Supreme Value Research Articles

Effect of Organic, Chemical Fertilizations and Plant Stimulants on Eggplant (Solanum melongea L.) Yield and Quality under Conditions of Saline Soil

Two experiments were carried out at a private Farm in Rowad Village belong to Sahl El-Husseiniya, Sharkia Governorate through 2019 and 2020 seasons to determine the impact of organic,chemical fertilizations and spraying with some plant stimulants (yeast extract, potassium silicate and chicken manure tea) on growth traits, yield and its components and chemical ingredients of eggplant(Black Beauty cultivar) grownup under saline soil. The experiments were conducted using split-plots design with three replications. Organic and chemical fertilization treatments were arranged in the main-plots. The sub-plots were assigned to some plant stimulants (yeast extract, potassium silicate and chicken manure tea) treatments.The obtained results showed that growth, yield and its components and chemical ingredients of both eggplant leaves and fruits were significantly affected by the different levels of organic and chemical fertilization in both time of years. The supreme values of these traits were obtained from using 100%of (NP and K)chemical + 0% of (FYM) farmyard manure fertilizers,50%of NP and K+ 50% of FYM and75%of NP and K+ 25% of FYM fertilizers.Spraying eggplant plants with potassium silicate, chicken manure tea and yeast extract significantly improved growth, yield and its components and chemical in gredients in leaves and fruits through both years. It could be recommended that spraying eggplant plants with yeast extract with using50%of NP and K+ 50% of FYM to enhance growth, yield and its components and chemical ingredients under the ecological situation of this research.

A Política e o Drama da Existência no Nietzsche de Leo Strauss

Nietzsche's aversion to Christianity, democracy and socialism can be translated by his denial of egalitarianism. In fact, the philosopher sees in the feeling of secular hope and the loss of the agonistic aspect of existence, the most radical form of decadence. For his part, Leo Strauss sees in Nietzsche's attack on egalitarianism as a way of protecting modern liberal democracy from itself. However, for the Chicago professor, proposing a political regime from the Nietzschean conceptions would certainly not lead the world to another place, if not to barbarism. For Nietzsche exposes man to a brutish and inhuman truth, which most men can not bear. Thus, Strauss intends to use Nietzsche's lethal truths as a “toolbox”, his critique of modernity is fundamental to his overcoming nihilism and to the defense of the philosophical way of life, which implies acceptance of the drama of life as such how is she. That said, this study aims to show that: for Nietzsche the spread of the modern ideal of equality led the West to degenerate, by leveling all individuals underneath, transforming them into a herd, the birth of the last man was promoted, which makes it impossible the emergence of the creative genius that imposes its will to power, the Ubermansch. Whereas, for Strauss, the Pathos for radical equality as the supreme value of modernity, besides having been the cause of the major catastrophes of contemporaneity, makes the emergence of the “gentleman” (virtuous man), and with it, the search for the best society, the best regime and the best way of living.

Correction to: The transformation of supreme values: Evidence from Poland on salvation through civic engagement

This article was published in Public Choice 185:1–2 and is part of the “Special Issue of Public Choice in Honor of the 90th Birthday of Peter Bernholz/Edited by Arye L. Hillman and Heinrich W. Ursprung”.

Work Ethic Based on Islamic Perspective

Moderate work ethics in a lifetime derived from the deficiency of religious understanding - that converge to ritualistic behavior and afterlife oriented that abandon the aspects of humankind. As Muslims within high-work ethics should have self-motivation, thinking skills, and performing positive things, not to satisfy quickly, tranquil, self-control, persistent, hard-working, and realize all we've done is part of worship. Work is an attempt actualization of self-humans to understand God's gift on earth. Work means continuity of human's duty as a God's caliph. The accomplished work means as a process of self-discovery, and so forth for pursuing results to fulfill the basic human needs. Work is a process to achieve purposes, so work ethics are essentials to be a cornerstone in the working process for everyone. Thus, the work results mean zero value if the process is in contrast to the natures or the established universal law (grace, truth, and integrity). Based on Islamic sight, work is a kind of faith expression, for whom with the completed value claims better. For Muslims, the supreme and highest value refers to work ethic is "intention". The intention for Muslims is an inspiration and motivation to become human beings who are professional at work. For someone that works with intentions are conscious of the commitment and awareness of self that is important at work, that is the good pleasure of God. Keywords : Ethos , Work Ethic, Islam. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/101-15 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Influence of the spin deposition parameters and La/Sn double doping on the structural, optical, and photoelectrocatalytic properties of CoCo2O4 photoelectrodes

In this report, dual bandgap CoCo2O4 nanostructured films were spin-coated at different preheat temperatures (PHT) using different solution molarities (SM), Sn doping and La/Sn double doping levels. In addition to chemical compositions, various methods were used to investigate the structural, morphological, roughness, and optical properties. All the films are polycrystalline CoCo2O4, for simplicity Co3O4, spinel (AB2O4) cubic phase. The doping levels of Sn and La/Sn have strongly affected the surface morphologies and roughness parameters. PHT, SM, Sn% and La% show significant changes in lattice parameters, crystallite sizes, transmittance and reflectance spectra. Two bandgaps were detected in the range of 1.3–1.45 eV and 1.72–2.08 eV. With increasing PHT and decreasing SM, the refractive indices decreased and substantially modified with the inclusion of Sn and La in the matrix Co3O4. Among the applied electrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation, the La/Sn-doped Co3O4 photocatalyst displays a catalytic H2 output rate of 134.50 mmol h−1/cm2 @-1Vwith IPCE% of ~52% @ 460 nm. The supreme values of ABPE% are 3.21%@-0.24V and 3.75%@-0.57V, which are the highest values yet for Co3O4-based photocatalysts. Interestingly, this photoelectrode shows photogenerated current densities of ~ −1.57 mA/cm2 at 0 V and −48.42 mA/cm2 at -1V, and photocurrent onset over −0.361 V. The PEC surface areas and Tafel slopes are also studied for the identification of the mechanism of PEC H2 production. The La/Sn doped-Co3O4 photoelectrode has been further tested for stability and reusability. This work has provided a new viewpoint to design highly active Co3O4-based photocatalysts for solar light-driven H2 generation.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LAW-ABIDING STATE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

It is known that during the historical development the Kazakh people have passed the following typesof statehood. First type: the nomadic state, which has been abolished after entry into the structure of the RussianEmpire. Second type: the Soviet statehood, where Kazakhstan was the part of the former USSR. Third type of thestate: independent statehood, sovereign Kazakhstan. The strategy of modern development of the Kazakh statehood isbased on the unity of the country, ensuring national security. Here such phenomena as “integrity of the state”, “thestate and national security”, “sovereignty of the state” are recognized as the supreme values of state and legal life.These ideas have been entirely enshrined in the Development strategy Kazakhstan - 2050. The concept “statehood” iswider, than “state”. In the theory of state and law the state is defined as the political power with its own territory. Atthe same time the statehood is the most difficult complex of elements, structures, institutes of the public power andalso the components of non-political character, caused by uniqueness of social, economic, political, spiritual andmoral conditions of activity at the certain stage of development of the society. Thus, the statehood is the structure ofelements and institutes, expressing the maintenance of the society and state.

A map of technopolitics: Deep convergence, platform ontologies, and cognitive efficiency

This paper, based on an invited Thesis Eleven presentation (8 August 2019), provides a ‘map of technopolitics’ that springs from an investigation of the theoretical notion of technological convergence adopted by the US National Science Foundation, signaling a new paradigm of ‘nano-bio-info-cogno’ (NBIC) technologies. This integration at the nano-level is expected to drive the next wave of scientific research, technology and knowledge economy. The paper explores the concept of ‘technopolitics’ by investigating the links between Wittgenstein’s anti-scientism and Lyotard’s ‘technoscience’, reviewing the history of the notion in the work of the Belgium philosopher Gilbert Hottois. The ‘deep convergence’ representing a new technoscientific synergy is the product of long-term trends of ‘bioinformational capitalism’ that harnesses the twin forces of information and genetic sciences that coalesce in the least mature ‘cognosciences’ in their application to education and research. The map of technopolitics systematically identifies the political relations between Big Tech and ‘new digital publics’ to reveal that the new paradigm is based on the supreme value of cognitive efficiency. There are a closely-knit cluster of concerns that frame a map of political issues about the fifth-generation technological impacts on human beings, their bodies and minds, and public institutions, not least the logic of the distribution and ownership of data, information and knowledge, and its effects on democracy.

Nurettin Topçu`ya Göre “Var Olmak” Ne Demektir?

Nurettin Topçu`ya göre var olmak; düşünmek, sevmek ve iradî hareketler gerçekleştirmektir. Topçu “var olmak”ı bu kavramlarla izah etse de bu konuda insana tam anlamıyla sadece “hareket”in rehberlik edebileceğini iddia eder. Eğer insanın bir cevherinden bahsedilecekse, iradî hareketler gerçekleştirebilme kabiliyeti onun cevheridir. Çünkü insan varlığını ve onun boyutlarını sadece hareket sayesinde anlayabiliriz. Düşünmek ise, insanın olsa olsa kısmî özüdür. Bundan dolayı, hareket kabiliyetinin gelişmesi düşünme kabiliyetinin gelişmesini sağlar; sırasında, düşünmek de hareketin gelişmesine elbette katkıda bulunur. İnsan hareketlerinin varlığı ve devamı, gayesi olan sonsuzluğa doğru yol almasına bağlıdır. Nitekim, insan, sadece sonsuzlukta huzur bulabileceği için, ona doğru gitmek ister. Bu gidişi, insanın içinden gelen, harekete geçirici bir güç olan mesuliyet yönlendirir. Bu itici güç, farklı imkân ve boyutlarıyla yeni varoluş alanları keşfetme ihtiyacını doğurur. İnsan varoluşu, tüm yönleriyle önceden zaten tespit edilmiş başlı başına bir şey değildir. Topçu`ya göre, bir insanın ayırt edici özelliklerini geliştirmesi ve belli bir olgunluk düzeyine ulaşması, ancak sonsuza ayarlı fikir ve hareketler sayesinde olmaktadır; çünkü âleme ve sonsuza yöneliş, insan için varoluş imkânlarını çeşitlendirir. Bunun aksine, insanı yeni bir varoluş düzeyine yükseltmeyen, sonsuza ulaştırmayan, çokluktan birliğe götürmeyen düşünme biçimleri ve hareket tarzları ise, gerileticidir. Dolayısıyla, insanların, menfaatleriyle uyumlu fikir ve inançlara bağlanması, onlara koşut hareket etmesi, ahlâkî ve manevî düşüşle sonuçlanır. Yani, insanın benlik ya da şahsiyetinin derinliklerinden gelmeyen düşünce ve hareketler, ten ve iştahalar sahası sınırlarında kalır, öteye geçemez.

«Если бы я был живописец…»: проблема интермедиального прочтения повести Н. В. Гоголя «Старосветские помещики»

<p>The article analyzes the problem of the intermedial reading of Gogol's novel <em>The Old World Landowners</em>, presented by the animated film <em>He and She</em> by M. Muat. The novelty of the work is determined by the application of the method of a comprehensive analysis to the texts dialogically connected with each other. The extent of adequacy of the creative reading of Gogol's novel by a contemporary film director is determined by the semantic reconstruction of an idyllic chronotope of the novel. It is noticed that in the film limiting the history of main characters only by mutual relations within a circle of a manor house, Gogol's idea about the confrontation between family and home space and forces of chaos and destruction, is kept. The director's technique of a circular composition is an artistic factor that can be compared to the key “moment” in painting that condenses all previous and subsequent events. A figurative ring formed by the images of an old oak can be seen as a semantic analogue of the idyllic circle of the manor. However, if in the novel this circle is destroyed from the inside, in the film it is preserved and affirmed thanks to the creative efforts of the film director. The idyllic world of M. Muat is conscious of the “evil spirit” of destruction, but its mission is to keep the moment of peace, love and quiet happiness. The director, thus, asserts love as the supreme and permanent value of human existence. Not following literally the text of Gogol's novel, M. Muat offers his own reading of those laws that form the core of Gogol's artistic world.</p>

Axiological paradigm of social inclusion intensification - selected remarks

The following paper investigates the values building the axiological paradigm of social inclusion intensification using the legal doctrine. The analysis is set within the Polish legal system, which is part of the international and EU law established for the maintenance of social cohesion. On the one hand, the Polish solutions not only stem from the European civilization heritage, but also create and reinforce it. The individual sections of the paper provide an analysis of such inclusive values as dignity, freedom, equality, common good and social solidarity which are assumed to be the basis for all inclusive actions performed within civil societies in democratic states based on the rule of law. The analysis also considers a possible hierarchy of those values and how they affect each other. While the inclusive values themselves appear to be universal, their relations and influence on each other (possibly: hierarchy) is strictly dependent on the national legislation.
 The research has shown the way in which the investigated values/principles coexist. Human dignity has been found to be the fundamental and supreme value of the Polish legal system, while social solidarity supports social cohesion. It is not possible to artificially separate those values – only when they intertwine, complete and enhance each other can the inclusive actions be designed and executed in the most advantageous manner. Therefore, values and rules which bear them form a praxeological system; they must be interpreted only within the context of their coexistence, relations and the influence they have on one another. Each of the discussed values takes part in the establishment of the resources shared by a democratic state and by the internal structures of the civil society existing within this state’s bounds. Only by taking them all into consideration can we provide an adequate and comprehensive understanding of inclusivity and achieve its desired model.

The Rivalry of Spectacle: A Debordian-Lacanian Analysis of Contemporary Chinese Culture

In 1967 Guy Debord published the pamphlet-sized The Society of the Spectacle, a book written in the form of a collection of short theses. Debord was criticized for inventing the “spectacle” out of thin air by thinkers of his time such as Michel Foucault. We can, however, detect salient manifestations of the Debordian spectacular society in China of the 2010s. This paper demonstrates a deep and pervasive trend of spectacularization in China by analyzing (a) Taobao as a desire-creating machine producing the buy-buy-buy fanaticism, (b) the beautifying operation that has engendered perverted effects in sexual relationship, (c) the spectacular dialectic epitomized by the celebrity culture, and (d) the reality-twisting effects of the spectacles. The paper further offers a comparative analysis of the contemporary spectacles vis-à-vis the Maoist spectacles of the 1960s, which sheds light in understanding the enactment of antientertainment actions in recent years. The spectacles in contemporary China, in the fashion depicted by Debord half a century ago, have effectively produced a specific worldview of commodity and consumption, and this worldview transforms itself, through blind trust, into a type of objective force. The social terrains needed for spreading and cultivating socialist values were heavily colonized by the such spectacles (consumption, beautification, celebrity culture, entertainment); the latter have significantly absorbed the masses’ attention in the last decade to such level that it has almost occupied all spaces for communication and played the leading role in regulating people’s daily lives. The “Beauty is justice!” slogan that has been extremely popular in contemporary China reveals one significant change in Chinese culture and its sociopolitical effect: the trend of spectacularization, through elevating spectacle to the supreme value and turning the country into a spectacular (un)reality, has not only homogenized China but also effectively depoliticized the country.

HIERARCHY OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES IN CIS AND BALTIC COUNTRIES

Abstract: in article the hierarchy of the constitutional values in CIS and Baltic countries is considered. The author tried to study provisions of constitutions and decisions of the constitutional courts of neighboring countries in which the hierarchy of system of the constitutional values reveals. A methodological basis of research general scientific and private and scientific methods of knowledge make set of methods, including dialectic. Considering the humanistic content of the majority of constitutions of CIS and Baltic countries, author offers the following hierarchy of the constitutional values: the supreme value (absolute and relative values), priority values (can limit all other values, except absolute), and other values. Therefore the last changes in the constitutional legislation of some CIS and Baltic countries removing a humanistic orientation of system of the constitutional values can lead to its disintegration for the sum of separate values.

State of emergency for reasons of national security

This article begins from the hypothesis that the state of emergency should be able to be established only for reasons of national security. The main argument is that a state of emergency should be established for causes of an exceptional nature and other than those for which the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms is currently restricted. The content of this article demonstrates that the state of emergency is a defensive- offensive act through which the state temporarily suspends some legal institutions, replacing them with others, to protect the existence of the state itself (seen as population, territory, sovereignty), this being the supreme value. protected by such measures

Тема жизни и смерти в рассказах А.Е. Новоселова

The article represents reflections on the works of A.E. Novoselov, dedicated to the topic of life and death. The works under discussion allow us to speak about the author's talent as both a psychologist, and a philosopher. On the one hand, in the stories Exam and Easy Life the author shows the hopelessness of life of people who consider themselves representatives of intelligentsia. Their existence, which they consider easy, cannot be distinguished from death. On the other hand, Novoselov draws our attention to how the apparently prosperous, at first glance easy life of the heroine of the story Death of Atbay changes, how the signs of seeming contentment disappear, and how at the last moments of her stay on earth she impresses us with the power of real life and true love. The woman who has never thought about supreme values demonstrates them in her behavior. The article points at Chekhov’s influence on Novoselov's early works and at reminiscences from A.P. Chekhov’s drama Three Sisters used in the short story Easy Life.

Od modernizma ka postmodernizmu - racionalizam i prosvetiteljstvo

Modernism and post-modernism are predestined to have a common denominator. Spiritual precursors of post-modernism appear with the development of rationalism and the enlightenment era. It will have proven later on that post-modernists wished to impose themselves as a total opposition to modernism, but they could not avoid the fact that post-modernism originated from modernism. In the oeuvres of post-modernists it is woven the social and philosophical thought of Bacon, Descartes, Locke, Hume, Voltaire and later on, Heidegger, Nietzsche, Wittgenstein and Weber, which shortened the way from modernism toward post-modernism. Independently of the fact whether they are for inductive and deductive method of research, empirists started doubting in the supreme value of reason, and they gave some importance to language and text including the anti-historicity. Post-modernists turned the comprehensions of modernists upside down so as to reveal rational core in that mystical envelope. In the measure in which reason was taking win over faith and mysticism, in the same measure post-modernism was replacing modernism, but not with the aim to eliminate it but to give some modernistic categories a new quality.

A philosophical examination of the concept and nature of suicide as a socio-ethical issue

This paper critically examines the nature of suicide as a contemporary Socio-ethical issue. It argues that the phenomenon of suicide is one that can be understood from varied standpoints, especially where it refers to the reasons why most people contemplate suicide. In this paper, I tried to show those moments in which the notion of suicide seems to project ambivalence based on some foundational ethical principles, some of which seem to justify or condemn the act of suicide. Some of the arguments thus examined include amongst others, the theological argument, domino argument, legal principles, justice argument, and utilitarian principle etcetera. It was against this backdrop that I took a bent and reached a crescendo in which case I maintained that the notion of suicide runs contrary to the fundamental ethical value of traditional Igbo aborigines of the complementary system of thought, the latter who avers that ndu bu isi (life is of supreme value). It was upon this premise as well as other principles of human co-existential experience that I condemned the act of suicide. I employed the philosophical tools of skeptic-critical evaluation cum analysis to arrive at this conclusive conclusion.

Harming a favored side: an anomaly with supreme values and good intentions

Third-party adjudicators, be they governments, or politicians or academics, can take positions regarding who initiated a conflict, who is to blame for harm or damage, and who has violated international law. Decisions need not always be objective. There can be bias. I consider the anomaly of biased adjudicators providing incentives for harm to their favored side. The anomaly arises in real-life circumstances. The puzzle is why adjudicators with good intentions cooperate in bringing harm to the civilian population of the side with which they sympathize. Anomalies are usually addressed in a context of behavioral economics. I consider both behavioral and rational explanations.

The transformation of supreme values: Evidence from Poland on salvation through civic engagement

Peter Bernholz has described how ideologies and religions with supreme values have used violence to accomplish their goals. We describe the transformation of supreme values through civic engagement and pro-social behavior (dedication to common good, charity, participation in social life) that rejects as unacceptable all forms of violence. Our focus is on Catholicism after the Second Vatican Council, which emphasized the lay faithful’s role in the Church’s mission of salvation in the world and affirmed categorically that the duty of layperson is to serve other people and society. Using data on Poland, we find that the lay faithful try to fulfil those duties. Religious observance measured by participation in Holy Communion and church attendance correlates positively with civic engagement measured by the number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

Islamic constitutions and religious minorities

This study examines the effects of formal institutions, specifically constitutions that prescribe Sharia law as a source of legislation, on discrimination against religious minorities. We hypothesize that countries in which the supreme values of Islam are entrenched in the constitution exhibit more discrimination against religious minorities than otherwise comparable countries. In our empirical analysis, we find that religious minorities are indeed likely to face more religious discrimination under Islamic constitutions, even if the relevance of Islam in society is separately taken into account, for example, in terms of the Muslim population share. Instrumental variable regressions support our hypothesis of a causal effect of constitutional rules on de facto social outcomes. However, we find no evidence that Islam encourages discrimination against minorities when it is not entrenched in the constitution. Our results support the grave dangers inherent in the constitutionalization of supreme values.

Third-party intervention in the presence of supreme values

I set out a model of third-party intervention in which parties to a conflict can have supreme values. An attacker can decide to use own-population civilians as human shields against a defender. A third-party adjudicator can find fault with the defender for measures that harm the human shields. The criticism is an incentive for the attacker to use the own-population human shields. The supreme values relate to the value placed on the lives of the human shields. I describe the possible equilibrium outcomes.