Surface Of Fly Ash Research Articles

The impacts of CO2 mineralization reaction on the physicochemical characteristics of fly ash: A study under different reaction conditions of the water-to-solid ratio and the pressure of CO2

Utilizing fly ash (FA) directly to mineralize CO2 and injecting carbon sequestration products into goafs of coal mines is a novel and promising technology. The impact mechanisms of CO2 direct mineralization reactions on the characteristics of key groups, physical phases, surface micromorphology, particle size and pore structure of FA are discussed systematically in detail. The focus is imposed on the impacts of different reaction conditions (water-to-solid ratios and pressures of CO2). Based on the FT-IR, XRD and ESEM-EDS analysis, CO2 is transformed into carbonates of five vibrational models after mineralization and largely sequestered as calcite by portlandite, which forms a passivated layer on the FA surface. The particle size of carbonated FA particles gets smaller and less uniform, and the variation laws of the particle size at full scale are analyzed by particle size intervals. The variation process of the pore can be divided into the dissolution of FA for pore expansion, the low degree of CO2 mineralization reaction for further expanding the pore and the high reaction degree for pore shrinkage. This paper provides theoretical bases for improving the direct CO2 sequestration capacity and research directions for the subsequent application properties of carbon sequestration products.

Biogenic growth of egg shell–derived CaMn2O4 over tailored FLY ASH surface for synergistically photodegradation of ofloxacin: materialistic and chemical studies

Biogenic growth of egg shell–derived CaMn2O4 over tailored FLY ASH surface for synergistically photodegradation of ofloxacin: materialistic and chemical studies

The mechanism and preparation of nano-SnO2@fly ash antistatic composite powder

In order to solve the problems of poor antistatic property of fly ash (FA), high cost and easy agglomeration of nano tin dioxide (TO), chemical co-precipitation method was adopted to synthesize nano-SnO2@fly ash (shell@core, TOFA) antistatic composite powder. Volume resistivity was used as indicator of TOFA antistatic performance to be experimentally studied. The results showed that volume resistivity was reduced from 7.32 × 109 Ω·cm (FA) to 1.82 × 105 Ω·cm (TOFA). Under pH = 4 condition, the electrostatic attraction between TO precursor and FA didn't significantly improve agglomeration. The pH = 12 condition of two substances surface repeled each other and relyed the interaction of TO precursor functional group and FA surface hydroxyl group on forming (Al)Si-O-Sn chemical bonding at high temperature calcination, which facilitated the formation of nanoscale tetragonal crystalline phase TO to uniformly distribute on the surface of micron-sized FA. The antistatic mechanism was derived from oxygen vacancies and tin interstitium in the intrinsic defects of TO nanoparticles.

Fe2O3/coal fly ash Fenton-like catalyst for the elimination of organic pollutants in wastewater: Kinetic, mechanism, and application feasibility

Fe2O3/CFA was prepared by loading Fe2O3 on the surface of raw coal fly ash (RCFA), and then used as a Fenton-like catalyst to treat refractory organic wastewater. The characterization results of SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, XRF, and BET test indicate that Fe2O3 is successfully loaded on the surface of RCFA, while the adsorption performance is not significantly affected. Under optimal treatment conditions of p-nitrophenol (PNP) simulated wastewater (H2O2 dosage = 8 mmol/L, Fe2O3/CFA loading = 6 g/L, pH = 3, and T = 303 K), the removal rate of PNP reaches 97.7 % at 50 min. There exist hydroxyl radicals (·OH), superoxide radicals (∙O2−) and singlet oxygen (1O2) in the Fenton-like system, and ·OH is the primary reactive oxygen species in the removal of PNP·H2O2 dosage, Fe2O3/CFA loading, and pH (i.e., [H+]) show different effects on the generation rate constant of hydroxyl radicals (k·OH), and the corresponding mathematic equation is k∙OH=6.51∙e−640.0T∙[H2O2]1.313∙[Fe2O3/CFA]1.093∙[H+]0.815. The Fenton-like process includes heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic processes, and it is driven by the synergistic catalysis of multiple metallic elements; Fe and other metallic elements play major and auxiliary roles, respectively. In the advanced treatment of real coking wastewater, the catalytic capacity of Fe2O3/CFA can maintain 91.7 % in its 4th use, and the treatment cost is ¥4.15/ton, which can be decreased by further optimizing the preparation process of Fe2O3/CFA.

Constructing branch architectures on fly ash surfaces to immobilize iron tetracarboxy phthalocyanine for synergistic degradation of dye contaminants

Utilization of fly ash (FA) solid wastes as the economical carrier materials to support the high active catalysts for environmental purification would contribute to the low carbon society, resource conservation and environmental improvement. For this purpose, in-depth understanding of the surface structure dependent fly ash carriers for the high efficiency immobilization of catalyst is essential. In this study, the highly active molecule catalysts of iron tetracarboxy phthalocyanine (TCFePc) complexes were successfully supported on FA for the first time. The FA particulates were successively activated to generate the dense branch crystal surfaces for immobilizing TCFePc complexes via a simple precipitation method. The TCFePc@FA composites can activate tert-butyl hydroperoxide (BuOOH) to produce hydroxyl and alkoxy radicals along with the generation of high valent iron-oxygen species to synergistically degrade high concentration organic dyes. Significantly, the TCFePc@FA-2% (2 wt% of catalyst) exhibited obviously higher catalytic efficiency than that of pure TCFePc. The immobilization mechanism and the catalytic processes of TCFePc@FA composites were discussed in detail. Our investigation provides an efficient and economical strategy for designing FA-based catalysts in the field of environmental catalysis.

Experimental investigation of combustion and ash deposition characteristics of coal-NH3 cofiring in a 200 kW furnace

The coal-NH3 co-firing experiment was conducted in a 200 kW one-dimensional furnace to study the flue gas emission characteristics and ash deposition characteristics under different ammonia co-firing ratios. As ammonia is a carbon-free fuel, CO2 shows a decreasing trend, while H2O gradually increases with the increase of ammonia co-firing ratio. With the increase of ammonia co-firing ratio, the proportion of unburned carbon increases slightly. Compared with the ammonia in flue gas, the ammonia attached to ash is the main reason for ammonia slip. The total ammonia slip rate of the three co-firing ratio conditions is 0.26% (5% NH3), 0.29% (10% NH3) and 0.67% (20% NH3), respectively. The NOx emission reaches the maximum of 349.05 ppm when the ammonia co-firing ratio is 10%, then decreases as the ratio increase to 20%. Ammonia co-firing does not change the composition of ash particles but has a certain deterioration of heat transfer of heat exchange surface in high temperature zone of furnace. This is related to the adhesion of ammonia on the surface of fly ash and the reduction of the size of fly ash.

Solid Waste of Fly Ash toward Energy-Efficient CO2 Capture

Catalytic CO2 absorption–desorption has attracted broad interest due to its potential for improving CO2 absorption efficiency and reducing energy consumption in CO2 separation. However, most utilized catalysts are synthetic and pure, with the development of a natural and hybrid catalyst with acid–base bifunctional catalytic characteristics remaining a significant challenge. In this work, three fly ashes (1-FA, 2-FA, and 3-FA) with different compositions were used as catalysts, and the provided synergistic benefits in the overall MEA-CO2 absorption–desorption processes were evaluated. The results showed that Brønsted acid sites, Lewis acid sites, and Lewis base sites were available on the fly ash surface, which provided proton and electron donation capability. 1-FA exhibited the best catalytic performance by enhancing the CO2 cyclic absorption capacity by 6.7–26.1%, improving the CO2 desorption rate with the highest value of 96.0%, and decreasing the sensible heat by 24–28% compared to MEA as a blank run. Furthermore, 1-FA exhibited comparable catalytic performance to typical HZSM-5. The results of this study demonstrated that fly ash with zero cost and high availability could serve as a good hybrid catalyst candidate for CO2 absorption and desorption.

Chlorine and heavy metals removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by electric field enhanced oxalic acid washing

Electric field enhanced oxalic acid (H2C2O4) washing was conducted to examine the simultaneously removal efficiency of heavy metals (HMs) and chlorine, especially insoluble chlorine from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSW FA). Results show that chlorine and HMs can be effectively removed with a total chlorine, As, Ni and Zn removal rate of 99.10%, 79.08%, 75.42% and 71.43%, when the electrode exchange frequencies is 40 Hz, current density is 50 mA/cm2, H2C2O4 adding amount is 0.5 mol/L and the reaction time is 4 h. Insoluble chlorine removal efficiency is up to 95.32%, much higher than reported studies. And the chlorine content in the residue is lower than 0.14%. Meanwhile, HMs removal efficiency is remarkable, 41.62%–67.51% higher than that of water washing. The high-efficient removal effect is caused by the constantly changing direction of electrons hitting the fly ash surface, which provides more escape channels for internal chlorine and HMs. These results proved that electric field enhanced oxalic acid washing could be a promising method for removing contaminants from MSWI fly ash.

Integrating Fly Ash-Controlled Surface Morphology and Candle Grease Coating: Access to Highly Hydrophobic Poly (L-lactic Acid) Composite for Anti-Icing Application

New ways of recycling fly ash are of great significance for reducing the environmental pollution. In this work, biodegradable hydrophobic poly (L-lactic acid)/fly ash composites for anti-icing application were successfully fabricated via a facile solvent-volatilization-induced phase separation approach. A silane coupling agent of 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate was used to decorate a fly ash surface (FA@KH570) for strengthening the interface bonding between fly ash and poly (L-lactic acid). Moreover, FA@KH570 could obviously enhance the crystallinity of poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/FA@KH570 composites, which accelerated the conversion from the liquid-liquid to the liquid-solid phase separation principle. Correspondingly, the controllable surface morphology from smooth to petal-like microspheres was attained simply by adjusting the FA@KH570 content. After coating nontoxic candle grease, the apparent contact angle of 5 wt% PLLA/FA@KH570 composite was significantly increased to an astonishing 151.2°, which endowed the composite with excellent anti-icing property. This strategy paves the way for recycling waste fly ash and manufacturing hydrophobic poly (L-lactic acid) composite for potential application as an anti-icing material for refrigerator interior walls.

Surface modification of fly ash by waste engine oil under mechanical activation enhanced the sustainable service life of asphalt

Oxidative aging of asphalt leads to changes in its molecular structure and chemical composition, deteriorating the properties. Therefore, extending the service life of asphalt materials is essential for environmental protection and sustainable development. In this study, waste engine oil (WEO) with similar components and chemical composition to asphalt was used to modify the fly ash (FA) surface by a high-energy ball grinding process to produce a well-compatible compound fly ash modifier (CFAM). This process achieved ultra-refinement and surface modification in one step, enhancing the chemical bonding and anchoring force between FA and asphalt, thereby effecting the ageing resistance of the asphalt. Dynamic light scattering tests showed that the oil grinding process enhanced the stability of CFAM, whose median particle size (654 nm) increased by only 103 nm after four months of storage. Thermogravimetric (TG), BET tests showed that the FA surface was grafted with a large amount of WEO, and the CFAM after de-oiling and rinsing had a WEO content of 1.39 wt%, which gave it excellent compatibility with asphalt. The nano-indentation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments showed that CFAM reduced the changes in micro hardness, modulus of elasticity, carbonyl content and sulfoxide group content of asphalt before and after ageing and provided an excellent anti-ageing effect. The oil grinding process activated the reactivity of the FA that could chemically bond with the carboxylic acids in the asphalt, stabilizing the chemical components of the asphalt and delaying the ageing of the asphalt, thus achieving sustainable service of the asphalt.

Synergistic effects of fly ash and MgO expansive additive on cement paste: Microstructure and performance

To expand the use proportion of fly ash (FA) and MgO expansive additive (MEA) in engineering, this paper explores the feasibility of a new cementitious material, which conforms to the dual-carbon background. The synergistic effects of FA and MEA on the expansion behavior and mechanical properties of cement paste are confirmed by designing experiments with the dosage and curing temperature as variables. Moreover, the formation mechanism of synergism is analyzed through isothermal calorimetry, XRD, TG, 29Si NMR, MIP, SEM and EDS in combination. The experimental results show under 40 °C water curing, the addition of 40 % FA and 10 % MEA not only amplifies the early expansion, but also controls well the later expansion in a stable state. Besides, the 90-day compressive and flexural strengths increase by up to 20.8 % and 15.6 %, respectively. FA reduces the effect of MEA on the hydration heat of cement significantly, making the hydration rate curves of the two systems about Krstulovic-Dabic model highly consistent. The MEA-enhanced alkaline environment promotes the secondary hydration of cement by improving the hydration degree of FA. The reduction of cumulative pores volume and refinement of pore size are promoted obviously, resulting in only the gel pores and transition pores in the matrix. The existence of FA avoids the centralized distribution of Mg-containing hydration products, while there is more fibrous C-S-H generated on the surface of FA. In addition, the hydration model of the new cementitious material has been established.

Investigating the Impact of Fly Ash on the Strength and Micro-Structure of Concrete during Steam Curing and Subsequent Stages

Steam curing, a common way of curing precast concrete, can greatly improve its 1-day strength. However, the thermal effect of prolonged high-temperature curing can negatively impact the concrete's performance, thus compromising production of precast products in cold regions. Fly ash (FA) is used as a supplementary cementitious material to improve part of the properties of concrete. In this paper, we investigated the effect of FA (10~30%) on the compressive strength and microstructure of manufactured sand concrete at the steam curing and later stages. Specifically, we analyzed the behavior of FA in the constant temperature phase under steam curing. Results indicated that the pozzolanic reaction of FA started to occur at 24 h of constant temperature curing. Early hydration under steam curing produces a large amount of Ca(OH)2, causing the pozzolanic reaction of FA to occur significantly earlier, and the high pH value of the solution and the fibrous mesh structure of the FA surface promote the pozzolanic reaction. The addition of 30% FA to manufactured sand concrete causes a significant reduction in early strength under steam curing, which is not beneficial to the formwork removal and tensioning of precast members. Notably, manufactured sand concrete with 20% FA under steam curing had the highest late strength. The filling effect of FA and the additional gel produced by the pozzolanic reaction would result in the reduction in large pore content, refinement of pore size, improvement of microstructural compactness, and increase in gel system strength. Therefore, the addition of 20% FA to the manufactured sand concrete can improve the long-term strength, which is beneficial to the production of precast beams in cold regions.

High-valued utilization of fly ash for preparing mechanically robust and multi-scale superhydrophobic coatings

Fly ash (FA) is an industrial solid waste which adds burden to the environment. Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) are widely or potentially applied in various fields, like self-cleaning, drag reduction, oil/water separation, anti-corrosion, anti-icing, and so on. This paper proposes a novel and facile way to reutilize varisized FA particles to prepare superhydrophobic coatings which exhibit excellent water-repellency and mechanical wear resistance. The FA particles undergo chemical modification (MFA), then physically mixing with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and finally spraying or dipping to obtain the nano/micro, nano-micro, and nano-micro-submillimeter hydrophobic/superhydrophobic surfaces (MFA@PDMS) on versatile substrates. The MFA@PDMS coating shows that the nano-micro co-existed particles could achieve the best superhydrophobic property with excellent water-repellency and mechanical wear resistance. The results of SEM, FITR and contact angle indicate that the surface of FA was roughened after modification and the wettability of MFA particles transferred from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The prepared nano-micro MFA@PDMS coating remains superhydrophobic even after 60 times unidirectional abrasion under 500 g weight, due to the fact that the presence of polydimethylsiloxane enhanced the binding force between inter-particles as well as particle-substrate. In addition, it was demonstrated that the nano-micro MFA@PDMS SHSs could effectively separate the oil/water mixtures.

Characterization of heavy metals in fly ash stabilized by carbonation with supercritical CO2 coupling mechanical force

Fly ash carbonation is a feasible alternative method for CO2 reduction and heavy metal stabilization. There are four main mechanisms for fly ash carbonation to stabilize heavy metals. However, due to differences in heavy metals and fly ash, the stability of heavy metals is also different. Especially, the properties of supercritical CO2 are greatly changed compared with those of non-supercritical CO2, and the influence of this change on the four mechanisms is still unclear. In this paper, carbonation experiments of different fly ash were conducted in the transition from non-supercritical to supercritical, and leaching characteristics of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni were investigated to explore stabilization mechanisms. Our research showed that physical encapsulation was a physical phenomenon that had stabilizing effects on all heavy metals. Chemical reaction was aimed at heavy metals that reacted with CO32-. Pb, Zn, and Cu belonged to the isomorphism with Ca, and adsorption precipitation was formed by the isomorphism substitution during carbonation process. Supercritical CO2 enhances the three mechanisms. And mechanical force broke up sintered surface of fly ash, exposing more active sites to enhance the three mechanisms. On the other hand, under supercritical state, the solubility of CO2 increased, resulting in the speciation transformation of heavy metals. Under the above mechanisms, there were two trends regarding stability of heavy metals in fly ash. One trend was a gradual increase in stability, and the other trend an initial increase in stability followed by a peak at the critical point and then a decrease.

Immobilization of radioactive waste by an aluminum silicate matrix formed from fly ash or bentonite

The decommissioning and recovery of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant will generate a substantial amount of radioactive waste. Among these wastes, fuel debris is expected to be designated as an intermediate-to-high-level waste that needs to be immobilized within a matrix. The immobilization of radioactive waste in an aluminum silicate matrix formed from fly ash or bentonite was investigated in this study. Three matrix compositions were selected: bentonite 100 wt.%, fly ash 90 wt.% - sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) 10 wt.%, and fly ash 80 wt.% - bentonite 20 wt.%. The radioactive waste was simulated using uranium dioxide doped with Sr and Eu. The pellets were formed using 70 wt.% matrix material and 30 wt.% radioactive waste, and were heated at 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. This study aims to determine the best matrices and conditions for radionuclide immobilization. All pellets exhibited a high compressive strength of several dozen megapascals, which met the criteria of a minimum of 5 MPa. Matrices that showed the highest resistance to the leaching of U were the fly ash-borax matrix heated at 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C; fly ash-bentonite matrix heated at 800°C; and bentonite matrix heated at 800°C and 1000°C. Matrices that showed good resistance to both U and Sr leaching were the fly ash-borax matrix heated at 1000°C and the bentonite matrix heated at 1000°C. Eu leached out in very small amounts. U was immobilized by incorporating uranium dioxide particles in the aluminum silicate glassy melt formed during heating. The physical absorption of the waste also contributed to reducing Sr leaching. The fixation of Sr on the surface of fly ash also occurred in matrices containing fly ash.

Effect of crystal-shaped additives of precipitated calcium carbonate on the whiteness of modified fly ash and hand sheets

Fly ash was modified using calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The morphology of precipitated calcium carbonate was controlled by adding different crystal-shape-forming additives. Effects of sodium hexametaphosphate, zinc chloride, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, and aluminium chloride on the crystal shape of precipitated calcium carbonate were studied. The effects of crystal-shaped additives of precipitated calcium on the whiteness of modified fly ash and hand sheets were analyzed. The results showed that the addition of ZnCl2 (0.35%) can play a role in coating fly ash well. The coating effect of the acicular, chain, and lamellar precipitated calcium carbonate on the surface of fly ash was slightly less effective than that of globular crystals.

A rational and feasible approach to the co-management of condensates from biomass torrefaction and carbon-rich fly ash from fluidized-bed coal gasification

This study explored a promising approach to the co-management of torrefaction condensates (TCs) from biomass and carbon-rich fly ash (FA) derived from an industrial fluidized-bed coal gasifier. TC was a low-quality liquid product consisting mostly of water and a small amount of organic acids and other oxygenated organics. FA was the ultra-fine particulates with high carbon content (40–70%) and some extreme characteristics such as ultra-low volatiles, low reactivity, and high ignition temperature. The blending of FA and TC induced most of the organic components in TC to be chemically or physically adsorbed by FA, accounting for 3–13 wt% of the resultant mixtures of FA and TC (FATCs) and 11–33 wt% of the TCs. The acidic components in TC dissolved locally aggregated Ca minerals in FA, resulting in more evenly dispersed Ca on the surface of FA as an in-situ catalyst. As a result, FATCs exhibited a many-fold improvement in CO2 gasification reactivity compared to FA. And the syngas evolution rate of FATC gasification in steam-oxygen atmosphere was also remarkably elevated. In addition to the promoting effect on gasification, the combustion performance of FATCs was also greatly improved. Specifically, the ignition and burnout temperatures of FATCs were 46.5–68.5 °C and 12.4–31.7 °C lower than those of raw FA, respectively. The lower activation energy also demonstrated the higher reactivity of FATC gasification and combustion.

Surfactant modified waste ash for the removal of chloro and nitro group substituted benzene from wastewater.

A surfactant-modified coal fly ash was developed as a multifunctional adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to modify the surface of coal fly ash (CFA). The modified CFA was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface porosity analyzer, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that loading CFA with SDS not only improved the functionality and surface morphology of the raw ash for the adsorption of organic pollutants, but also enhanced its thermal stability. The efficiency of the modified fly ash was tested in terms of removal of two non-polar organic pollutants namely chlorobenzene (CB) and nitrobenzene (NB) from aqueous phase. The maximum uptake capacity of chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene with SDS-modified coal fly ash (SCFA) was 225 mg/g and 90 mg/g, respectively. The kinetic analysis was done by controlled kinetic models, i.e., pseudo first and second order kinetic models. The results showed that adsorption of CB and NB onto SCFA followed a pseudo second order kinetic model. The adsorption of chlorobenzene was exothermic over the modified adsorbent while nitrobenzene showed an endothermic behavior. The isotherm analysis depicted the multilayer adsorption of both pollutants onto the surface of the surfactant modified adsorbent. This work has shown that surface modification using surfactants can be a viable option to enhance the adsorption capacity of fly ash for pollutants removal.

Phosphorus Enrichment Efficiency of CaO2@FA Composites and the Effect of Its Recovered Material on Soil Improvement

To explore the resource utilization of phosphorus (P) in wastewater and industrial waste fly ash, we used an efficient composite material (CaO2@FA) for phosphorus removal by loading nano-CaO2 on the surface of fly ash as well as in the pores using the surface precipitation method. The results showed that the material had a larger specific surface area and porosity after loading CaO2 on the fly ash surface. The specific surface area increased to 4.641 m2·g-1, and the total pore volume was up to 0.025 cm3·g-1. The adsorption process of CaO2@FA on P could be described using the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, and its maximum adsorption capacity was 185.776 mg·g-1(20℃). The adsorption mechanism was attributed to chemical precipitation, mainly the formation of calcium hydroxyphosphate. The enrichment efficiency of CaO2@FA composites on P was significantly higher than that of fly ash, and the efficiency was increasing with the increase in the dosage added. HCO3- and CO32- in the coexisting ions had a negative effect on P adsorption by the composites. The enrichment rate of P in domestic wastewater was up to 93% when the dosage of CaO2@FA composites was 2.0 g·L-1. The content of biological P in the recovered precipitates reached 1.658 mg·g-1. The soil improvement test showed that the biological P content in soil increased by 102.9% when the recovered precipitates were added into the soil. This indicated that the operating cost of recovering 100 mg of P by this composite was as low as 0.76 yuan.

One-step microwave method realizes two-step strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance of fly ash: Enhance the carrier transfer efficiency and inhibit the carrier recombination

To address the negative impacts of fly ash (FA), its potential applications in various fields, including photocatalysis, should be investigated. In this study, a photocatalyst (P–C-dots@FA/P–C) with phosphorized carbon-dots (C-dots) and carbon layer on FA was synthesized by a one-step microwave method. To obtain the optimal catalytic activity, the synthesis conditions of different phosphoric acid contents and microwave times were tested. The addition of 18% phosphoric acid yielded the highest catalytic activity under a microwave of 700 W for 4 min. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of P–C-dots@FA/P–C for Rhodamine B was 238 times higher than that of FA alone. Furthermore, the doping of phosphorus resulted in the formation of C-dots on the FA surface, thereby obtaining the P–C-dots@FA material with an enhanced photocatalytic activity of P–C. This material enhanced the transfer of photogenerated carriers, was further carbonized to form a carbon layer, and weakened the recombination of photogenerated carriers. The stability experiment of the material proves that the material has good reproducibility, stability, and recyclability.