A systematic approach for predicting the capability of malic acid (MA), tartaric acid (TA), and citric acid (CA), as carboxylic complexing agents, to remove potassium oleate (PO) in the cleaning of cobalt (Co) film after chemical mechanical polishing was investigated. Several quantum-molecular descriptors (frontier orbital energies, energy gap, and dipole moment) were calculated to establish the relationship between descriptors and the effectiveness of complexing agents. Further, the diffusion simulation was carried out in the aqueous phase model, and the detailed adsorption analysis of the three carboxylic complexing agents on Co(111) surface was performed to reveal the behavior of complexing agents on the passive film and the variation of the adsorption state of PO. The prediction was verified by characterization techniques, including contact angle, potentiodynamic polarization and atomic force microscopy measurements. Results show that the calculated chemical descriptors and molecular dynamics simulations successfully predict the removal efficiency of the cleaning experiment, i.e., MA has the strongest removal ability of PO adsorbed on cobalt surface. As well, the appropriate concentrations of the three complexing agents were optimized: MA was 0.1 wt%, TA was 0.1 wt% and CA was 0.075 wt%. The cleaning mechanism of MA was elucidated by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy, density functional theory, and charge density difference: MA could break bonds between PO and Co surface via the ligand-exchange mechanism or etch the cobalt surface to promote the desorption of PO. This work makes a major contribution to estimating the effectiveness of complexing agents and exploring the removal mechanism of organic residue.
Read full abstract