IPv6 Support Research Articles

Enterprise Network Design and Deployment Practice based on eNSP

In recent years, with the frequent occurrence of network security incidents, the importance of enterprise network security has become increasingly prominent. The design of enterprise networks should not only meet the requirements of efficient communication, but also prioritize security to ensure the stable operation of the network. This article constructs a large-scale corporate park network, including the DMZ area and connected to the backbone network through dedicated lines. At the same time, with offices, it is necessary to achieve interconnectivity between the two networks. Based on dynamic routing protocol, IPSecVPN, VRRP and other technologies, combined with Huawei network equipment, the company has built a secure and efficient enterprise network architecture. The design content covers wireless network coverage, IPv6 support, traffic optimization, and redundant path selection to ensure stable communication between the company's campus network, offices, and the Internet, ultimately achieving a balance between security, flexibility, and reliability.

Performance Evaluation of an IEEE 802.15.4-Based Thread Network for Efficient Internet of Things Communications in Smart Cities

The increasing demand for Internet of Things (IoT) applications has resulted in vast amounts of data, requiring the utilization of big data analytics. The integration of big data analytics in IoT-based smart cities can greatly benefit from the development of wireless communication protocols, among which the Thread protocol has emerged as a promising option. Thread is IEEE 802.15.4 based and has advanced capabilities like mesh networking, IPv6 support, and multiple gateways providing no single point of failure. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a low-cost mesh network using Raspberry Pi, nRF52840 dongle, and OpenThread 1.2 (i.e., an open-source software implementation of the Thread protocol stack). The research elaborates on the hardware and software solutions used, as well as the network topologies adopted. To evaluate the performance of the developed system, extensive real-time tests are performed, considering parameters, such as jitter, packet loss, and round trip time. These tests effectively demonstrate the effectiveness of the Thread network. Furthermore, the impact of varying payload size and bitrate on the network is analyzed to understand its influence. The behavior of the multi-hop network is also examined under link failure scenarios, providing insights into the network’s robustness. Our findings provide valuable insights for researchers interested in designing low-cost and efficient mesh networks for various IoT applications, including home automation, building/campus monitoring systems, distributed industrial IoT applications, and smart city infrastructure.

A survey on efforts to apply IPv6 in V2X communication networks

This survey focuses on the application possibilities of using Internet Protocol (version 6) in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networking architectures by analyzing existing standards and related papers in this field. The article explains the terminology used in IP-based V2X networks, introduces the considered use cases, and gives an overview of the three standardized options applying IPv6 in vehicular environments: IEEE WAVE provides networking services to applications in vehicular networks through IPv6, IPv6 over 802.11-OCB can be implemented in Wi-Fi-based ad hoc vehicular networks for both V2V and V2I, and the Geo Networking IPv6 adaption sub-layer (GN6ASL) for IPv6 support in the ETSI ITS protocol family. The paper also highlights non-standardized solutions and available techniques designed for IPv6-based V2X infrastructures, summarizes wireless connection requirements, and mobility management needs, together with the newest research efforts aiming at the applications of IPv6 in V2X communications.

IPv6 over Cross-Technology Communication with Wake-up Radio

A variety of wireless (and wired) technologies are being used to enable Internet of Things (IoT) device connectivity. Two examples of popular technologies in some crucial IoT domains (e.g., smart home, smart factories and smart cities, among others) are IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11. However, IoT devices supporting different wireless technologies are not interoperable without a gateway. One solution to this problem is exploiting bidirectional Cross-Technology Communication with Wake-up Radio (WuR-CTC). Nevertheless, existing WuR-CTC approaches do not support IPv6, and therefore cannot offer full Internet protocol stack interoperability. For the first time to our knowledge, in this paper, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of an adaptation layer to provide IPv6 support over WuR-CTC, by leveraging the IETF Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC) framework. Among others, experimental results show that our solution allows transferring a 127-byte IPv6 packet from an IEEE 802.15.4 device to an IEEE 802.11 device, without a gateway, in 69 ms (in average). Therefore, the designed solution supports latency-stringent applications in smart environments, where a human in the loop expects real-time interaction between devices.

Mechanism for IPv6 adaptation in LoRa topologies

One of the main requirements of an IoT solution is the support of end-to-end IPv6 connectivity. Most Wireless Personal Area (WPAN) physical and link layers like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ITU-T G.9959 and IEEE 802.15.4 support adaptation mechanisms that, based on the IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) protocol, enable IPv6. On the other hand, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies like LoRa and SigFox are not typically designed to support access-side IPv6 and rely on gateways for translation and overall cloud connectivity. Lack of end-to-end IPv6 connectivity implies that many of these LPWAN technologies do not fully comply with the IoT paradigm preventing the direct interaction between devices of different physical technologies. In this paper we present an adaptation mechanism that enables end-to-end IPv6 support in an LPWAN scenario that relies on a LoRa physical layer. The scheme is analyzed, modeled and implemented by means of an experimental framework that serves to examine the efficiency of the proposed solution.

Evaluation of Receiver-Feedback Techniques for Fragmentation Over LPWANs

The Internet engineering task force (IETF) has standardized a new framework for IPv6 support over low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), called static context header compression and fragmentation (SCHC). SCHC includes acknowledgment (ACK)-based mechanisms for reliable fragmented packet transmission. For the latter, SCHC defines a receiver-feedback technique (RFT), called compressed bitmap (CB), by which a receiver reports to the sender whether the fragments carrying a packet have been received or not. Such information is carried as ACK payload. Considering the extraordinary frame size and message rate constraints of LPWANs, ACK payload size becomes crucial. In this article, we compare the performance of CB with that of several alternative RFTs, namely, list of lost fragments (LLF), List of Deltas (LoD), and uncompressed bitmap (UB), where the latter is used as a benchmark. We evaluate the considered RFTs in terms of ACK size, number of Layer 2 (L2) frames needed to carry an ACK, and ACK Time on Air. Our analysis shows that the use of RFTs different from CB offers significant performance improvement in many scenarios. Furthermore, we provide guidance on which RFT should be used for different packet sizes, error rates, and error patterns.

Control Messages Overhead Impact on Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph—A Wireless Sensor Networks Objective Functions Performance Comparison

Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Network (RPL) with IPv6 support is the de facto standard for routing over Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Objective Functions namely Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) and Objective Function Zero (OF0) together with the Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP) control messages, propel RPL to constructs routing paths called Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG), for packet routing within the sensor network. To the best knowledge of the authors, no detailed investigation has been carried out to unravel the dynamics of how these control messages impact on the network with respect to DODAG formation right before convergence is attained, particularly from the perspective of MRHOF and OF0. In this paper, the authors investigated the various types of control messages (DODAG Information Solicitation, DODAG Information Object and Destination Advertisement Object) used to setup the DODAG. RPL Simulations was carried out on one 100 nodes, starting with 10 nodes and incremented by 10 until the 100th node. Each simulation was repeated five times with a confidence level of 95%, which statistically signifies a reliable and acceptable confidence interval, for a duration of thirty minutes. Results obtained showed that the DIS–OF0 generated the least packets with 125 packets, followed by DAO–MRHOF with 1357 packets and the most generated; DIO–MRHOF with 1536 packets. Subsequently, MRHOF had higher Convergence Time of 130.67 seconds as to 87.93 seconds for OF0. This information is valuable for both the academia and industry.

IPv6 over LPWANs: Connecting Low Power Wide Area Networks to the Internet (of Things)

LPWANs have recently emerged as a promising solution for enabling industrial IoT applications. To fully exploit their potential, LPWANs need to be connected to the Internet. However, the severe capacity constraints of LPWAN technologies challenge IPv6 support, and even 6LoWPAN-based adaptations are not sufficient. In this paper, we present Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation (SCHC), an ultralightweight IPv6 adaptation layer designed for LPWANs, which is being standardized by the IETF.

Routing Protocols for Low Power and Lossy Networks in Internet of Things Applications.

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications has taken the attention of several researchers. In an effort to provide interoperability and IPv6 support for the IoT devices, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the 6LoWPAN stack. However, the particularities and hardware limitations of networks associated with IoT devices lead to several challenges, mainly for routing protocols. On its stack proposal, IETF standardizes the RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) as the routing protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is a tree-based proactive routing protocol that creates acyclic graphs among the nodes to allow data exchange. Although widely considered and used by current applications, different recent studies have shown its limitations and drawbacks. Among these, it is possible to highlight the weak support of mobility and P2P traffic, restrictions for multicast transmissions, and lousy adaption for dynamic throughput. Motivated by the presented issues, several new solutions have emerged during recent years. The approaches range from the consideration of different routing metrics to an entirely new solution inspired by other routing protocols. In this context, this work aims to present an extensive survey study about routing solutions for IoT/LLN, not limited to RPL enhancements. In the course of the paper, the routing requirements of LLNs, the initial protocols, and the most recent approaches are presented. The IoT routing enhancements are divided according to its main objectives and then studied individually to point out its most important strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, as the main contribution, this study presents a comprehensive discussion about the considered approaches, identifying the still remaining open issues and suggesting future directions to be recognized by new proposals.

Evolutionary Software Defined Networking-Inspired Routing Control Strategies for the Internet of Things

The Routing over Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) protocol is an important standardized routing solution for the Internet of Things (IoT), characterized by significant benefits, including IPv6 support and efficient low-power operation over noisy channels, especially for many-to-one communication scenarios (i.e., a set of deployed devices gathering periodic measurements destined to a single sink node). However, the RPL faces performance issues in networks with mobility or point-to-point communication requirements, raising applicability constraints in a number of real-world IoT applications, spanning from environmental monitoring to industrial and urban networks. In this paper, we approach RPL from the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) perspective, exploiting its high customization features to address the above inefficiencies. We apply an evolutionary methodology, i.e., building over the widely deployed RPL protocol, while maintaining compliance with its standard. More precisely, we investigate two routing control strategies exploiting the global view of the network: (i) the Moderate RPL control that enables dynamic reconfigurability of crucial protocol parameters to improve its operation in mobile environments; and (ii) the Deep RPL control that utilizes a new RPL Objective Function (OF) we proposed that enforces direct point-to-point paths through link-coloring. We implemented and evaluated the two strategies based on a novel centralized routing control facility. Our experimental analysis considers hybrid scenarios with both fixed and mobile nodes, as well as many-to-one and point-to-point communication. Compared to the standard RPL in mobile topologies, the proposed solution achieves improved packet delivery ratio of up to 33 percent and 21 percent for the mobile nodes and for the whole network, respectively, while maintaining RPL compliance. In case of point-to-point communication in a random topology, the improvements rise up to 32.7 percent for the trip-time and 42 percent for the round-trip time, while the packet loss ratio for the same experiment is improved up to 75 percent in the non-storing mode.

Analisis Kinerja Routing Protokol RIPng Dengan OSPFv3 Pada Jaringan IPV6 Tunneling

The main objective of the development ipv6 is to meet need of ip addresses for a long term and improving the existing weaknesses in ipv4. But the transitional of the protokol version 4 to protokol version 6 cant be done by casually because due to the many infrastructure of the ipv4 network have been installed . For it is needed method to integrate ipv4 with ipv6 and one of the method is to use tunneling. The presence of tunneling network also needed routing protokol that support ipv6 protokol such as ripng and ospfv3 in ipv6 tunneling network. This paper is arranged to determine the performance of ripng dan ospfv3 routing protokols by analyzing the patch selection of data transmission, routing update analysis, speed time convergent analysis, analyzing by sending tcp data packet and sniffing analysis of data packet in tunneling network. The method used is literature study, computer simulation, and implementation on the test-bed. Data analysis showed that performance of ospfv3 is better than ripng because the speed of convergent time is faster. Ospfv3 need an average time as musch as 19 seconds but ripng need 178 seconds.on the test results of network throughput for tcp windows size that have 2, 4, 5, 6 kbyte capacity it take an average 121, 58 mbit/sec for ospfv3 and 117, 44 mbit/sec for ripng. For the overall performance of ripng and ospfv3 are not much different from its predecessor routing protokol in ipv4 network, it just for ripng and ospfv3 have support for 128-bit ipv6 addressing.

DNS load balancing in the CERN cloud

Load Balancing is one of the technologies enabling deployment of large-scale applications on cloud resources. A DNS Load Balancer Daemon (LBD) has been developed at CERN as a cost-effective way to balance applications accepting DNS timing dynamics and not requiring persistence. It currently serves over 450 load-balanced aliases with two small VMs acting as master and slave. The aliases are mapped to DNS subdomains. These subdomains are managed with DDNS according to a load metric, which is collected from the alias member nodes with SNMP. During the last years, several improvements were brought to the software, for instance: support for IPv6, parallelization of the status requests, implementing the client in Python to allow for multiple aliases with differentiated states on the same machine or support for application state. The configuration of the Load Balancer is currently managed by a Puppet type. It discovers the alias member nodes and gets the alias definitions from the Ermis REST service. The Aiermis self-service GUI for the management of the LB aliases has been produced and is based on the Ermis service above that implements a form of Load Balancing as a Service (LBaaS). The Ermis REST API has authorisation based in Foreman hostgroups. The CERN DNS LBD is Open Software with Apache 2 license.

Deployment of IPv6-only CPU resources at WLCG sites

The fraction of Internet traffic carried over IPv6 continues to grow rapidly. IPv6 support from network hardware vendors and carriers is pervasive and becoming mature. A network infrastructure upgrade often offers sites an excellent window of opportunity to configure and enable IPv6.There is a significant overhead when setting up and maintaining dual-stack machines, so where possible sites would like to upgrade their services directly to IPv6 only. In doing so, they are also expediting the transition process towards its desired completion. While the LHC experiments accept there is a need to move to IPv6, it is currently not directly affecting their work. Sites are unwilling to upgrade if they will be unable to run LHC experiment workflows. This has resulted in a very slow uptake of IPv6 from WLCG sites.For several years the HEPiX IPv6 Working Group has been testing a range of WLCG services to ensure they are IPv6 compliant. Several sites are now running many of their services as dual-stack. The working group, driven by the requirements of the LHC VOs to be able to use IPv6-only opportunistic resources, continues to encourage wider deployment of dual-stack services to make the use of such IPv6-only clients viable.This paper presents the working group’s plan and progress so far to allow sites to deploy IPv6-only CPU resources. This includes making experiment central services dual-stack as well as a number of storage services. The monitoring, accounting and information services that are used by jobs also need to be upgraded. Finally the VO testing that has taken place on hosts connected via IPv6-only is reported.

Performance Evaluation of IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms

The exhaustion of IPv4 addresses has forced the deployment of the new version of the Internet Protocol (IPv6). However, the migration to the new protocol is done gradually and with the due care for many reasons that include: cost, inclusion of support for IPv6 in existing applications, training of technical staff, lack of web content available over IPv6 from important providers, and obsolete devices not anymore supported by manufacturers. For those reasons, many transition mechanisms have been proposed, each one to fill distinct requirements, with different operational theory and availability according to the network environment. A performance evaluation of these mechanisms can help network administrators and researchers in their selection of the best transition technology for their environment. In this paper, we present a performance comparison of some transition mechanisms such as ISATAP, 6to4, and NAT64 in real testbeds with Debian, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10. For NAT64, two different tools were tested: TAYGA and Jool. We measure the OWD and the throughput for UDP and TCP for every mechanism, for both Ethernet and Fast Ethernet technologies. From this research, we can conclude that all the modern operating systems for PCs already have good support for IPv6, and a very similar network performance. Also, we can infer from our work that in controlled environments, native IPv4 has the best performance, closely followed by native IPv6. The difference is essentially due to the length of the IP header (20 bytes in IPv4 and 40 bytes in IPv6). The tunneling solutions chosen for this research (ISATAP and 6to4) have a similar performance, which is the lowest of the studied technologies, because of the additional IPv4 header in the tunnel.

Satellite Communications Supporting Internet of Remote Things

This paper focuses on the use of satellite communication systems for the support of Internet of Things (IoT). We refer to the IoT paradigm as the means to collect data from sensors or RFID and to send control messages to actuators. In many application scenarios, sensors and actuators are distributed over a very wide area; in some cases, they are located in remote areas where they are not served by terrestrial access networks and, as a consequence, the use of satellite communication systems becomes of paramount importance for the Internet of Remote Things (IoRT). The enabling factors of IoRT through satellite are: 1) the interoperability between satellite systems and sensors/actuators and 2) the support of IPv6 over satellite. Furthermore, radio resource management algorithms are required to enhance the efficiency of IoT over satellite. In this work, we provide an integrated view of satellite-based IoT, handling this topic as a jigsaw puzzle where the pieces to be assembled are represented by the following topics: MAC protocols for satellite routed sensor networks, efficient IPv6 support, heterogeneous networks interoperability, quality of service (QoS) management, and group-based communications.

Implementation of transition and coexistence mechanisms for IPV4-IPV6 protocols in computer centers on supported high performance academic networks

This document aims to contextualize the reader about some of the mechanisms that currently exist for IPv4-IPv6 transition and evidence some aspects that must be taken into account when evaluating and implementing some of them, specifically in centers of high performance computing and academic networks to support research projects. It also aims to show the implementation and support of IPv6 in e-learning technology platforms.

An Efficient Handover Authentication Scheme Based on HMAC for Proxy Mobile IPv6 Network

Proxy mobile IPv6 plays a significant role in optimizing the performance of mobile IPv6 and achievingthe support for network mobility management. But the open nature and lack of security considerationresult in potential threat. The requirement of the real-time application of mobile node leads usto develop a handover authentication scheme which satisfies certain security and efficiency needs. Inthis paper, based on the 2-HIBS scheme, the handover authentication scheme is implemented by utilizinghash-based message authentication code (HMAC). The proposed scheme makes an excellentcombination between initial access authentication and handover authentication procedures. We alsoevaluate the handover authentication latency between our scheme and other authentication schemes.The results show that our scheme has higher efficiency and lower communication cost than existingones.

Survey of IPv6 Support in 3GPP Specifications and Implementations

The growth in Internet usage has been phenomenal over the last decade. During the last few years, more and more of this growth has come from mobile broadband access. The most widely used types of mobile broadband access are based on the standards defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). This phenomenal growth, and the introduction of the always-on network paradigm in cellular networks, has put a strain on the Internet infrastructure itself-it has caused the exhaustion of the Internet address space. This paper surveys the relevant 3GPP and Internet Engineering Task Force specifications, and by looking at the research and standardization experience of the authors, it addresses the factors leading up to this strain, and it describes how the solution-Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)-has been implemented in the 3GPP architecture and its specifications. It also analyzes what still needs to be done and suggests the possible focus areas of the future for IPv6 in 3GPP networks.

The Research of Campus Networks Layout and Application Based on IPv6

Aiming at problems of test, layout and application about campus network and combining with fundamental characteristic, introducing primary technology about transition from IPv4 campus network to IPv6 one, This paper discusses the status of IPv6 support technology and presents basic concept that campus network can be formed Gradually through layout testing network and experimental network; At the same time, in order to offer practical technical reference to favorable upgrading and applying campus network of ordinary universities It also discusses some services and applications about IPv6 campus network.

Extending the Internet of Things to the Future Internet through IPv6 support

Emerging Internet of Things IoT/Machine-to-Machine M2M systems require a transparent access to information and services through a seamless integration into the Future Internet. This integration exp...