Support Of Gender Equality Research Articles

농촌특화 성평등 교육프로그램 개발을 위한 농촌지역 성평등 교육 참여자의 경험적 인식 분석

The purpose of this study was to suggest ways to improve specialized gender equality training programs for rural areas as tools for empowering women farmers based on in-depth interviews with villagers and professional trainers. Since the launch of the Support of Female Farmers and Fishermen Act in 2001, various policies have been implemented to support women farmers in Korea. In line with the recent basic plan to nurture female farmers for the years 2021-2025, which aims to extend gender equality education to rural areas, the first batch of specialized gender equality trainers for rural areas completed the course in 2021. Despite these institutional efforts to support gender equality education in rural areas, the current training courses need improvement to reflect the complex reality faced by women in these areas. In addition to the double burden shouldered by women farmers, the patriarchal culture consolidated by powerful male leaders makes gender equality training in rural areas a unique challenge. The experiences and perceptions of the villagers were analyzed and suggestions were made, categorized into three themes: access to the training, the acceptability of the contents, and the self-efficacy of the trainees. Based on the perceptions of the trainers, suggestions were categorized as follows: the importance of the curriculum modules and trainers’ expertise, expansion of the target population and implementation of the system, tailored training courses for rural residents. To sum up, this study suggests enhancing the agency of women farmers and changing the patriarchal rural society as the ultimate goal of gender equality training in rural areas.

Strengthening gender equality in small business and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs): Comparative analysis of Kenya and Nigeria

Many small business owners and entrepreneurs in Africa still see sustainable development goals as a misery. The study investigates whether sustainable development goal number five (5) is being used to motivate gender equality among small and medium-sized enterprises in Africa, particularly in Kenya and Nigeria. The study focuses on female entrepreneurs and female-owned businesses. Design/methodology/approach. A qualitative approach involving semi-structured in-depth interviews was considered with a target population of 110 participants selected from businesses operating in Embakasi East constituency in the Embakasi ward in Nairobi County, Kenya, and in Ikeja Local Government in the Lagos Mainland of Lagos state Nigeria. The primary interview data was gathered from businesses in the manufacturing, services, information technology, transport, trading, and communications sectors. Findings. From the population of 110 participants, the response rate was 90.91%. Results demonstrated that a significant number of women working in SMEs are unaware of the sustainable development goal number five (5) in the two countries despite the United Nations (UN) supporting gender equality globally. The research concludes that there is still a considerable difference between men and women in small and medium-sized SMEs in Africa, and the awareness of sustainable development goals is limited. Research limitations/implications. The restriction of the dataset from a small sample size of women-owned businesses operating in Embakasi East constituency in the Embakasi ward in Nairobi County, Kenya, and in Ikeja Local Government in the Lagos State Nigeria. The research criteria used to choose study participants were unique to the current research; future researchers may consider changing the research criteria and sample size to broaden the study's focus. Practical implications. The study advances empirical research on sustainable development goal number five (5) by offering evidence of its impact on women-owned businesses. Further, the study throws light on the need to the fact that gender equality is necessary and why women should receive funding and mentoring to help them succeed as business owners. Originality/value. The study provides a comparative study with evidence from two countries, Kenya and Nigeria, on sustainable development goal number five (5) and throws light on the relevance of gender equality on business performance as funding and mentoring will assist women-owned businesses. For Africa to flourish and grow economically, gender equality is crucial.

Men's reactions to gender inequality in the workplace: From relative deprivation on behalf of women to collective action.

Over recent years, the role of men as women's allies in the struggle for gender equality has become increasingly important. Previous research has shown that often men do not fight gender inequalities as they fail to recognize the severity of discrimination against women (e.g., in hiring). In this study (N = 427), we examined whether men who experienced relative deprivation on behalf of women-a form of relative deprivation that stems from the awareness that women hold a less privileged position in society-were more motivated to engage in collective action to support gender equality in the workplace. The findings showed that men's feelings of deprivation on behalf of women were associated with a greater willingness to engage in collective action for gender equality. This relationship was sequentially mediated by two emotional reactions related to deprivation-increased guilt about gender inequalities and decreased fear of a potential backlash-and the moral conviction of acting for gender equality. These results suggest that men's awareness of gender inequality at work is an important antecedent to their acting in solidarity with women and that emotions and moral conviction are two psychological processes that turn cognition into behavior. Action to reduce gender inequalities should make men more sensitive to seeing that they hold a privileged position in society and to recognizing the pervasive and harmful nature of women's deprivation.

Country-level determinants of gender differences in major depression and alcohol use disorder

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are leading causes of disease burden in Europe, with MDD disproportionately affecting women and AUD being more prevalent among men. However, it is unclear how country-level political and socio-cultural characteristics contribute to gender differences in these conditions. Methods Data for 30,416 participants from 16 countries were obtained from the 2014 European Social Survey. Depressive symptoms were ascertained using the 8-item CES-D scale, and alcohol use was assessed with items on past-year alcohol use frequency and quantity, as well as frequency of heavy episodic drinking. Country-level data for attitudes to gender equality, needs-adjusted public social expenditure, and other covariates came from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme and the OECD. Modified Poisson and linear regression with log link examined additive and multiplicative interactions of country-level characteristics with gender for MDD, AUD, and their specific symptoms/dimensions. Results Public social expenditure was not associated with gender differences in MDD (CES-D>10), but with greater differences in the prevalence of the loneliness and sadness symptoms; support for gender equality was associated with smaller differences in loneliness (p < 0.05). For AUD, there was evidence of increased alcohol use frequency and quantity among women, and decreased frequency and quantity among men associated with support for gender equality, resulting in lower gender differences in predicted probabilities (from 23% to 5% across exposure levels; p < 0.001). Heavy episodic drinking was strongly positively associated with support for gender equality among women (p < 0.001), but not among men. Conclusions Country-level characteristics appear to exert differential impact on the prevalence of AUD and certain psychological symptoms of MDD among men and women in Europe. Pending replication, future research should examine underlying mechanisms. Key messages

Revisiting the islam-patriarchy nexus: is religious fundamentalism the central cultural barrier to gender equality?

Is Islam a religion that promotes patriarchy? In the academic debate, there are different assessments. On the one hand, there is the thesis of an elective affinity between Islam and patriarchal values. In Muslim-majority countries and among Muslims, support for patriarchal values is most pronounced. On the other hand, there is the antithesis of Islamic feminism, which shows that a significant proportion of devout Muslims support gender equality. It is therefore wrong to describe Islam as a misogynistic religion. What matters is whether the religion is interpreted in an emancipatory manner. This contribution offers a synthesis and argues that religious fundamentalism provides a more valid explanation for patriarchal values than simplistic references to Islam. The 6th and 7th waves of the World Values Survey were analyzed to test this research-guiding hypothesis. Multilevel analyses show that value differences between Muslims and non-Muslims and between Muslim-majority societies and societies with another majority religion turn out to be small or even insignificant when controlling for religious fundamentalism. Fundamentalism is the central driver of patriarchal values and generates uniform effects. At the individual-level, fundamentalism makes both Muslims and non-Muslims more susceptible to patriarchal values. Moreover, Muslims and non-Muslims adapt to the conformity pressures of their societies, resulting in egalitarian as well as patriarchal values, depending on the prevalence of fundamentalism. The high support for patriarchal values in Muslim-majority countries has a simple reason: Religious fundamentalism is by no means a marginal phenomenon in these societies, but rather the norm.

Intricacies for Gender Equality in Formal and Informal Structures through Governance Enhancement; a Kenyan Perspective

The misconceptions and ideology misconstrue of gender equality as constituting women empowerment programs have hampered the accurate intent that gender equality stands for in formal and informal governance structures. The resistance to gender equality elucidates the gaps that exist in governance instruments over the last decades. The governance instruments’ deficiencies in supporting gender equality in all sectors highlight the intricacies that could be addressed when these instruments are enhanced. The study aimed at focusing on the governance instruments of policy and regulations, organization structures, and feedback mechanisms that capture the inadequacies in upholding gender equality. Much focus has been placed on the obstacles to gender equality but few studies have been undertaken on the scope of governance enhancement whose impacts are highlighted by the formal and informal structures. The study was conducted through a systematic literature review of relevant articles on governance instruments and gender equality and adopting the Prisma model of systematic literature review. Through the reviewed literature, data indicated the gaps that exist in knowledge, attitude, and practice in top management office holders in implementing gender equality policies. Further findings indicate the misconception of gender equality for women empowerment programs as opposed to it being a key tenet in enhancing governance. Governance structure imbalances further impacted gender equality and equity aimed at enhancing equilibrium in various national and county policies and laws. Governance instruments when structured to support gender equality can bring sustainable development noted in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 5. The intricacies between governance enhancement and gender equality serve a symbiotic relationship and the outcomes adopt a sustainable outlook. Investment in governance enhancement will provide a basis for change in knowledge, attitude, and practice across the board and further increase ownership and cohesion for gender equality.

Gender-inclusive business models in livestock value chains in low- and middle-income countries: What can we learn from the literature?

Gender inequality is one of the key challenges of the twentyfirst century. Gender equality is one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and getting a more equal society is increasingly seen as supporting the achievement of the other SDGs. At the same time, the question remains: how to support gender equality in practice? This paper looks at gender-inclusive business models in the livestock sector. Such models can contribute to women's economic empowerment (an intermediate indicator toward gender equality) directly by addressing barriers to women's participation in livestock markets, or indirectly by involving them as implicit beneficiaries where such businesses provide services or products in circumstances where women face constraints such as poor access to inputs. A review of the literature was conducted to assess inclusive business models that are successful in increasing women's participation in livestock or livestock products marketing and its associated benefits and outcomes, focusing on low- and middle-income countries. The review included peer-reviewed publications, gray literature, and websites from non-government organizations that implement inclusive business models. A literature search was conducted using Google scholar and Research4Life databases for publications since 2010. Websites from development and international organizations implementing inclusive business models were also searched. Data from included records were extracted according to a pre-defined extraction form. A total of 29 studies were included. Results from the review show scarcity of literature and lack of research rigor in the few studies that document outcomes associated with inclusive business models. The few studies on gender-inclusive business models are mainly on collective action and contract farming to support women and men farmers to access markets, inputs, and services. Tangible benefits for women involved are reported, including women empowerment and change in gender norms to some extent.

Running up Against a Brick Wall: U.S. Metajournalistic Discourse of Gender Equality in Newsrooms

ABSTRACT Drawing on institutional theory, feminist critiques of three popular stances on gendered workplaces, and previous research about women in newsrooms, this study considers the metajournalistic discourse about gender equality in newsrooms through a discourse analysis of more than 500 online articles and blog posts in American journalism industry publications from January 2002 until September 2019. The findings confirm that the status of women journalists remains problematic. Journalists recognize that women remain underrepresented in terms of numbers and face a pay gap, a glass ceiling, and various forms of harassment. Solutions are sometimes presented in terms of women’s individual empowerment. Arguments in support of gender equality in newsrooms include improving journalism, reflecting greater diversity in society, widening audiences, increasing revenue, and audiences benefitting from women’s unique contributions. Journalists used discourse about gender inequality to reposition some institutional norms.

Relations of religious affiliation group norms, human capital, and autonomy to Israeli men's participation in household duties

AbstractObjectiveIn this work, I document variation in husbands' participation in household duties, an indicator of gender equality, by comparing ethnoreligious affiliation group, human capital, and autonomy.BackgroundScholars posit a relationship between religiosity and traditional gender relations, impacted by cultural norms and women's human capital. Israel's diverse ethnoreligious landscape provides an excellent context for empirically evaluating posited relationships.MethodThe study analyzed quantitative data from the Israel Social Survey on 1,900 married women (1,529 Jews and 371 Arabs).ResultsHusbands of Arab women were 83% less likely than husbands of Jewish women to share household duties. Among Jewish couples, husbands of traditional‐religious women were 29% less likely than husbands of secular women to share household duties. Further, among Jewish couples, there was no difference in husbands' sharing of household duties between ultra‐Orthodox women and secular women. Among Arabs, Druze husbands were almost 3 times more likely to participate than Muslim husbands. Among Arab Muslims, religious husbands were 2.40 times more likely to share household duties than nonreligious Muslims.ConclusionFindings support C. Goldscheider's culture hypothesis, suggesting that the uniqueness of the affiliation group is most important. However, although human capital did not strongly moderate husbands' participation, women's autonomy did.ImplicationPublic policy should be sensitive to differences between ethnoreligious groups in supporting gender equality. For instance, policy makers should encourage religious leaders to preach values that promote such equality.

The impact of anti-Muslim hostilities on how Muslims connect their religiosity to support for gender equality in Western Europe

Right-wing populist voices argue that Muslims do not belong in Western Europe because Islam opposes the “core Western value” of women's empowerment. Ironically, such hostilities could cause European Muslims to reject antagonistic natives and their “Western values,” potentially creating backlashes in Muslims' support for gender equality. Delving into this possibility, this study diverges from simple conceptualizations of one inherently patriarchal Islam to study the diversity among Muslims in the gendered meanings they attach to their religion in different contexts. Empirically, we use a uniquely pooled dataset covering over 9,000 European Muslims in 16 Western European countries between 2008 and 2019. Multilevel models show that while mosque attendance limits support for public-sphere gender equality, religious identifications only do so among men and individual prayer only among women. Additionally, our results tentatively indicate that in more hostile contexts, prayer's effects become more patriarchal while religious identification's connection to opposition to gender equality weakens. We conclude that Islamic religiosities shape Muslims' support for public-sphere gender equality in far more complex ways than any right-wing populist claim on one essential patriarchal Islam captures.

What’s In It for Me(n)? The Impact of Self-Interest on Men’s Support for Gender Equality Initiatives

The present studies aim to investigate whether self-interest may be utilized to motivate men to support gender equality initiatives in the workplace. In Study 1, I tested whether framing a gender equality initiative as beneficial to self leads to more support from men compared to framing the initiative as beneficial to others only. I also examined the moderating effect of social dominance orientation (SDO) and the mediating effect of zero-sum gender beliefs (ZSGBs). In Study 2, I tested the moderating effect of champion gender with a 2 (Framing: Self-interest, No Self-interest) x 2 (Champion gender: Male, Female) factorial between-subject design. Together, the two studies revealed that a gender equality initiative framed as beneficial to men garnered more support than when it is framed as beneficial to women only and this effect was significantly moderated by SDO. However, having a male champion does not alleviate the negative impact SDO has on the relationship between self-interest and support for gender equality; this relationship was not mediated by ZSGBs either. Taken together, the current findings urge a paradigm shift from focusing on mitigating gender biases that affect women to emphasizing the positive changes that can be brought by a more inclusive approach to gender equality in the workplace.

Is Gender Discrimination Still Alive In the 21st Century

Gender equality is a requirement of human rights. Reducing gender disparities and giving women greater agency have been part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since their inception in 2000. Millions of women and girls around the world are still subjected to discrimination because of their gender. Women faced social and economic discrimination that prevented them from enjoying the same freedoms as males. In today's world, where women hold positions of power in every industry, it's hard to imagine this happening. Throughout the male-dominated worlds of business and wrestling, influential women have made a difference. Despite this improvement, the majority of Indian families continue to discriminate against women and girls. Creating a sustainable, prosperous, and peaceful world requires a commitment to gender equality and human rights. Equal rights will have a positive impact on society, sustainable economies, mankind, and the world if they are guaranteed. Several initiatives have been launched by the Indian government in support of gender equality. In order to bring women's educational, health, and economic status up to par with men's, a number of programmes, initiatives, and policies have been implemented. The standing of women is elevated by international organisations in order to achieve gender equality. As long as views toward women haven't progressed at the same rate as legislative reform, they will continue to confront discrimination in the workplace, at home, and in politics. Issues of gender are ideological in nature. Stereotypes must be dismantled in order to end gender discrimination. Gender equality can only be achieved through changing men's and women's attitudes and mindsets. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether or not certain aspects of prejudice based on gender are still prevalent in the 21st century.

THE MODEL OF GENDER SENSITIVITY FORMATION IN CAREER GUIDANCE WORK

The article is about the problem of practical implementation of thegender sensitive approach in the system of career guidance work of themedical professional college, the conditions of its realization are singledout and characterized.The subject of research is a model as a method of forming a gender sensitive educational environment in career guidance work.The purpose of the article is to theoretically substantiate and determine the components of the model of gender sensitivity formation in career guidance work and experimentally test the logic and structure ofthe implemented model.The logic and structure of the implemented model are traced by applying a set of methods adequate to the subject of research: theoreticalmethods (analysis, synthesis, comprehension and generalization of theoretical positions) and empirical methods (method of modeling, questionnaires, observation). The levels of students’ readiness to form a gender sensitive environment and the essence of the activities of ambassadors, participants of the project «Ambassadors of the Future», are measured. Participants of the project «Ambassadors of the Future» promote conscious choice of a profession free of gender stereotypes and the essence of gender sensitive activities in working with young people to expand their potential. Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of educational and guidance activities as active cooperation with specialized public organizations that support gender equality and non-discrimination in society (implementation of joint educational and social project initiatives, mass actions, etc.).

Less than full time training in plastic surgery: A qualitative survey-based study and practical suggestions for improvement

The General Medical Council (GMC) has voiced its support of less-than-full-time (LTFT) training, which has been shown to have a positive impact on workforce well-being, burnout and attrition and patient safety. However, barriers to LTFT exist within plastic surgery. This study aims to understand plastic surgery trainees' perceptions of LTFT and provide practical suggestions for improvement. Two surveys were disseminated by the UK Plastic Surgery Trainees' Association (PLASTA). Survey 1 formed part of the PLASTA National Training Survey (NTS) 2021, and all plastic surgery trainees with a National Training Number (NTN) were eligible. Survey 2 looked specifically at the lived experience of LTFT trainees in plastic surgery. A total of 177 trainees responded to the NTS. Seven per cent of respondents currently work LTFT, and 50% would consider it in future. Reported barriers to applying for LTFT included concerns about reduction in pay, extension of training time, and concerns about trainers' negative perceptions of LTFT. Twenty LTFT NTN trainees responded to the LTFT-specific survey. The majority of respondents reported an overall positive impact on their training and personal lives, although many still encountered negative attitudes from trainers and peers. Based on the results of this study, we provide practical suggestions to make LTFT more accessible to and acceptable for all trainees regardless of reason for applying or gender. Promoting the uptake of LTFT and improving the experience of LTFT in plastic surgery will support a healthy work-life balance in our workforce, prevent attrition and support gender equality.

Loneliness and Emancipation: A Multilevel Analysis of the Connection between Gender Inequality, Loneliness, and Social Isolation in the ISSP 2017.

The present article analyzes the connection between, on the one hand, gender equality and, on the other hand, loneliness and social isolation. It hypothesizes that modern relational institutions that support gender equality, such as no-fault divorce laws, reduce loneliness in close relationships. This hypothesis is put to the test through a multilevel analysis of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 2017. The analysis reveals that the data agree, to a large extent, with the theoretical arguments. The prevalence of loneliness is higher in countries with higher levels of gender inequality (as measured by the Gender Inequality Index (GII)). This can be attributed to a moderation effect; at lower levels of gender inequality, partnerships provide better protection from loneliness. These results are robust to controls for demographic composition, level of health, educational attainment, income poverty, and interview mode. Last, the analyses show that the threat of emotional isolation is more widespread in countries with low gender inequality. These findings, however, are only significant before controlling for demographic composition, level of health, educational attainment, income poverty, and interview mode, and they require further analysis. The concluding section relates these findings to the popular tendency to argue that modern society has created a “loneliness epidemic” and discusses policy implications.

How change agents mobilise masculinities to support gender equality in academia

This paper theorises the role of men and mobilising masculinities in organisational change towards gender equality by investigating how change agents in academia give meaning to their involvement in such change. Via narrative inquiry I compare the working of emotions and affective solidarity in narratives of 15 male and female change agents at nine universities in four countries. The analysis shows that both male and female change agents mobilise different types of masculinities to foster gender equality: chivalrous masculinity, disruptive masculinity and inclusive masculinity. This paper contributes to the gender equality change literature by theorising masculinities as not only hindering but also potentially transforming organisations in the direction of gender equality. The interplay between knowledge and affect in the narratives of gender equality change agents suggests that interventions should aim to move emotions and support affective solidarity through recognising and understanding participants’ experiences with systems of inequality.

Empowering of Feminine in Indian Advertisements

In general, female stereotypes shape the advertising industry, and some recent studies suggest that other types of non-stereotype gender role representations in advertising can have many positive effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the gender stereotypes of women in modern days advertising. Regardless of gender, there are many positive effects on the brand-related and social impact of non-stereotypic representations of the professional gender role in advertising to respondents. These results also show the format of these stereotypes about how women are portrayed in advertising. It is important that advertising supports gender equality by using positive expressions instead of harmful stereotypes. This study used content analysis to identify the different roles women play in Indian television advertising. Studies show that women are primarily portrayed in advertising as independent decision makers and users, and as an authority on the products being advertised and direct eye contact with customers in advertising and vocalization, and the product type of advertising.

Resisting, accepting and supporting gender equality in Portuguese Higher Education Institutions: Leadership Profiles

In the European context, Portugal is the country with the lowest number of women (1.9% in 2016) at the top of the academic career and just 30% of women in the leadership of HEIs (She Figures 2018; Elsevier, 2021; Cabrera, 2019; Carvalho and Diogo, 2018). Paradoxically, it is also one of the European countries where female academics have the highest publishing productivity (Elsevier, 2021) and make up most of the doctorates (55% in 2016). Only very recently, however, these inequalities began to receive attention. In 2019, for example, women's participation in academic decision-making and leadership became required by law (National Law 26/2019) in all Portuguese public higher education institutions. And levelling effects of this law are soon expected since human resources management in the public HE institutions in Portugal is a centralised system (OECD, 2021). In this context it also becomes interesting to understand what academic leaders think about the promotion of gender equality in HEIs. This paper seeks to address this question. As part of a larger research project exploring gender equality issues in HEIs in Portugal we dethatched qualitative interviews conducted with HEIs leaders throughout the country. The project also involved secondary analyses of national and international data on gender equality and four case studies in HEIs with an action research approach. The outcome of the analysis was an exploratory typology identifying three specific profiles among interviewees – Resisting, Accepting, and Supporting – conveying different ways of understanding and dealing with gender equality issues in HEIs. Overall, this qualitative analysis found a greater awareness about Gender Equality than what has been reported in previous research (e.g. Carvalho, White and Machado-Taylor 2013; Carvalho, Özkanli and Machado-Taylor, 2012; Carvalho and Machado-Taylor, 2010). The paper describes and illustrates each of these profiles and discusses implications of these findings for promoting gender equality in HEIs in Portugal and beyond.

A critical analysis of discourses on gender equality in education: the case of Turkey

ABSTRACT Despite national and international attempts to eliminate gender inequality in education, it remains a pressing issue in Turkey. Because gender equality is often shaped by and through discursive practices, the present study explores how educational policy and media discourses create gender inequalities in education. The critical discourse analysis examines 124 policy documents published by 12 governmental organizations and 252 newspaper clippings found in 14 different national newspapers published in Turkey over the last decade. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 13 teachers working at K-12 schools. Our analysis showed that while official statements support gender equality in education, contradictions underlying many educational policies continue to re/produce gender inequalities.

Overestimating women’s representation in medicine: a survey of medical professionals’ estimates and their(un)willingness to support gender equality initiatives

ObjectiveAmidst growing numbers of women in certain areas of medicine (eg, general practice/primary care), yet their continued under-representation in others (eg, surgical specialties), this study examines (1) whether medical professionals...