies on various factors to achieve the desired end product. This study's main goal was to assess the feasibility of using turmeric as a fermentable substrate for LAB, with the intention of creating a non-dairy fermented beverage. The investigation delved into the impact of several fermentation parameters, namely Fermentation Temperature, pH (Lemon juice concentration), Inoculum concentration, and Substrate concentration (Turmeric concentration), on the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the lactic acid-fermented turmeric beverage (FTB). Statistical analysis revealed that a quadratic polynomial model could effectively illustrate how these fermentation parameters influenced the beverage's phytochemical and antioxidant qualities. Visualization through response surface plots revealed that these independent variables significantly influenced the beverage's total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties. Optimal fermentation conditions were identified to yield the highest levels of phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant content. These conditions included a Fermentation Temperature of 37.45 °C, a pH of 5.62, an Inoculum concentration of 5.12%v/v, and a Substrate (turmeric) concentration of 2.28%w/v. Under these precise conditions, experimental results closely aligned with predicted values for total phenolic content (57.46mg/100 ml), total flavonoid content (51.48mg/100 ml), and total antioxidant activity (72.24%). The overall acceptability of the fermented turmeric beverage reached a high 98.10%. Notably, the FTB exhibited significantly improved attributes such as astringency, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability when compared to the non-fermented turmeric beverage (NFTB), with statistical significance (P < 0.05).

Advanced regression model fitting to experimental results in case of the effect of grinding conditions on a cutting force with the planer technical knives

The use of well-fit models enables users to make better decisions and draw accurate insights, so in this article a multi-step procedure for establishing regression functions for experimental data is presented. This was inspired by the need to determine well-fitted models for the results of the study of the relationship between the input factors of the grinding process of planer knives and the measured grinding power, as well as in relation to the knife cutting force. The sharpening process was carried out under various conditions, making it possible to assess their influence on the results and select the most favorable technological parameters to prepare the knives for operation. The equations adjusted by Excel or other basic methods require additional verification if the mathematical formula and values of the model coefficients correspond to the data and the physical meaning. For this purpose, one-, two- and three-factor analyses were performed to eliminate redundant factors and introduce significant interactions between input parameters. Additional analyses of variance and Tukey, Levene and Brown-Forsythe tests were used to determine the general form of the model. Detailed form of nonlinear models was worked out by comparing the distribution of residuals, looking for outliers and evidence of the presence or absence of collinearity, as well as by determining the values of additional model quality indicators, such as Akaike Information Criterion, Cook’s distance and Variance Inflation Factor. The models presented include a categorization variable (grinding type) and are presented graphically in the form of surface plots. With reference to the technological processes studied, a discussion of the physical significance of the developed models and the influence of the input factors on the model output value was conducted. The analyzes additionally include an evaluation of the model factors using prediction slice plots.

Study the hydrotropic behaviour of butyl stearate using ANN tools

ABSTRACT This study investigates the prediction of the thermophysical properties of butyl stearate in solutions with citric acid, urea, and nicotinamide using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The ANN model uses hydrotropic concentration and temperature to predict these properties. The study focuses on binary mixtures at various temperatures (303, 313, 323, and 333 K). To achieve accurate predictions, researchers trained a committee of ANNs using experimental data. This iterative process optimizes the network architecture and avoids overfitting, a common problem in machine learning. The trained ANN can then predict thermophysical properties for intermediate hydrotropic concentrations without additional experiments. Besides, the study demonstrates the versatility of ANNs by implementing a successful model for multi-pass turning operations in MATLAB, showing superior accuracy compared to other methods. Visualizations like magnitude response curves, FFT spectrums, contour plots, and 3D surface plots helped to identify the optimal hydrotropic concentration with a remarkable 2% margin of error.

The effect of weighting on the color appearance of dyed silk fabric

The weighting process may change the color appearance of silk. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of weighting with methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the color appearance of silk fabric using the response surface method. For this purpose, a CCD design was used to investigate the effect of methyl methacrylate monomer concentration and dye concentration on color appearance and percentage of weight gain of silk fabric. Analysis of variance, response surface, and contour plots of the colorimetric characteristics of the weighted silk fabric show that the methyl methacrylate concentration has a significant effect on color parameters such as L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle of the weighted silk fabric. The results indicate that the weighting process changes the color of silk fabric.

Design and Development of a Manual Pineapple Processing Machine Capable of Peeling, Coring and Slicing Pineapples for Small and Medium Enterprises

Pineapple processing involves peeling, coring and slicing of pineapple. A simple manual pineapple processing machine was developed to enhance the crude method of processing pineapple using just the knife and to reduce musculoskeletal problems associated with processing large quantity of pineapples with the knife. Hence, the objective of this paper is to design and develop a manual pineapple processing machine capable of peeling, coring and slicing pineapples to be utilized by small and medium enterprises (SME) using Response Surface Method (RSM) and validated using desirability plots. The results of actual and predicted response surface plots confirms pineapple sample weight 1.35 kg, diameter 60, height 110 mm with efficiency of 94.81% as the optimal variables. The desirability plot validated these results with response of 1.47, 0.17, 0.06, 0.22 kg weights of peeled, peel and core of pineapple removed, respectively, machine peeling efficiency at 87.29 % as optimal at 11 seconds. At these optimal conditions, the actual efficiency realized was 94.81 %. The differences within the actual and predicted valuations were lower and not significant statistically, which implied that selected model efficiently predicted the peeling efficiency of the machine. Center Composite Design Rotatable (CCDR) was employed to initiate 20 experimental processes.

Synthesis and characterization of Fe(III)-doped beta-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan cryogel beads for adsorption of diclofenac in aqueous solutions: Adsorption experiments and deep-learning modeling

Diclofenac (DCF) is frequently detected in aquatic environments, emphasizing the critical need for its efficient removal globally. Here, we present the synthesis of Fe(III)-doped β-CD-grafted chitosan (Fe/β-CD@CS) cryogel beads designed for adsorbing DCF in aqueous solutions. The beads exhibited an average size of 2.94 ± 0.66 mm and a point of zero charge of 8.03. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that the Langmuir kinetic model provided the most accurate description of the kinetic data, while the Redlich–Peterson isotherm offered the best fit for the equilibrium data. The beads showcased a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 712.3 mg/g for DCF, with the adsorption process being identified as exothermic. DCF adsorption on the beads was attributed to hydrogen bonding, metal cation-π interactions, and electrostatic interactions. Reusability tests exhibited that the beads could be regenerated using 0.1 M NaOH. To perform deep learning modeling, adsorption experiments (n = 17), designed utilizing central composite design (CCD), were conducted in duplicate. The CCD framework incorporated input variables such as initial DCF concentration, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH, while the output variable was the DCF removal rate. Utilizing the adsorption data, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was constructed with a topology of 3: 7:10:1, featuring 3 input variables, 7 neurons in the first hidden layer, 10 neurons in the second layer, and 1 output variable. Employing the ANN model data, 3-D response surface plots were generated to elucidate the relationship between input variables and DCF removal rate. Additional adsorption tests were conducted to evaluate the developed ANN model, affirming its reliable predictability for the DCF removal rate. Analysis of the relative importance of the input variables revealed the following order of importance: solution pH (100 %) > adsorbent dosage (75.2 %) > initial DCF concentration (57.7 %).