Basalt Fiber Surface Research Articles

Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel coating for in-tube solid-phase microextraction of estrogens.

Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogel coating was in situ prepared on the surface of basalt fibers. The aerogel coating is uniformly modified onto basalt fibers, and it is very porous according to the characterization by using scanning electron microscopy. An extraction tube was prepared for in-tube solid-phase microextraction by placing the aerogel-coated basalt fibers into a polyetheretherketone tube. To evaluate the extraction performance toward five estrogenic compounds, the tube was connected with high performance liquid chromatography, the important extraction and desorption conditions were investigated. An online analytical method for detection of estrogens was developed and presented low limits of detection (0.005-0.030 µg/L), wide linear ranges (0.017-20, 0.033-20, and 0.099-20 µg/L), good linearity (r>0.9990), and satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation<2.7%). The method was successfully applied to detect trace estrogens in real water samples (bottled pure water and bottled mineral water), satisfactory recoveries were ranged from 80 to 125% with two spiking levels of 2 and 6µg/L.

Research of Formation of Macro-Damages on Surface of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rebar in an Extremely Cold Climate

In the work, basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars exposed in the climatic conditions of the North for 51 months have been investigated. To study the formation of macrodamages, fractographic and structural studies of longitudinal sections of the rebars were carried out. The open porosity of basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars was investigated by the method of hydrostatic weighing. The influence of microdamages on the formation of open porosity of basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars during their aging is shown. It has been found that degradation of basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars leads to a significant increase in their open porosity. A linear expression is proposed to assess the average porosity of basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars depending on their diameter, the concentration of reinforcing fiber rovings, etc. Estimated calculations of the average porosity of basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars with their uniform degradation from the outer surface under the influence of the external environment have been carried out. A satisfactory correlation of estimated calculations and experimental data of average porosity at small diameters of basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars (with diameters of 6 and 8 mm.)

Heat resistance of basalt fiber enhanced by silicious-fluoric-PAA hybrid sizing agent

Basalt fiber, as a high strength and good temperature resistance inorganic material, has an excellent application in the high temperature filtration industry, but its strength retention decreases obviously with time going when baked at temperature above 300°C. This limits the range of its application as a filter material. In this paper, the sizing agent was prepared by mixing polytetrafluoroethylene, silane coupling agent, polyacrylate acid, polysilicic acid and polyurethane crosslinking agent in aqueous solution together, and then the surface of basalt fiber was coated by the sizing agent. The experiment results showed that the emulsion droplets formed in the aqueous solution had small particle size and good dispersibility. The initial decomposition temperature of the film formed by the sizing agent was 220°C. The initial tensile strength of the coated basalt fiber was 60% higher than that of the uncoated fiber at room temperature. The residual strength of the coated fiber was 6 times higher than that of the uncoated fiber when treated at 340°C for 10 hours.

Prediction of compatibility of polypropylene and modified basalt fibers

The compatibility of polymer structures was forecasted using the calculation scheme proposed by one of the authors for the analysis of polymer compatibility. The forecast was made for composite materials based on secondary polypropylene (PP) and short-chopped basalt fibers (BF). To verify the accuracy of the prediction, BF was treated with CCl4 vapors in a flow reactor in order to replace oxygen atoms with chlorine atoms. Next, the chlorinated surface was treated in a stream of CH4 to replace chlorine with hydrocarbon groups. Composites contained from 5 to 20% BF; each composite was heated at temperatures of 500, 650 and 750°C. The chemical structure of hydrocarbon groups most compatible with PP was determined by calculation using the Cascade computer program (INEOS RAS). IR studies, microanalysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis showed the presence of such groups on the surface of BF that are chemically bonded to silicon atoms. The surface treatment performed by BF improves the mechanical properties of the composites. The modulus of elasticity reaches 2120 MPa with a BF content of 20% (for secondary PP this module is 705 MPa). The strength is 44,5 MPa (for secondary PP, the strength is 26,5 MPa). The specific impact strength reaches 18,3 kJ/m2 (for the initial secondary PP, this value is 14,4 kJ/m2).

Production of modified basalt fibre for heat-insulating products manufacturing

As a result of the research flexible heat-insulating materials were developed based on basalt fiber with increased effectiveness, which can be achieved due to directed fiber microstructure forming through fusion modification. It is known that chemical composition of initial fusion not identically influences on physical and chemical and mechanical properties of basaltic fibres. Structural descriptions of fusion and basaltic fibre got from him appear main factors the nearer, than high speed of cooling. This index mainly depends on such constituents: a) ambient temperatures; b) coefficient of heat conducting; c) heat conducting of fusion; d) areas of surface. By researches influence of temperature of basaltic fusion was shown on the structure of fibres. Structural characteristics of the basalt fiber (number of active zones, coefficient of its distribution on the basalt fiber surface, as well as a correlation of three groups of active zones) depend on rheological properties of basal fusion, speed of drawing through the die plate and cooling speed.

Influences of (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane on the tribological behaviors of basalt fiber/acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber composites under dry friction and water‐lubricated conditions

ABSTRACTThe weak interaction between the basalt fiber (BF) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) weakens the BFs' effects on improving the tribological performances of the NBR composites. To solve this problem, (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) was introduced via mixing into the matrix or grafting on the BF surface, respectively. The characteristics, mechanical, and tribological properties of the composites were evaluated, and the effects of the APTES and its introduction methods on the tribological properties were the main focus. The APTES mixed in the rubber matrix decreased the friction coefficient (COF) of the NBR‐based composites under both dry friction and water‐lubricated conditions. Especially, the APTES hydrolysis under water‐lubricated condition was conducive to the formation of the water film and thus dramatically decreased the COF. The COF of the BF0‐A3 and the BF12‐A3 were 51% and 30% lower than that of the BF0‐A0 and the BF12‐A0 under water lubrication, respectively. The APTES grafted on the BF surface increased the wear resistance of the BF/NBR composites attributed to the improvement of the interaction between the BFs and the NBR matrix. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48558.

Enhancement of the mechanical properties of basalt fiber-reinforced polyamide 6,6 composites by improving interfacial bonding strength through plasma-polymerization

This study aimed to develop basalt fiber (BF)/polyamide (PA) 6,6 thermoplastic composites with high strength and light-weight, by employing BF as an environmentally friendly reinforcing material and applying plasma polymerization for improving the interfacial bonding strength between BF and PA6,6. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was used as a precursor for BF surface modification. Plasma polymerization of the APTES was applied to the BF surface for 3, 5, 7, and 9 min. The reaction mechanism during plasma polymerization was investigated and compared to that from a conventional solution dipping method. We examined the changes in chemical composition of the BF surface and the resulting interfacial bonding strength and mechanical properties of the BF/PA6,6 composites. The results showed that APTES plasma-polymerized BF formed a strong interface with PA6,6, demonstrating a 50.3% increase in interfacial shear strength and a 32.5% increase in tensile strength compared with untreated BF. Furthermore, APTES plasma-polymerized BF showed excellent results, with 25.7% higher interfacial shear strength as well as 15.1% higher tensile strength compared to the solution dipping results. This is because plasma polymerization formed a thick polymeric layer highly compatible with PA6,6 on the BF surface, and imparted excellent physical and chemical bonding to the PA6,6 matrix.

Polydopamine-coupling of carbon nanotubes onto microscaled basalt fiber to enhancing mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of composite materials

Under mild and green conditions, carbon nanotubes (CNT) were grafted onto the surface of basalt fiber (BF) via polydopamine (PDA) as coupling agent in an attempt to improve mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of BF composites. It showed CNT were coated uniformly and formed a thick flocculent cladding layer on the surface of BF. With improved interfacial interaction supported by chemical coupling and mechanical meshing between BF and matrix, impact strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the CNT grafting BF (CNT-PDA-BF) composites increased by 28%, 23% and 24%, respectively. Besides, thermal conductivity of the CNT-PDA-BF composites increased by 24% and thermal stability also improved. Furthermore, cracks on the worn surface of CNT-PDA-BF composites almost disappeared, wear debris became smaller and roughness significantly decreased, thus wear resistance of the BF composites improved 36%. Therefore, it provided a novel and effective surface modification method for improving comprehensive performance of BF composites.

SURFACE ACTIVATION OF THE REINFORCING FILLER AND POLYMER MATRIX MODIFICATION AS EFFICIENT WAYS TO UPGRADE PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITES BASED ON EPOXY MATRICES

The article is devoted to issues of interaction rise in the system matrix — reinforcing filler, which provides an increase in the complex of composite properties. Both surface activation of the reinforcing filler and polymer matrix modification are considered as options. It has been demonstrated that the number of functional groups available for interaction at the surface of basalt fibers increases due to desizing and surface activation of the fibers, which provides an increase in the complex of basalt fiber reinforced polymer properties. It has been found that the use of different methods of surface activation allows providing high strength characteristics of carbon-, glass-, and basalt fiber reinforced polymers, exceeding similar characteristics of materials in which surface activation of the reinforcing filler was not performed. Experiments have proved that the use of unidirectional carbon fibers for reinforcement leads to a significant increase in the entire complex of mechanical properties, due to the possibility to realize stress-strain properties of the reinforcing filler to the limit.

Basalt fiber modified with lanthanum-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as potential reinforcement of cyanate matrix composites

Basalt fiber (BF) is a promising material for 2,2′-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)isopropylidene reinforcement that is cost effective and has a low dielectric constant. In this study, BF was impregnated with lanthanum-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (La-EDTA) to improve its mechanical and interfacial properties. The properties of the La-EDTA BF and pristine BF were compared using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to reveal the modification mechanism. The results confirmed that La-EDTA was successfully introduced on the BF surface as a crystalline lanthanum dihydrate via the reaction between various oxides and the COOH group of La-EDTA. Moreover, the structure–property relationship of the La-EDTA BF was investigated by performing tensile strength and contact angle tests of BF monofilaments. The results showed that the average BF monofilament fracture load increased from 124.03 mN to 163.29 mN after modification; further, the contact angle between BF and 2,2′-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)isopropylidene decreased at 200 °C due to chemical compositional changes on the BF surface. This study confirms the applicability of La-EDTA BF as a reinforcement for BADCy composites.

Surface modification of basalt fiber (BF) for improving compatibilities between BF and poly lactic acid (PLA) matrix

ABSTRACTBasalt fiber (BF) possesses some excellent properties in temperature resistance, chemical stability, sound absorption and so on. It has been applied to create composites with the polylactic acid (PLA) resin, which could be used as medical equipments, bone repairing materials, automobile shells and others. However, the compatibilities between BF and PLA are understood to be poor. In order to solve the problem, BF was treated by sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and then by coupling agent KH550, and the optimal concentration of NaOH was found to be 15 g/L, and the optimal KH550 dosage was 2%. The research revealed that one end of KH550 molecule was reacted with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of BF to form chemical link, and the amino group at the other end of KH550 molecule was reacted with the terminal hydroxyl group or the terminal carboxyl group of PLA molecule to form chemical link.

Effect of basalt fiber surface silane coupling agent coating on fiber-reinforced asphalt: From macro-mechanical performance to micro-interfacial mechanism

The main goal of our work was to study mechanism of interfacial adhesion between basalt fiber and asphalt. Solution of silane coupling agent (2.5 wt%, KH-550) was used to modify fiber surface. Modified fibers were then used for fiber-reinforced asphalt fabrication with different fiber concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt%). Samples were analyzed by DMA, DSR, EDS, ESEM, ACAM and FTIR. Treatment with KH-550 resulted in fibers with rough surface and weak hydrophilicity. It also increased surface area of fibers, improved their compatibility with asphalt and enhanced their chemical bonding with asphalt, all of which resulted in overall increase of mechanical performance of asphalt. Our research provides foundation for fiber surface modification for applications in road pavement engineering.

Smart modification of inorganic fibers and flammability mechanical and radiation shielding properties of their rubber composites

Facile and smart method for the modification of inorganic fibers has been developed. The polyaniline was synthesized on basalt fiber surface presenting an organic polymer shell to the inorganic fibers. The modified basalt fibers were dispersed in rubber-producing well-dispersed rubber composites. Various mass loadings of modified basalt fibers were dispersed and optimized. The effect of radiation on the properties of developed rubber composites was investigated by exposure to different gamma radiation doses. The flammability, thermal and mechanical properties were studied. The flammability of developed composites was improved achieving 62 and 16% reduction in the peak heat release rate compared to blank rubber and unmodified basalt fiber-based rubber composite, respectively. This is in addition to significant reduction in emission of CO and CO2 gases by 65 and 58%, respectively. Also, the tensile strength property was enhanced by 38 and 53% compared to blank and unmodified basalt composite, respectively. The role of polyaniline layer on inorganic fiber surface and their effect on the properties of the produced composites was studied. The organic polymer shell achieved good compatibility and interfacial adhesion of basalt fibers with rubber matrix and radiation protection effect for the developed composites.

Surface Modification of Basalt Fiber with Organic/Inorganic Composites for Biofilm Carrier Used in Wastewater Treatment

Support carrier constitutes the technical core of biofilm processes in wastewater treatment. In this study, basalt fiber (BF) was modified by grafting an organic/inorganic composite, attached to which rich microorganisms were supposed to form biofilm for wastewater treatment. The modified BF (MBF) used as biofilm carriers were investigated in terms of hydrophilicity and surface roughness, which determined their bioaffinity. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were conducted to study the chemical components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to observe BF surface morphology. The bioaffinity of BF and MBF was compared in terms of the rate of bacterial adhesion and the ratio of immobilization onto basalt fiber. The bioaffinity of MBF was significantly improved due to introduction of many hydrophilic groups onto BF surfaces, which were subsequently proved to facilitate biofilm formation. The results s...

Interfacial modification of basalt fiber filling composites with graphene oxide and polydopamine for enhanced mechanical and tribological properties.

Due to the chemical inertness of the basalt fiber (BF) surface, the weaker interfacial bonding between BF and polymer matrices will seriously affect the further application of basalt fiber enhanced composites. In this study, a continuous and compact graphene oxide (GO) layer was grafted onto the surface of basalt fiber (BF) using biomimetic polydopamine (PDA) as a bridge to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide 6. The impact and flexural strength of the PA6 composites filled by the GO grafting BF (GO–PDA–BF/PA6) indicated that the introduction of GO has made a larger improvement in interface bonding performance between BF and PA6 matrix. The friction and wear tests showed the wear rate of the GO–PDA–BF/PA6 composite decreased by 51% compared with BF/PA6 composites and it also showed the best wear resistance and load-carrying capacity under various applied loads and sliding speeds, explained by the improved interface bonding between GO–PDA–BF and PA6 matrix and the anti-wear protective transfer film formed by GO in the worn surface. This study provided a considerable flexibility strategy of tailoring the interfacial compatibility between reinforcement and matrix for effectively improving the comprehensive performance of composites.

Review on effect of chemical, thermal, additive treatment on mechanical properties of basalt fiber and their composites

AbstractBasalt fiber is emerging out the new reinforcing material for composites. To overcome some of the disadvantages of fibers such as poor bonding to polymers, low thermal stability and high moisture absorption fiber characteristics are modified with chemical, thermal and additive treatments. Chemical treatment corrosive resistance to alkali and acid were investigated which were used to clean and modify the surface of fiber for higher bonding with resins. To improve the thermal stability and reduce moisture uptake thermal treatment such as plasma and non thermal plasma were used which increased the surface roughness and change the chemical composition of surface of basalt fiber. Additive treatment is used to improve the mechanical properties of fibers, in basalt fiber additive treatment was done with SiO2 additive because of its chemical composition which contains major content of SiO2. In present investigation review on the effect of different treatment such as chemical, thermal and additive were studied. Effect of these treatment on chemical composition of the surface of basalt fiber and corrosion to acidic and alkali solution were studied with their effect on mechanical properties of basalt fiber and their composite.

CVD-Grown CNTs on Basalt Fiber Surfaces for Multifunctional Composite Interphases

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is used as a method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on substrates, most commonly pre-treated by a metal-catalyst. In this work, the capability of basalt fiber surfaces was investigated in order to stimulate catalyst-free growth of carbon nanotubes. We have carried out CVD experiments on unsized, sized, and NaOH-treated basalt fibers modified by growth temperature and a process gas mixture. Subsequently, we investigated the fiber surfaces by SEM, AFM, XPS and carried out single fiber tensile tests. Growth temperatures of 700 °C as well as 800 °C may induce CNT growth, but depending on the basalt fiber surface, the growth process was differently affected. The XPS results suggest surficial iron is not crucial for the CNT growth. We demonstrate that the formation of a corrosion shell is able to support CNT networks. However, our investigations do not expose distinctively the mechanisms by which unsized basalt fibers sometimes induce vertically aligned CNT carpets, isotropically arranged CNTs or no CNT growth. Considering data from the literature and our AFM results, it is assumed that the nano-roughness of surfaces could be a critical parameter for CNT growth. These findings will motivate the design of future experiments to discover the role of surface roughness as well as surface defects on the formation of hierarchical interphases.

Graphene oxide on the surface of basalt fiber

This paper describes possible procedures for immobilizing two-dimensional graphene oxide flakes on the cylindrical surface of basalt fibers. The samples thus obtained have been characterized by analysis for C, H, and N; X-ray diffraction; scanning electron microscopy; Raman spectroscopy; and atomic force microscopy.

Effect of silane/nano-silica on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites

The present study explains the role of surface modification of constituent materials on composite material performance. The influence of silane and nano-hybrid coatings on mechanical properties of basalt fibers and composite materials on their base was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that modification of basalt fiber surface and nano-SiO2 was successfully applied. The surface modification leads to the significant increase in the tensile strength of basalt fibers compared to the non-coated fibers. The tensile strength of silane-treated fibers was established 23% higher than the non-coated fibers, indicating that silane plays a critical role in the strength retention of basalt fibers. Also it was pointed out that silane coupling agents can be used for the preparation of the nano-hybrid coating. Addition of SiO2 nanoparticles into the fiber surface was incorporated to enhance the interfacial bonding of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composite.

Mechanical and interfacial properties of bare basalt fiber

As an emerging eco-friendly fiber, the continuous basalt fiber (BF) has been widely used to reinforce polymers. However, there is a lack of information on the mechanical and interfacial properties of bare BF, which may be of great importance for the design of high-performance material. In this paper, the chemical constitution and morphology tests, single fiber tensile tests, Zeta potential, and dynamic contact angle measurements were employed to characterize the perspective of BF raw materials formulators and sizings designers. The results revealed that the bare BF surface was smooth in axial direction and homogeneous in radial direction. The tensile strength from single fiber tensile tests depends on the gage lengths. In particular, the biggest tensile strength by arithmetic statistics of 2620 MPa and Weibull statistics of 2669 MPa was achieved at the same gage length of 20 mm. By means of the analysis of mathematical model regression, the corrected tensile modulus of bare BF was 87.72 GPa. With decreasing pH values, the zeta potential of bare BF was −32.22 mV at the neutral solution. The surface energy of bare BF was 67.80 mN/m, and was dominated by its polar component. More importantly, the results demonstrated that the raw materials of basalt should be melted by electrically aided flame furnaces, and cationic or non-ionic reagents should be selected for sizings formulas which was emphasized on chemical or electrical interactions between BF and resins.