Surface Modification Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Single-electron transfer reactions on surface-modified gold plasmons

Photoredox catalysis's relevance in organic synthesis research and innovation will increase in the coming decades. However, the processes rely almost exclusively on expensive noble metal complexes, most notably iridium complexes, to absorb light and transfer a single charge to a substrate or a catalyst to initiate cascade transformations. Light-triggered plasmon resonances generate a non-Fermi-Dirac energy distribution with many hot carriers that decay in ∼1 ps. Their ultrafast relaxation makes performing single electron transfer (SET) transformations challenging. Herein, a novel photosystem is proposed based on surface-modified gold nanoparticles (aka plasmon "molecularization"), which improved charge separation and, more importantly, enabled SET reactions, expanding the portfolio of photocatalysts available for photoredox catalysis. The photosystem was made into an electrode, permitting its use in photoelectrochemical arrangements that leverage electro- and photo-chemical approaches' benefits and chemical engineering solutions, helping the synthetic chemistry efforts towards greener synthesis and synthesis of more complex structures on a scale.

Strength-enhanced Sn–In low-temperature alloy with surface-modified ZrO2 nanoparticle addition

Low-temperature packaging is essential for the widespread use of flexible electronic devices, and Sn–In eutectic alloys have attracted considerable attention because of their low melting temperatures. However, these alloys have a lower strength compared with other types of solder alloys. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding nanoparticles on the mechanical strength of Sn–In eutectic alloys while keeping their melting temperature unchanged. ZrO2 nanoparticles coated with NiO (NiO/ZrO2 nanoparticles) were utilized to strengthen Sn–In eutectic alloys with a high dispersity. Sn–In composite alloys reinforced with NiO/ZrO2 nanoparticles were fabricated, and tensile strength evaluation and microstructure observations were conducted. The experimental results showed that the addition of nanoparticles to the Sn–In eutectic alloys did not change their melting behavior. The tensile strength of the Sn–In composite alloys reinforced with NiO/ZrO2 nanoparticles increased by up to 35.6%, which was attributed to grain refinement and dispersion strengthening. Even after thermal aging at 60 ºC, the Sn–In composite alloys reinforced with NiO/ZrO2 nanoparticles showed a 1.11 times higher ultimate tensile strength than that of the non-aged, non-reinforced eutectic alloy, despite grain coarsening. This was attributed to the contribution of dispersion strengthening. These results indicate that the addition of NiO/ZrO2 nanoparticles is an effective method to improve the strength of low-melting-temperature alloys.

Molecular dynamics simulations for interfacial structure and affinity between carboxylic acid-modified Al2O3 and polymer melts.

Controlling the dispersion state of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix is necessary to produce polymer nanocomposites. The surface modification of nanoparticles is used to enable their dispersion in polymers. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are useful for revealing the interfacial properties between nanoparticles and polymers to aid in the design of materials. In this study, the effect of surface coverage, modifier length, and polymer species on the interfacial structure and affinity between surface-modified Al2O3 and polymer melts were investigated using all-atom MD simulations. Hexanoic, decanoic, and tetradecanoic acids were used as surface modifiers, and polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were used as polymers. The work of adhesion Wadh and the work of immersion Wimm were selected as quantitative measures of affinity. Wadh was calculated using the phantom-wall approach, and Wimm was calculated by simply subtracting the surface tension of polymers γL from Wadh. The results showed that Wadh and Wimm were improved by surface modification with low coverage, owing to a good penetration of the polymer. The effect of modifier length on Wadh and Wimm was small. Whereas Wadh increased in the following order: PP < PS < PMMA, Wimm increased as follows: PMMA < PS < PP. Finally, the trend of Wadh and Wimm was organized using the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ between the modifier and the polymer. This study demonstrates that the interfacial affinity can be improved by tuning the surface coverage and modifier species depending on the polymer matrix.

Surface Modifications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Polyvinyl Alcohol, Chitosan, and Activated Carbon or Graphite as Methylene Blue Adsorbents—Comparative Study

Adsorption is a popular technique and has been investigated with many different materials for removing synthetic dyes from textile wastewater. This study compares the methylene blue (MB) adsorption capabilities of surface-modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, (SPION) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS), combined with two carbon materials, activated carbon (AC) and graphite (GR), respectively. After 9 days, depending on the initial MB loading concentration (0.015 mg/mL, 0.02 mg/mL, and 0.025 mg/mL), the MB adsorption capacities onto SPION/PVA/CS/AC and SPION/PVA/CS/GR were 7.6 ± 0.2–22.4 ± 0.05 and 6.9 ± 0.02–22.4 ± 0.05 mg/g, respectively. The cumulative release percentages of SPION/PVA/CS/AC and SPION/PVA/CS/GR after 30 days were 63.24 ± 8.77%–22.10 ± 2.59% and 91.29 ± 12.35%–24.42 ± 1.40%, respectively. Additionally, both SPION/PVA/CS/AC and SPION/PVA/CS/GR can both fit the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption and desorption kinetics can be fitted to the pseudo-second-order linear and zeroth-order models, respectively. At 0.020 mg/mL MB initial loading, out of SPION/PVA/CS/AC, SPION/PVA/CS/GR, and SPION/PVA/CS/GO, SPION/PVA/CS/AC is the most economical adsorbent. Compared to SPION/PVA/AC, SPION/PVA/CS/AC is less economical. Since CS has antimicrobial properties, antimicrobial activities should be investigated to conclude which adsorbent is more promising: SPION/PVA/AC or SPION/PVA/CS/AC.

Surface modification of silica nanoparticles by chitosan for stabilization of water-in-oil Pickering emulsions

Water-in-oil (W/O) Pickering emulsions (PEs) as delivery systems have recently attracted important research efforts. The lack of food-grade hydrophobic particulate as emulsion stabilizers is the most important challenge in this field. This study investigates the surface modification of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (SNPs) by chitosan and their role in formulation and stabilization of PEs; namely, the adsorption of chitosan on the surface of SNPs through electrostatic attraction with different chitosan/SiO2 ratio and pH values. The ability of SNPs to stabilize water in oil PEs regarding this modification was then investigated. The interaction between SNPs and chitosan was characterized by zeta potential, wettability, FTIR, Energy dispersive X-ray mapping analysis (EDX- MAP) and nitrogen absorption/desorption isotherm. The results confirmed that the surface modification of SNPs by chitosan had a significant impact on zeta potential and on the wettability of SNPs. Finally, modified SNPs were applied to the formulation of PEs; we identified the optimized conditions that increase the emulsion formulation process and stability. Therefore, modified SNPs by chitosan in this study could act as food-grade W/O Pickering stabilizers to fabricate environmental-friendly emulsion products.

Surface-Modified Silver Nanoparticles and Their Encapsulation in Liposomes Can Treat MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising tool for cancer treatment due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties. However, their clinical applications are limited by their potential cytotoxicity caused due to oxidation stress and non-specific cellular uptake pathways. To overcome these barriers, surface modifications of AgNPs have been proposed as an effective strategy to enhance their biocompatibility and specificity toward cancer cells. In this study, AgNPs were synthesised using the chemical reduction method and subsequently conjugated with various capping agents such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Further, this study involves the synthesis of liposomes by using dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine lipid (DPPC) and cholesterol to increase the biocompatibility and bioavailability of AgNPs to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In vitro, cytotoxicity studies were performed to determine which surface modification method exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which was determined through the MTT assay. The AgNPs conjugated with BSA exhibited the highest cytotoxicity at the lowest dosage, with an IC50 of 2.5 μL/mL. The BSA-AgNPs induced a dose-dependent rise in cytotoxicity through the enhancement of nucleophilic dissolution of the AgNPs in cancer cells. In comparison, the unmodified AgNPs had an IC50 value of 3.0 μL/mL, while the PVP-modified AgNPs had an IC50 of 4.24 μL/mL. AgNPs encapsulated in liposomes had an IC50 value of 5.08 μL/mL, which shows that the encapsulation of AgNPs in liposomes controls their entry into cancer cells. The findings of this research have provided insights into the potential use of surface-modified AgNPs and liposomal encapsulated AgNPs as novel therapeutic tools to overcome the conventional treatment limitations of breast cancer cells.

Synthesis and Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biosensing and Bioassay Applications: A Review

Biosensors are analytical devices that use biological interactions to detect and quantify single molecules, clinical biomarkers, contaminants, allergens, and microorganisms. By coupling bioreceptors with transducers, such as nucleic acids or proteins, biosensors convert biological interactions into electrical signals. Electrochemical and optical transductions are the most widely used methods due to their high detection capability and compatibility with miniaturization. Biosensors are valuable in analytical chemistry, especially for health diagnostics, as they offer simplicity and sensitivity. Despite their usefulness, challenges persist in immobilizing biorecognition elements on the transducer surface, leading to issues such as loss of sensitivity and selectivity. To address these problems, the introduction of nanomaterials, in particular magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetic beads, has been implemented. MNPs combine their magnetic properties with other interesting characteristics, such as their small size, high surface-to-volume ratio, easy handling, and excellent biocompatibility, resulting in improved specificity and sensitivity and reduced matrix effects. They can be tailored to specific applications and have been extensively used in various fields, including biosensing and clinical diagnosis. In addition, MNPs simplify sample preparation by isolating the target analytes via magnetic separation, thus reducing the analysis time and interference phenomena and improving the analytical performance of detection. The synthesis and modification of MNPs play a crucial role in adjusting their properties for different applications. This review presents an overview of the synthesis and surface modifications of magnetic nanoparticles and their contributions to the development of biosensors and bioassays for their applications across different areas. The future challenges of MNP synthesis and integration in assays are focused on their stability, multiplex detection, simplification and portability of test platforms, and in vivo applications, among other areas of development.

Advances in dendritic cell targeting nano-delivery systems for induction of immune tolerance.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), play a key role in initiating the body's immune response, maintain the balance of immunity. DCs can also induce immune tolerance by rendering effector T cells absent and anergy, and promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells. Induction of tolerogenic DCs has been proved to be a promising strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and allergic diseases by various laboratory researches and clinical trials. The development of nano-delivery systems has led to advances in situ modulation of the tolerance phenotype of DCs. By changing the material composition, particle size, zeta-potential, and surface modification of nanoparticles, nanoparticles can be used for the therapeutic payloads targeted delivery to DCs, endowing them with great potential in the induction of immune tolerance. This paper reviews how nano-delivery systems can be modulated for targeted delivery to DCs and induce immune tolerance and reviews their potential in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and allergic diseases.

Synthesis, microstructure, and electrophysical properties of surface-modified polyantimonic acid nanoparticles

This work has considered the modern ideas on the mechanism of surface modification for used nanodispersed inorganic modifiers with an acidic surface, which significantly affect the hydrate and transport properties of polymeric proton-conducting electrolytes. Authors have proposed an alternative approach consisting of the synthesis of new composite nanoscale systems characterized by high ionic conductivity and developed a method for obtaining composite materials with "core-shell" structure based on an inorganic proton conductor (polyantimonic acid) modified with silicon oxide. The surface morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles has been studied by transmission electron microscopy, and their sizes have been determined. The data on frequency dependence of the electrical impedance are presented and the behavior of the active and reactive components of the impedance and conductivity in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz has been analyzed. An equivalent electrical circuit simulating the impedance dispersion for obtained composites with "core-shell" structure based on PAA and SiO2 has been proposed.

A novel dual-strengthening technology combining external second phase nanoparticle method and hot compression deformation process in micro-alloyed medium carbon steel

Herein, a novel dual-strengthening technology that combines the external second-phase nanoparticle addition method with the hot compression deformation tests was carried out to investigate the effects of surface-modified nanoparticles (NPs) and deformation conditions on the characteristics of inclusions and the evolution of microstructure in the micro-alloyed (MA) medium carbon steels. The results revealed that the inclusions in the steels were divided into single phase inclusions and composite phase inclusions. With the addition of NPs, Al2O3 inclusions were replaced by MgAl2O4 spinel, and the composite inclusions mainly consisted of TiN–VN, MgAl2O4–TiN and MgAl2O4–TiN–MnS inclusions, and the same types of inclusions became significantly smaller in size. According to the EDS results, some of the inclusions acted to induce ferrite nucleation, and the MgAl2O4–TiN–MnS composite inclusion was more favorable for the nucleation of acicular ferrite (AF). The deformation induced ferrite (DIF) started to form at the deformation temperature of 750 °C and the maximum stress peak in the NPs-bearing steel was 516 MPa, which was 28.4% higher than that in the original steel. The proportion of ferrite increased as the deformation temperature decreased. The dispersed NPs contributed to the ferrite nucleation and the grain refinement as the inclusion-modifying agent, which improved the material properties, and the relevant strengthening mechanisms were explained.

Effects of silica surface modification with silane and poly(ethylene glycol) on flexural strength, protein-repellent, and antibacterial properties of acrylic dental nanocomposites.

The main aim of the current work was to develop dental acrylic-based composites with protein-repellent and antibacterial properties by using surface-modified silica nanoparticles. The effects of surface modification of silica nanoparticles in protein-repellent and antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of dental composites including flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness were discussed. The surface of silica nanoparticles was first chemically treated with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) as a coupling agent and then with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) bonded to MPS. Dental acrylic-based composites were prepared with mass fractions of 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40% of PEG-modified MPS-silica nanoparticles (PMS). The chemical surface modification of silica nanoparticles with MPS and PEG was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dental composite containing 20wt% PMS nanoparticles could reduce the protein adsorption by 28% as compared with a composite containing 20wt% MPS-modified silica. The antibacterial test indicated that the PMS nanoparticles can significantly reduce the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and the biofilm formation on the surface of dental composites. It was found that the flexural strength increased by increasing the PMS nanoparticles from 0 to 20wt% and then decreased by the incorporation of higher percentages of these nanoparticles. Also, with increasing the weight percentage of PMS nanoparticles, the elastic and the flexural modulus and the hardness of resin nanocomposites were increased. In the current work, for the first time, dental resin composites containing PEG were prepared with excellent protein-repellent and antibacterial properties.

Feasibility Analysis of Brain Perfusion Using Polyaspartic Acid Surface-Modified Superparamagnetic Contrast Agent

This research was aimed to construct polyaspartic acid (PASP) surface-modified magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent nanoparticles (NPs) and preliminarily demonstrate the feasibility of using the NPs for MRI cerebral perfusion. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) NPs were fabricated by a one-step chemical coprecipitation methodology, and surface modification of USPIO NPs was performed using PASP as the surface modifier to prepare PASP-USPIO NPs. The physicochemical properties of the NPs were detected, and their specific structural ability with HUVECs was visualized by Prussian blue staining. With the contrast agent gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetate (Gd-DTPA) as the control group, the intravenous bolus of USPIO and PASP-USPIO was analyzed and a brain MRI scan of New Zealand white rabbits was performed. The relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and maximum signal reduction ratio (SRRmax) values of cerebral gray matter and white matter were calculated based on the plotted time-signal intensity. The results showed that the USPIO and PASP-USPIO NPs were successfully prepared. The average particle sizes were 40.1±5.5 nm and 42.7±6.9 nm, respectively, and the specific saturation magnetization was 86.9 A m2 ·kg−1 and 51.3 A m2 ·kg−1, respectively. Relative to USPIO, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stained with Prussian blue positively in vitro in the PASP-USPIO group were notably increased, while the rate of change in the signal-to-noise ratio of imaging in vivo was substantially decreased. The time-signal intensity curves were plotted, and it was found that the rCBV of gray matter, rCBV of white matter, SRRmax of gray matter, and SRRmax of white matter in the USPIO group and PASP-USPIO group were greatly increased relative to control group (P &lt; 0.05), while the SRRmax ratio of gray matter to white matter was decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the rCBV in the gray matter and rCBV in the white matter of the PASP-USPIO group were drastically increased in contrast to the USPIO group (P &lt; 0.05). In short, the constructed PASP surface-modified USPIO NPs can become a novel MRI contrast agent for monitoring hemodynamic changes in brain tissue.

Surface Modification of Metallic Nanoparticles for Targeting Drugs

This review focuses on the surface modification of metallic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Metallic nanoparticles, owing to their unique size, stability, and payload capacity, have emerged as promising drug carriers. However, their application necessitates surface modification to enable precise targeting. Various strategies, such as polymer coating methods, the use of functional groups, and bio-conjugation with targeting ligands, are explored. The review also discusses the selection of ligands based on target receptors, active and passive targeting approaches, and stimuli-responsive targeting. It further delves into the challenges of translating these strategies to clinical settings, including scalability, toxicity, and regulatory hurdles. The surface modification of metallic nanoparticles is a promising avenue for targeted drug delivery. Various strategies, including polymer coating, functionalization with specific groups, and bioconjugation with targeting ligands, have been explored to enhance the therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. The challenges in clinical translation, continuous advancements in nanoparticle synthesis, and surface modification techniques offer a positive outlook for the future of targeted metallic nanoparticle systems. Despite the promising potential of metallic nanoparticles in drug delivery, there are several challenges that need to be addressed for their successful clinical translation. These include scalable fabrication and functionalization of nanoparticles, toxicity concerns, and regulatory hurdles. However, continuous advancements in nanoparticle synthesis and surface modification techniques are expected to overcome these challenges in the near future.

Surface Modifications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Activated Charcoal as Methylene Blue Adsorbents

As novel methylene blue adsorbents, polyvinyl alcohol and activated charcoal were used to modify the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The adsorption capacity after 69 h was 26.50 ± 0.99–40.21 ± 1.30 mg/g, depending on the temperature (333.15, 310.15, and 298.15 K) and the initial concentration of methylene blue, which was between 0.017 and 0.020 mg/mL. Based on thermodynamics parameters, the adsorption process can be considered to be spontaneous endothermic physisorption. Kinetics studies show that the pseudo-second-order model was the best-fitted model. Adsorption isotherm studies show that the best-fitted models were the Langmuir, Langmuir, and Temkin and Pyzhev isotherm models when adsorbing MB at 333.15, 310.15, and 298.15 K, respectively.

Facile preparation of nanochannel membrane based on polydopamine modified porous organic polymer nanoparticles for high-efficient dye desalination

Nanochannel membranes derived from porous nanomaterials are crucial for driving the development of advanced desalination and water treatment membranes. However, the practical application of polymer nanochannel membranes is halted by the tedious and complicated preparation and the lack of stability in aqueous service process. In this work, we synthesized a novel type of polydopamine modified imidazolium containing porous organic polymer nanoparticles (PDA@POP), which has good water dispersibility and interface adhesion capability. The PDA@POP aqueous dispersion solution was dip coated on the polysulfone ultrafiltration supporting layer, and the nanocoating was further crosslinked with 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic chloride. The appropriate surface modification of POP nanoparticles with PDA enhances the interfacial interaction and maintains effective-aperture structure, leading to stiff and continuous nanochannels facilitating the water molecules and salt ions quickly transporting through the PDA@POPM membrane. As such, both the water permeability (∼57.0 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1) and dye/salt selectivity (>24) of PDA@POPM are improved 5–10 times higher than that of conventional polymer nanofiltration membranes. Meanwhile, the membrane exhibits good stability and anti-fouling property in long-term dye desalination process. This work provides a convenient and universal strategy to design and manufacture nanochannel membranes with high separation performance.

An application of carbohydrate polymers-based surface-modified gold nanoparticles for improved target delivery to liver cancer therapy - A systemic review

Gold nanoparticles have been broadly investigated as cancer diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Gold nanoparticles are a favorable drug delivery vehicle with their unique subcellular size and good biocompatibility. Chitosan, agarose, fucoidan, porphyran, carrageenan, ulvan and alginate are all examples of biologically active macromolecules. Since they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and irritant-free, they find extensive application in biomedical and macromolecules. The versatility of these compounds is enhanced because they are amenable to modification by functional groups like sulfation, acetylation, and carboxylation. In an eco-friendly preparation process, the biocompatibility and targeting of GNPs can be improved by functionalizing them with polysaccharides. This article provides an update on using carbohydrate-based GNPs in liver cancer treatment, imaging, and drug administration. Selective surface modification of several carbohydrate types and further biological uses of GNPs are focused on.

Adsorption of Mixed Dispersions of Silica Nanoparticles and an Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer at the Water–Vapor Interface

This study investigates the surface modification of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles by non-chemical adsorption of an amphiphilic triblock copolymer, Pluronic F-127, and elucidates its influence on the interfacial dispersion properties. The interaction between Pluronic F-127 and silica nanoparticles drives the formation of copolymer-decorated particles with increased hydrodynamic diameter and reduced effective charge as the copolymer concentration increases, while the opposite effect occurs as the particle concentration increases at a fixed polymer concentration. This indicates that increasing the copolymer concentration leads to an increase in the coating density, whereas increasing the particle concentration leads to a decrease. This is of paramount importance for modulating the reorganization of the Pluronic F-127 shell upon adsorption at fluid–fluid interfaces and, thus, the adsorption of the decorated nanoparticles at the interface and the rheological properties of the obtained layers. In fact, the relationship between copolymer concentration and interfacial tension, as well as the mechanical response of the interface, mirrors the patterns observed in Pluronic F-127 solutions, and only a shift mediated by the Pluronic F-127 concentration is found. This suggests that the presence of particles limits the space available for Pluronic F-127 molecules to reorganize at the interface but does not significantly affect the interfacial behavior of the particle-laden interface.

Noninvasive In Vivo Imaging of T-Cells during Cancer Immunotherapy Using Rare-Earth Nanoparticles.

Only a minority of patients respond positively to cancer immunotherapy, and addressing this variability is an active area of immunotherapy research. Infiltration of tumors by immune cells is one of the most significant prognostic indicators of response and disease-free survival. However, the ability to noninvasively sample the tumor microenvironment for immune cells remains limited. Imaging in the near-infrared-II region using rare-earth nanocrystals is emerging as a powerful imaging tool for high-resolution deep-tissue imaging. In this paper, we demonstrate that these nanoparticles can be used for noninvasive in vivo imaging of tumor-infiltrating T-cells in a highly aggressive melanoma tumor model. We present nanoparticle synthesis and surface modification strategies for the generation of small, ultrabright, and biocompatible rare-earth nanocrystals necessary for deep tissue imaging of rare cell types. The ability to noninvasively monitor the immune contexture of a tumor during immunotherapy could lead to early identification of nonresponding patients in real time, leading to earlier interventions and better outcomes.

Surface Modifications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Graphite as Methylene Blue Adsorbents

Methylene blue (MB) is one of the toxic synthetic dyes that are being discharged heavily into water supplies. Hence, MB removal is one of the most important tasks for a cleaner water supply. By using inexpensive, abundant, and easy-to-synthesize materials, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which were synthesized using the co-precipitation method with polyvinyl alcohol and graphite (SPION/PVA/GR), can be used to adsorb MB. The adsorbent was characterized using FE-SEM, FTIR, XRD, VSM, and BJH. The entrapment efficiency of MB on SPION/PVA/GR after 12 days was 33.96 ± 0.37–42.55 ± 0.39%, at 333.15, 310.15, and 298.15 K, and the initial concentration of MB was 0.017–0.020 mg/mL. The adsorption process can be considered spontaneous, endothermic, chemisorption, heterogeneous, or multilayer adsorption. When releasing MB at 298.15 K and a pH of 3.85 after 7 days, the release percentage ranged from 11.56 ± 0.33 to 22.93 ± 5.06 depending on the initial loading conditions and mainly the releasing temperature following the Higuchi kinetic model. Since this is a novel SPION-based MB adsorbent, optimization, and different forms of adsorbent (i.e., thin film composite) should be further researched.

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics.

Nanotechnology provides effective methods for precisely delivering chemotherapeutics to cancer cells, thereby improving efficacy and reducing off-target side effects. The targeted delivery of nanoscale chemotherapeutics is accomplished by two different approaches, namely the exploitation of leaky tumor vasculature (EPR effect) and the surface modification of nanoparticles (NPs) with various tumor-homing peptides, aptamers, oligonucleotides, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Because of higher binding affinity and specificity, mAbs have received a lot of attention for the detection of selective cancer biomarkers and also for the treatment of various types of cancer. Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) are an effective targeted therapy for the efficient delivery of chemotherapeutics specifically to the targeted cancer cells. ACNPs combine the benefits of NPs and mAbs to provide high drug loads at the tumor site with better selectivity and delivery efficiency. The mAbs on the NP surfaces recognize their specific receptors expressed on the target cells and release the chemotherapeutic agent in a controlled manner. Appropriately designed and synthesized ACNPs are essential to fully realize their therapeutic benefits. In blood stream, ACNPs instantly interact with biological molecules, and a protein corona is formed. Protein corona formation triggers an immune response and affects the targeting ability of the nanoformulation. In this review, we provide recent findings to highlight several antibody conjugation methods such as adsorption, covalent conjugation, and biotin-avidin interaction. This review also provides an overview of the many effects of the protein corona and the theranostic applications of ACNPs for the treatment of cancer.