Surface Glossiness Research Articles

Electropolishing behavior of niobium in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

• An even and mirror-like Nb surface was obtained after EP in deep eutectic solvent. • The mechanism of electropolishing of niobium was investigated by EIS. • The chemical state and crystal structure of Nb before and after EP were changed. • The oxidation process of Nb in DES was investigated by XPS depth profiling firstly. The electropolishing (EP) mechanism of niobium (Nb) in relatively eco-friendly deep eutectic solvents (DES) instead of the widely used HF-based electrolyte was studied by anodic polarization (AP) tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a rotating disk electrode (RDE) of Nb. The AP test results reveal that the EP progress of Nb is under a mixed control of ionic transport and charge transfer. EIS results suggest the niobium EP process is consistent with the compact salt film mechanism in this electrolyte. The influence of applied potential and electrolyte temperature on the EP rate, surface roughness, and surface glossiness of Nb was also investigated. The crystal structure, chemical composition and surface morphology of Nb samples before and after EP were analyzed by XRD, XPS, and SEM. The grain sizes and preferential orientation of Nb before and after EP are changed. XPS depth profiling has been produced by sputtering with Ar + ions which revealed that with the increase of Ar + sputtering depth, the content of low-valence Nb 0 , NbO increases, high-valence Nb 2 O 5 decreases, and middle-valence NbO 2 increases first and then decreases. It indicates the existence of the Nb → Nb 2+ →Nb 4+ →Nb 5+ transition process. An even and mirror-like Nb surface can be obtained after EP from DES.

Advanced Surface Color Quality Assessment in Paper-Based Full-Color 3D Printing.

Color 3D printing allows for 3D-printed parts to represent 3D objects more realistically, but its surface color quality evaluation lacks comprehensive objective verification considering printing materials. In this study, a unique test model was designed and printed using eco-friendly and vivid paper-based full-color 3D printing as an example. By measuring the chromaticity, roughness, glossiness, and whiteness properties of 3D-printed surfaces and by acquiring images of their main viewing surfaces, this work skillfully explores the correlation between the color representation of a paper-based 3D-printed coloring layer and its attached underneath blank layer. Quantitative analysis was performed using ΔE*ab, feature similarity index measure of color image (FSIMc), and improved color-image-difference (iCID) values. The experimental results show that a color difference on color-printed surfaces exhibits a high linear correlation trend with its FSIMc metric and iCID metric. The qualitative analysis of microscopic imaging and the quantitative analysis of the above three surface properties corroborate the prediction of the linear correlation between color difference and image-based metrics. This study can provide inspiration for the development of computational coloring materials for additive manufacturing.

Non-Destructive, Opto-Electronic Determination of the Freshness and Shrivel of Bell Pepper Fruits.

(1) The objective of the present study was to identify suitable parameters to determine the (degree of) freshness of Bell pepper fruit of three colors (yellow, red, and green) over a two-week period including the occurrence of shrivel using non-destructive real-time measurements (2) Materials and methods: Surface glossiness was measured non-destructively with a luster sensor type CZ-H72 (Keyence Co., Osaka, Japan), a colorimeter, a spectrometer and a profilometer type VR-5200 (Keyence) to obtain RGB images. (3) Results: During storage and shelf life, bell pepper fruit of initially 230–245 g lost 2.9–4.8 g FW per day at 17 °C and 55% rh. Shriveling started at 6–8% weight loss after 4–5 days and became more pronounced. Glossiness decreased from 450–500 a.u. with fresh fruit without shrivel, 280–310 a.u. with moderately shriveled fruit to 80–90 a.u. with severely shriveled fruit irrespective of color against a background of <40 a.u. within the same color, e.g., light red and dark red. Non-invasive color measurements showed no decline in Lab values (chlorophyll content), irrespective of fruit color and degree of shrivel. RGB images, converted into false color images, showed a concomitant increase in surface roughness (Sa) from Sa = ca. 2 µm for fresh and glossy, Sa = ca. 7 µm for moderately shriveled to Sa = ca. 24 µm for severely shriveled rough surfaces of stored pepper fruit, equivalent to a 12-fold increase in surface roughness. The light reflectance peak at 630–633 nm was universal, irrespective of fruit color and freshness. Hence, a freshness index based on (a) luster values ≥ 450 a.u., (b) Sa ≤ 2 µm and (c) the difference in relative reflectance in % between 630 nm and 500 nm is suggested. The latter values declined from ca. 40% for fresh red Bell pepper, ca. 32% after 6 days when shriveling had started, to ca. 21% after 12 days, but varied with fruit color. (4) Conclusion: overall, it can be concluded that color measurements were unsuitable to determine the freshness of Bell pepper fruit, whereas profilometer, luster sensor, and light reflectance spectra were suitable candidates as a novel opto-electronic approach for defining and parametrizing fruit freshness.

ABS 유사 수지의 연마에서 마찰 특성이 표면 거칠기 및 광택도에 미치는 영향

ABS 유사 수지의 연마에서 마찰 특성이 표면 거칠기 및 광택도에 미치는 영향

Investigation of the structural, physical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of chitosan- nano-silicon aerogel composite edible films incorporated with okara powder

The chitosan/okra powder/nano-silicon aerogel composite films were prepared by casting method and their physicochemical properties and structural characterization were studied. The results showed that the composite film had good mechanical properties, barrier properties and optical properties. The composite film has strong flexibility. The surface glossiness of C/D/S1.5:1:0.1 film was 14.4Gu. As for the antibacterial activity, all the composite films had strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus), and the inhibition zone of C/D/S1.5:1:0.10 against E. coli reached 551.96 mm2, the inhibition zone for S. aureus was 350.29 mm2. The composite film had uniform, non-porous, continuous and dense surface characteristics. The structural characterization confirmed that there was good compatibility between chitosan, okara powder and nano-silicon aerogel. In summary, the composite films had excellent performance and structure, which promoted the research of functional packaging films.

EFFECT OF THREE POLISHING SYSTEMS ON THE ROUGHNESS AND GLOSSINESS OF NANOCERAMIC COMPOSITE RESIN

Objective: The purpose of resin polish is to produce a restored surface that is similar to that of enamel. The objective of this study was to analyze thepolishing effect of three systems in terms of the comparative roughness or glossiness achieved with nanoceramic composite resin.Methods: Forty samples of nanoceramic composite resin were divided into four groups as follows: Group 1 was the control group, whichinvolved polymerization using Mylar strips; Group 2 involved a one-step polishing method; Group 3 involved a two-step method; and Group4 involved a four-step method. After performing these methods, the comparative roughness and glossiness of the resulting surfaces weremeasured.Results: Group 4 generated the lowest roughness value, with an almost equal value to that of the control group, which was followed by Group 3 andGroup 2. The best surface in terms of glossiness was achieved in Group 4.Conclusion: The polishing system involving the four-step method generated the lowest roughness value and the highest surface glossiness value.

The Influence of Nickel Additions to Liquid A359 on Hot-Dip Aluminizing of Solid S45C Steel

The properties of hot-dipping A359 aluminum alloys can be improved by strategically placing the S45C steel inserts to locally improve properties such as oxidation and corrosion resistance, but soft A359 aluminum alloy can be easily worn out and thus decreased the S45C steel’s reliability. In this study, we have been added 20 wt.%Ni to increases the hardness of the A359 aluminum alloy, then hot dipped the S45C steel into the molten A359-20 wt.%Ni aluminum alloy for 1 min and then heat treated at 400-600 °C. The effect of nickel on the interface characteristic (including kinetic and shear strengths of interface between the S45C steel and aluminum alloy) and the surface glossiness and wear property of the A359-Ni aluminum alloy is also discussed. The experimental results show that the Fe2Al5 intermetallic compound thus the activation energy of the compound formation in the A359-20 wt.%Ni aluminum alloy, and its thickness increased with an increase in heating temperature. Nickel hindered formation of the Fe2Al5 intermetallic compound thus the activation energy of the compound formation in the A359-20 wt.%Ni aluminum alloy (0.413 eV) is larger than A359 aluminum alloy. The nickel could increase the surface glossiness and anti-wear of the hot-dipped coating layer, but they would not deteriorate the interface shear strength.

Pengaruh Secondary Aging Treatment Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Dan Surface Glossiness Pada Aluminium Paduan 7003

As technology advances and the quality of life improves, there is a deep need that requires of aluminium alloy that bears high strength, high toughness, high surface glossiness, anti-corrosion, and high fatigue resistivity [2]. This study aims to investigate the effects of secondary aging treatment on the mechanical properties and Surface Glossiness of the 7003 aluminium alloy by using several equipment, including: confocal laser microscope, white light interferometer, gloss meter, micro Vickers hardness tester and tensile test machine. This research was conducted by experimental method by giving treatment on the aluminium alloy 7003 with some treatments, there are: aging treatment at 100?C for 5 hours and then secondary aging treatment at several different temperatures at 150?C, 175?C and 200?C for 9 hours respectively. Based on our experimental results, it obtained: After being aged at 100 ? for 5 hours and then secondary aged at 175? for 9 hours, the 7003 aluminium alloy obtained excellent mechanical properties, which can achieve the industrial requirements of Yield strength 320 MPa and Elongation 13% for 3C mobile phone products. The 7003 aluminium alloy after being anodizing treated could obtain excellent Surface Glossiness and oxidation layer. The present aluminium alloy can achieve Surface Glossiness better than 1200 GU and the thickness of oxidation layer exceed 10?m, which were suitable for 3C industrial applications.

Non-invasive determination of surface features of banana during ripening.

Ripening of dessert banana (Musa sap.) is associated with changes in colour (green to yellow starting from the cente), softening, and surface features. These have mostly been investigated using distinct technologies. Hence, here changes in surface features were examined with two novel, non-invasive techniques: a luster sensor and a 3D profilometer. The profiler measures the 3D surface characteristics of an area, rather than a single profile line, and corrects data for curvature of the fruit. The luster sensor detected an increase in glossiness from stage 3 (green) to stage F7a (ripe) of ca. 35%, followed by a decrease in glossiness from stage F7a to F7b (overripe). The profilometer provided visual and parametric roughness values (Ra) for ripening. Cavendish bananas showed an increase from 2.5 to 6.6µm during ripening stage 3 (green) to stage 7b (overripe). Another roughness value, Rz, increased concomitantly from 13.1µm at stage 3 (green) to 26.9µm at stage F7b (overripe). The study showed that the centre of the fruit was the best region for surface imaging, because it was the most advanced ripening part of the banana fruit, easily curved, and the region of the fruit can be accessed when a carton was opened. This study shows that it is now possible to monitor the changes in surface glossiness and roughness during the ripening of Cavendish bananas using two novel non-invasive technologies. The compact luster sensor may become a component of a portable probe and manual control of packing units. Differences in the predicted green life can be used to prioritize containers for unloading in the discharge port or to implement quality-based warehouse management strategies. Containers that arrive at banana ripening rooms before their green life ends, can be re-routed, in addition to the present, colour-based ripening scale.

The simulation of surface topography generation in multi-pass sanding processes through virtual belt and kinetics model

Belt sanding is an effective manner of material processing and widely used to improve the surface roughness and obtain high polishing glossiness. During the belt sanding process, the contact condition exhibits more complexity than grinding due to the flexibility of the belt. For the sanding application where surface glossiness is expected, it always involves multiple sanding as well as polishing passes. This makes the analytical modeling of the surface generation as well as its impact on glossiness formation complicated in this multi-pass operation. In this paper, the surface generation model for multi-pass sanding operation is established through the development of the virtual sanding belt model and the multi-pass kinematics simulation of the sanding process. As for the belt-workpiece contact zone, the 3D Hertz contact model is incorporated into the kinematics simulation to duplicate the real contact condition for multi-pass sanding. Furthermore, the critical surface topography parameters are identified to establish the correlation with belt sanding parameters. Finally, surface topography parameters related with glossiness properties, e.g., surface roughness Sq, surface height distribution kurtosis Ku, surface height distribution skewness Sk, and surface correlation lengths Lx and Ly, are studied for optimal sanding process parameter analysis. The optimal sanding condition for ideal glossiness should be that the rotation speed should be beyond 1200 r/min, and the workpiece feedrate should be below 50 mm/s.

Surface glossiness properties of wood impregnated with some plant extracts

Ozet: Bu calismada, %5 ve %10 konsantrasyonlarda mimoza (Acacia mollissima) ve kebrako (Shinopsis lorentzii) ekstraktlari ve %4.5’lik Tanalith-E ile emprenye edilen kayin (Fagus orientalis L.) odunundan hazirlanan deney ornekleri poliuretan, selulozik ve su bazli vernikler ile ust yuzey islemine tabi tutulmustur. 100 ve 300 saatlik hizlandirilmis yaslandirma sonrasinda yuzey parlakliginda meydana gelen degisimler arastirilmistir. Elde edilen sonuclara gore, yaslandirma oncesi ve yaslandirma sorasi en yuksek parlaklik degerleri emprenye edilmemis kontrol orneklerinde elde edilmistir. Ayrica poliuretan vernigi haricinde genel olarak yaslandirma islemi ile birlikte vernik yuzeylerindeki parlaklik degerlerinde azalma meydana gelmistir. Vernik cesitleri icerisinde en iyi parlaklik degerleri poliuretan verniginde elde edilmistir. 100 saat yaslandirma islemine tabi tutulan poliuretan vernikli deney ornekleri kontrol orneklerine gore daha yuksek parlaklik degeri vermistir. Tanenler ile emprenye edilen orneklerde konsantrasyon seviyesi %5’ten %10’a arttirildiginda parlaklik degerlerinde belli oranlarda azalma gorulmustur. Bu sonuclara gore, mimoza ve kebrako ekstraktlari ile emprenye edilen agac malzemeler poliuretan vernigi uygulanarak hem dayanikliliklari hem de yuzey parlakliklari uzun sure korunabilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Tanen, vernik, hizlandirilmis yaslandirma, parlaklik Received (Gelis): 23.09.2016 - Revised (Duzeltme): 20.10.2016 - Accepted (Kabul): 02.11.2016

Effects of nano-silicon dioxide surface modification on the morphology and mechanical properties of ABS/PMMA blends

Abstract This work analyzed the effects of nano-silicon dioxide (nano-SiO2) fillers on the morphology and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends. Nano-SiO2 particles were selectively dispersed in the PMMA phase, and the toughness of the ternary blends was significantly improved when the contents of the nano-SiO2 fillers were below 2 wt%. The stearic acid treatment of nano-SiO2 particles prevented the adhesion between constituents and markedly diminished the toughness of the blends. Nano-SiO2 particles were alternatively treated with a silane coupling agent to promote adhesion. The toughness was better in blends for filler contents below 2 wt% than in pure nano-SiO2 particles. However, the presence of nano-SiO2 fillers decreased the surface glossiness of the blends. This work provides new insights into the processes by which nanomaterials toughen ABS/PMMA blends.

Surface Glossiness properties of impregnated with some plant tannins and varnished wooden material

Bu calismada, %5 ve %10 konsantrasyonlarda mimoza (Acacia mollissima) ve kebrako (Shinopsis lorentzii) ekstraktlari ve %4.5’lik Tanalith-E ile emprenye edilen kayin (Fagus orientalis L.) odunundan hazirlanan deney ornekleri poliuretan, selulozik ve su bazli vernikler ile ust yuzey islemine tabi tutulmustur. 100 ve 300 saatlik hizlandirilmis yaslandirma sonrasinda yuzey parlakliginda meydana gelen degisimler arastirilmistir. Elde edilen sonuclara gore, yaslandirma oncesi ve yaslandirma sorasi en yuksek parlaklik degerleri emprenye edilmemis kontrol orneklerinde elde edilmistir. Ayrica poliuretan vernigi haricinde genel olarak yaslandirma islemi ile birlikte vernik yuzeylerindeki parlaklik degerlerinde azalma meydana gelmistir. Vernik cesitleri icerisinde en iyi parlaklik degerleri poliuretan verniginde elde edilmistir. 100 saat yaslandirma islemine tabi tutulan poliuretan vernikli deney ornekleri kontrol orneklerine gore daha yuksek parlaklik degeri vermistir. Tanenler ile emprenye edilen orneklerde konsantrasyon seviyesi %5’ten %10’a arttirildiginda parlaklik degerlerinde belli oranlarda azalma gorulmustur. Bu sonuclara gore, mimoza ve kebrako ekstraktlari ile emprenye edilen agac malzemeler poliuretan vernigi uygulanarak hem dayanikliliklari hem de yuzey parlakliklari uzun sure korunabilir. Received (Gelis): 23.09.2016 - Revised (Duzeltme): 20.10.2016 - Accepted (Kabul): 02.11.2016 Cite (Atif): Yalcin, M., 2017. Surface glossiness properties of impregnated with some plant tannins and varnished wooden material. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(x): xx-xx. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.xxxxx

Estimation of Perceptual Surface Property Using Deep Networks With Attention Models

How we perceive property of surfaces with distinct geometry and reflectance under various illumination conditions is not fully understood. One widely studied approach to understanding perceptual surface property is to derive statistics from images of surfaces with the goal of constructing models that can estimate surface property attributes. This paper presents machine-learning-based methods to estimate the lightness and glossiness of surfaces. Instead of deriving image statistics and building estimation models on top of them, we use deep networks to estimate the perceptual surface property directly from surface images. We adopt the attention models in our networks to allow the networks to estimate the surface property based on features in certain parts of images. This approach can rule out image variations due to geometry, reflectance, and illumination when making the estimations. The networks are trained with perceptual lightness and glossiness data obtained from psychophysical experiments. The trained deep networks provide accurate estimations of the surface property that correlate well with human perception. The network performances are compared with various image statistics derived for the estimation of perceptual surface property.

Evaluation of Selected Properties of Alder Wood as Functions of Sanding and Coating

The objective of this study was to optimize the sanding and coating processes of black alder wood to promote and support its use in furniture manufacturing. Two criteria have been applied for process optimization, namely, the minimum surface roughness of the samples and power consumption during sanding as a function of various sanding systems. The surface roughness of the sanded specimens and the power consumption during sanding strongly depends on the grit size used. Two eco-varnishes were applied to the samples by spraying. Moreover, the effect of the surface preparation and varnish type on the coating properties expressed by the varnish layer adherence to the substrate and surface glossiness was evaluated. For better glossiness values, the UV-cured varnish was preferred. The sanding with a grit sequence of 60, 120, and 150 grit size abrasives was found to be optimal when applied to black alder wood, and it is recommended to obtain performant UV-coated wood surfaces for furniture products.

Preparation and Characterization of Outdoor Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Different Densities

Outdoor bamboo-fiber-reinforced composites (OBFRCs) with four different densities were prepared, and the microstructure and physicomechanical properties of pristine samples were evaluated. In addition, the surface color, glossiness, roughness, water absorption, and wettability of the samples were tested to investigate the effects of panel density on the extent of surface weathering due to ultraviolet radiation. The results showed that the OBFRCs exhibited excellent physical and mechanical properties, which improved with increasing density. However, increases in the density led to decreases in the hygroscopicity and dimensional stability of the OBFRCs. After weathering, the surface contact angle and surface roughness increased, and the dimensional stability improved. The surface glossiness, water absorption, and surface free energy decreased. A higher density resulted in improved color stability, which suggested that density played an important role in determining surface photodegradation properties. Thus, density-increasing treatments had positive effects on the physical and mechanical properties as well as the color stability and wettability of the OBFRCs, but they may negatively affect the roughness and dimensional stability. Based on service-performance and cost-minimization considerations, 1.1 g/cm3 was determined as the most appropriate density for general applications.

The Glossiness and Chromaticity of Laser Glazed Color Glaze

With the improvement of people's living standard, customer-to-design in small lots or even single piece production will become a trend to produce high-grade ceramic decorations in future. However, the traditional method for firing color glaze is not suitable for this change. Hence to search a convenient and effective method of firing color glaze has become significant. This paper reports the result of color glaze glazed on white ceramics by laser, and compares the glossiness and chromaticity of the color glaze surfaces by using a spectrophotometer. The cobalt blue and cobalt black color glaze surfaces are prepared by both traditional firing and laser glazing. Study shows that laser glazing is feasible, the resultant color glaze surface has better glossiness but the chromaticity is slightly weaker than that of sample processed by traditional firing. The method of laser glazing is simple, can save energy, and worth to study further.

Structure and dielectric properties of lower valence compensation for Ba1-xNax(FeTa)0.5O3 by reaction sintering process

ABSTRACTComplex perovskite oxides of Ba1-xNax(FeTa)0.5O3 (BNFT, x = 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, and 20 mole%) dielectric ceramics doped with lower valence compensation ions were prepared by a reaction-sintering process. The BNFT dielectrics were sintered at 1300°C for 8 h without calcinations involved. Due to low melting point of Na2CO3, the sintering temperature of dielectric decreased. The density of sintered dielectrics increased with increasing Na+ ion concentration and it cause BNFT dielectric surface glossy. The relative densities of sintered dielectrics were higher than 89.5%. The dielectric constant of Ba0.96Na0.04(FeTa)0.5O3 1300°C sintered ceramic was about 9 × 105, measured at room temperature at frequency of 1 kHz. The temperature-dependent loss curves measured in temperature range of −15∼90°C and frequency of 1 k∼1 MHz indicated that the samples exhibit a typical relaxor behavior with a broad temperature range which was contributed by orientation and space charge polarization.

Properties of ABS/PMMA Binary Blend and ABS/PMMA/MBS Ternary Blend

An analysis was performed on the effects of rubber particle size on the mechanical and optical properties of the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend and the ABS/PMMA/methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) blend. This work found that when the particle size is 0.22-0.23 μm, the impact strength value of the ABS/PMMA blend is at its maximum and is the same as that of the ABS/PMMA/MBS blend. The optimum particle size is effective in toughening because it can trigger the shear yielding mechanism of the matrix. The miscibility and surface glossiness of the blends with 0.22 μm particle size were also much better than those of the blends with other particle sizes. This work provides new insights into the synergistic roles of rubber particle size and core-shell modifier in the toughening of ABS/PMMA blend with good impact toughness and high surface glossiness.

The simulation and experimental study of glossiness formation in belt sanding and polishing processes

Glossiness is an optical index representing the capacity of a surface to reflect light, which is vital criteria for components in need of esthetic appearance. To achieve the stringent glossiness requirement, sanding and polishing for smooth surface generation become the necessary material removal method. However, the intrinsic correlation of surface roughness and glossiness is still not clear. Small roughness value does not always guarantee perfect glossiness, and high surface glossiness does not always require extreme surface roughness perfection. In this paper, the surface topography features and glossiness conditions are analyzed for sanded and polished surfaces. And the surface glossiness is modeled and simulated for surfaces generated with non-Gaussian topography features manufactured by sanding and polishing. Finally, the critical surface topography parameters are identified to establish the correlation with the surface glossiness.