Supply-side Perspective Research Articles

How Are Populist Attitudes Activated? Understanding Revolutionary Mobilization in Kyrgyzstan

Abstract Populist mobilization may take different forms. It can be either revolutionary, through social movements, or electoral, through political parties, but is often a mixture of both under the leadership of a populist persona. The October Revolution in Kyrgyzstan provides an opportunity to look beyond classical cases of populist mobilization in Europe and the Americas to uncover key factors that cause existing populist attitudes to become activated and mobilized. Political science literature points to the root causes of populist uprisings as coming from either the supply-side perspective, meaning populist rhetoric and institutional conditions that induce the appearance of populist parties, or the demand-side perspective, meaning individual attitudes that predict support for populists. These theories of populism may do well at explaining American or European varieties of populist mobilization, but they fail to capture Kyrgyzstan’s experience. Thus, drawing on ideational theory that emphasizes the interplay between populist attitudes, elite rhetoric, and contextual factors, this study employs World Values Survey (WVS) data from 2003, 2011, and 2020—three pivotal pre-revolutionary or post-revolutionary periods. This allows for the investigation of not only the changes in attitudes but also crucial contextual factors that determined the outcome of the October Revolution. The findings show that, on the demand-side, populist ideas have always been widespread, but required specific material conditions, including explosive corruption scandals and the COVID-19 crisis, and populist cues from the supply-side to become activated.

Weather, climate change, and transport: a review

Transportation is affected by weather and extreme weather events, and there is evidence that heatwaves, heavy precipitation, storms, wildfires, and floods increasingly affect transport infrastructures, operations, and travel behavior. Climate change is expected to reinforce this trend, as mean weather parameters change, and the frequency and intensity of extreme events increases. This paper summarizes interrelationships of weather and transport for different transport modes from both supply and demand side perspectives on the basis of a literature review. To further explore the complexity of these interrelationships, it also evaluates news items (n = 839) in a sample of global media news outlets covering the world and population-dense world regions. Results confirm that extreme events have become disruptive of transport systems at the micro and macro scale, also affecting transport behavior. There are implications for environment, economy, technology, health, and society. Interrelationships are illustrated and discussed: Climatic impact drivers can be expected to increase transport vulnerabilities and risks, and have relevance for transport planning and adaptation.

THE REPUBLICAN TRUMP VOTER

With its emphasis on anti‐immigration rhetoric and actions, protectionism, as well as populism, Donald Trump has transformed the Republican Party into a party that closely resembles populist radical right‐wing parties in Europe. In this article, we first illustrate how the Republican Party has transformed into a radical right‐wing party. Second, we examine the degree to which the Trump voter has the same or similar characteristics as the prototypical radical right‐wing voter. To do so, we compare some key features of voters for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and Trump voters. Through original survey research, we find that the two voter types are alike. Both AfD and Trump voters espouse anti‐immigrant sentiment, reject globalization, and position themselves on the right on a left‐right ideological scale. This implies that, both from a supply and demand side perspective, the Trump Republican Party has become a prototypical radical right‐wing party.

Multidomain and multilevel strategies to improve equity in maternal and newborn health services in Nepal: perspectives of health managers and policymakers

BackgroundNepal has committed to achieving universal coverage of quality maternal and newborn health (MNH) services by 2030. Achieving this, however, requires urgently addressing the widening inequity gradient in MNH care utilisation. This qualitative study examined the multidomain systemic and organisational challenges, operating in multi-level health systems, that influence equitable access to MNH services in Nepal.MethodsTwenty-eight in-depth interviews were conducted with health policymakers and program managers to understand supply-side perspectives of drivers of inequity in MNH services. Braun and Clarke’s thematic approach was employed in analysing the data. Themes were generated and explained using a multidomain (structural, intermediary, and health system) and multi-level (micro, meso and macro) analytical framework.ResultsParticipants identified underlying factors that intersect at the micro, meso and macro levels of the health system to create inequity in MNH services. Key challenges identified at the macro (federal) level included corruption and poor accountability, weak digital governance and institutionalisation of policies, politicisation of the health workforce, poor regulation of private MNH services, weak health management, and lack of integration of health in all policies. At the meso (provincial) level, identified factors included weak decentralisation, inadequate evidence-based planning, lack of contextualizing health services for the population, and non-health sector policies. Challenges at the micro (local) level were poor quality health care, inadequate empowerment in household decision making and lack of community participation. Structural drivers operated mostly at macro-level political factors; intermediary challenges were within the non-health sector but influenced supply and demand sides of health systems.ConclusionsMultidomain systemic and organisational challenges, operating in multi-level health systems, influence the provision of equitable health services in Nepal. Policy reforms and institutional arrangements that align with the country’s federalised health system are needed to narrow the gap. Such reform efforts should include policy and strategic reforms at the federal level, contextualisation of macro-policies at the provincial level, and context-specific health service delivery at the local level. Macro-level policies should be guided by political commitment and strong accountability, including a policy framework for regulating private health services. The decentralisation of power, resources, and institutions at the provincial level is essential for technical support to the local health systems. Integrating health in all policies and implementation is critical in addressing contextual social determinants of health.

Levels and determinants of quality antenatal care in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey.

Assessing the quality of antenatal care (ANC) is imperative for improving care provisions during pregnancy to ensure the health of mother and baby. In Bangladesh, there is a dearth of research on ANC quality using nationally representative data to understand its levels and determinants. Thus, the current study aimed to assess ANC quality and identify the sociodemographic factors associated with the usage of quality ANC services in Bangladesh. Secondary data analysis was conducted using the last two Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHSs) from 2014 and 2017-18. A total of 8,277 ever-married women were included in the analysis (3,631 from 2014 and 4,646 from 2017-18). The quality ANC index was constructed using a principal component analysis on the following ANC components: weight and blood pressure measurements, blood and urine test results, counselling about pregnancy complications and completion of a minimum of four ANC visits, one of which was performed by a medically trained provider. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the strength of the association. The percentage of mothers who received all components of quality ANC increased from about 13% in 2014 to 18% in 2017-18 (p < 0.001). Women from the poorest group, those in rural areas, with no education, a high birth order and no media exposure were less likely to receive high-quality ANC than those from the richest group, those from urban areas, with a higher level of education, a low birth order and media exposure, respectively. Although the quality of ANC improved from 2014 to 2017-18, it remains poor in Bangladesh. Therefore, there is a need to develop targeted interventions for different socio-demographic groups to improve the overall quality of ANC. Future interventions should address both the demand and supply-side perspectives.

Unveiling technological innovation in hospitality and tourism through patent data: Development perspective and competition landscaping

This study fills a gap in the literature by focusing on hospitality and tourism technology development (supply-side perspective) rather than technological adoption (demand-side perspective). Drawing on US patent data, we focus on three main technology areas: travel agencies, hotels and restaurants, and online reservations. With a dataset of 88,344 patents granted to 13,696 assignees since 1966, we study hospitality and tourism-related technologies under the three fields. Using the machine learning-based text analytics, we analyze the classes of patents invented in each sector. We also map technological competition landscapes in the three domains in terms of innovation quality (PageRank centrality) and quantity (patent volume) and discover leading/following firms.

Disparities in readiness of health facilities to provide long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) and permanent methods (PMs) in Bangladesh

The considerable success of Bangladesh's family planning programs Slowed in recent years due to the low utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) and permanent methods (PMs). The low uptake persists despite the fact that these methods are proven to be highly effective in preventing unplanned pregnancies and lowering maternal deaths. This situation causes a daunting challenge for the country to attain sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030. The current study provides new insights into the status of LARCs and PMs availability in Bangladesh from the supply-side perspective. The main objective of this study was to assess the readiness of health facilities to provide all LARCs and all PMs in Bangladesh. To assess service readiness, we examined variations in facility types and regions, using data from the Bangladesh Health facility Survey (BHFS) 2017. Out of a total of 1054 health facilities assessed, government health facilities manifested higher availability of items of general service readiness for LARCs and PMs compared to private health facilities. Service readiness included domains including staff and guidelines, equipment, and medicine. Logistic regression models of readiness of LARCs, PMs, and combined LARCs-PMs showed significant variations by facility types and regions. Moreover, the findings of this study highlighted that, Bangladesh government facilities, irrespective of region, were more likely to be ready to provide combined LARCs-PMs, LARCs, and PMs individually than private health facilities. Looking more closely at the overall readiness within private health facilities, we found that it was better in rural areas than in urban areas. The findings of this study provide a basis to develop recommend strategic approaches to family planning programs, investment priorities in family planning services and, training for service providers to reduce regional inequality and disparities by facility types in Bangladesh.

Doctoral Programs in Entrepreneurship: Building Cognitive Apprenticeships

This paper applies a supply-side perspective to entrepreneurship education research and explores the socialization process for students in entrepreneurship doctoral programs in the United States (US). It presents the challenges facing higher education regarding how academia prepares future professors to teach. The paper proceeds to build a new model by integrating concepts of cognitive apprenticeship with theories of socialization and considers how it can be used to address these concerns. Our research questions explore different types and stages of socialization, and our theory development presents a combined framework integrating socialization with cognitive apprenticeship. The paper then introduces the methodology for the study, a tripartite design that uses marketing documents/websites, as well as behavioral event and perception interviews. It discusses the results of the data as they relate to an ideal cognitive apprenticeship model. The work illustrates that there is much to do to improve educator development in doctoral programs. We discuss the conceptual contributions of our work illustrating the value of our model in entrepreneurship education, as well as highlighting its value in other research contexts. Seven recommendations are presented, intended to help enhance the way US programs in entrepreneurship embed the cognitive apprenticeship of educators into the learning process for future professors. Our primary contribution is to demonstrate how a cognitive apprenticeship model can be used to address entrepreneurship educator development concerns in doctoral programs, while avoiding significant changes or unreasonable investments in existing programs.

Seasonality of flights in China: Spatial heterogeneity and its determinants

Seasonality is an essential issue for service industries but lacks the attention of most transport scholars. To close this gap, this study explored the spatial heterogeneity and determinants of flight seasonality from a supply-side perspective, using the monthly flights of 222 airports in China during 2018 as a sample. The following conclusions were drawn. First, domestic flights in China face seasonality due to the country's vast territory and diverse natural environment. Second, from an airport perspective, seasonality is high in small airports serving remote places and in cities that are tourism destinations. Third, from a route perspective, feeder routes in the air transport network of China face higher seasonality when compared to trunk routes. Finally, airport size and a mix of natural landscape factors shape domestic flight seasonality at the national level. At the local level, most factors (e.g., airport size and temperature) are more evident in the northwest region.

Measurement and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emissions of China’s Livestock Husbandry in the Post-COVID-19 Era—Based on the Supply-Side Perspective

The strategy of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” and the COVID-19 pandemic have become dual challenges for the high-quality development of livestock husbandry. This paper takes the carbon emissions in China’s livestock husbandry as the research object and uses the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 coefficient to measure the total carbon emissions and carbon intensity of the industry in 2008–2019. Taking the above two elements as explained variables respectively and using the two-way fixed effects model (FE-TW) that controls time and space effects, this paper specifically examines the effects of various factors in the supply side of livestock husbandry on the explained variables, and further examines the role of technology structure and scale structure. According to our measurement, total carbon emissions showed an inverted U-shaped change and carbon intensity declines in an M-shaped curve during the study period. Both total carbon emissions and carbon intensity are composed mainly of CH4 that is primarily generated by grass-fed livestock industries with spatial distribution patterns of “hill” and “cliff”, respectively, while the spatial expression of these two factors is related to the distribution of grain areas. As the test on supply side factors shows, the carbon emissions of livestock husbandry are apparently affected by its land structure, breeding structure, technical level and scale level, but the impact of the level of human capital and mechanization is not as significant as that of technological structure and scale structure. Combining the empirical results and the special background of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper aims to provide more targeted suggestions for livestock husbandry development and carbon reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic period. It also aims to offer a reference for the promotion of green and high-quality development of livestock husbandry and the completion of the task of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. This study will help policy makers to clarify the goal of reducing carbon emissions in animal husbandry and optimize and improve the corresponding industrial and technological policies.

Financial inclusion demand-side determinants: analysis from Egypt

PurposeMost research studies have examined financial inclusion from a supply-side perspective, which measures access and usage of formal financial services by banking outreach indicators, the number of borrowers and the availability of other financial services in a given area. However, this approach is often insufficient to nuance the degree of financial exclusion faced by segments of the population. This study's overall objective is to empirically examine demand-side determinants of financial inclusion.Design/methodology/approachThis research examines the impact of these variables on the level to which an individual is financially included. Notably, the metric employed goes beyond the basic ownership of a bank account and measures the usage of financial services rather than just access. Quantitative data were collected through self-administered surveys targeting 456 individuals in Egypt in order to test the proposed hypotheses. Three different econometric models were tested using regression analysis.FindingsThe findings imply an insignificant relationship between financial literacy and financial inclusion. Results suggest that financial exclusion is associated with low trust in financial institutions, low-income level, low education level and being elderly, with a more substantial influence on income and education.Originality/valueEgypt suffers from a lack of up-to-date demand-side data and data available at hand allow us to know very little about the factors underpinning financial inclusion. This study is contributing demand-side, up-to-date primary data, that provides multiple insights for Egypt regarding the subject, which helps provide answers and suggestions to policy implications.

Importance–performance analysis of olive oil tourism activities: Differences between national and international tourists

Olive oil tourism offers enormous potential in rural areas where extra virgin olive oil is produced. This sector is characterized by the high seasonality of its economic activity (from November to February), which generates huge inequalities between rural and urban areas, leading to high rates of unemployment and depopulation due to the lack of stable work throughout the year. The set of activities that revolve around olive oil tourism help to structure the offer and generate satisfaction with the service. This could generate a constant flow of income throughout the year and complement agricultural activity, thus reducing the seasonality problems mentioned above. In this respect, the configuration of these olive oil tourism activities represents a challenge from the supply-side perspective, especially if we take into account the differences that may arise between different groups of tourists. This article seeks to analyse and structure the main olive oil tourism activities using Importance-Performance (I-P) analysis in relation to national and international tourists’ satisfaction. The aim is to select and structure the key activities in the supply of olive oil tourism, and determine which need to be improved in order to offer a better service. These key activities differ between the two study target audiences, where a higher requirement is observed on the part of international tourists, so a series of strategies are recommended to help the management of these destinations.

Dynamics of demand-side and supply-side responses to front-of-pack nutrition labels: a narrative review

AbstractThe European Union (EU) food market is characterised by the presence of several front-of-pack nutrition labels (FOPLs), some of which have only been introduced lately. While the EU Commission proposed to harmonise and possibly mandate the use of FOPLs, agreement on which label to adopt has not been reached. This review explores the main issues related to the adoption of FOPLs from both the demand-side and the supply-side perspective with the aim of providing an updated evidence-based road map for the development of future studies that can contribute to extend scientific evidence and guide future food policies.

A Competitive Advantage Model for Indonesia’s Sustainable Tourism Destinations from Supply and Demand Side Perspectives

Indonesia is a multicultural country with a diversity of flora and fauna, which makes Indonesia one of the most attractive tourist destinations in the world. In 2019, the Indonesian tourism industry became the second-largest foreign exchange contributor. However, there is not yet a competitive advantage model for tourist destinations that are in accordance with the unique geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of Indonesia. The aim and novelty of this research is to formulate a competitive advantage model for Indonesian tourist destinations by providing dimensions/indicators based on an analysis of the intersection of the supply side and demand sides of the six super-priority destinations. This study used mixed research methods; data analysis was carried out using the Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and the Measurement model using SmartPLS 3 software. The data were obtained from 190 respondents from the supply side and 808 respondents from the demand side using multistage sampling techniques. The study provides 63 indicators in 12 dimensions of competitive advantage for Indonesian tourist destinations. Thus, these indicators are able to provide more efficient guidance to stakeholders in managing cost-effective strategies to improve the competitive advantage of their tourist destinations.

Mediation Role of Destination Brand Patriotism in Social Media Brand Engagement and Destination Brand Value Co-creation: Local Residents’ Perspective in the Tourism Sector in Tanzania

ABSTRACT The study is an attempt to advance knowledge on the supply-side perspective of destination branding using a bottom-up approach. The study proposed and tested a model that examines the role of social media brand engagement in enhancing destination brand value co-creation via destination brand patriotism. The proposed model was tested empirically among 499 local residents using structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that social media brand engagement influences destination brand value co-creation via destination brand patriotism. Therefore, the findings suggest that destinations can use social media to engage local residents in destination brand value co-creation as brand value co-creators.

Strategic Deployment of UN Political Missions to Replace UN Peacekeeping Operations: The Demand and Supply Sides of Transition Logic

ABSTRACT Although United Nations peacekeeping operations (UN PKOs) produce positive outcomes for peace, some missions are strategically replaced by cheaper and smaller UN political missions (PMs). This article explores why certain peacekeepers are replaced by UN PMs and unpacks the exit strategy of UN PKOs. The logic of demand-side and supply-side perspectives is evaluated using data on the deployment of UN peacekeepers and UN PMs in post-civil war countries between 1993 and 2016. Signing comprehensive peace agreements (CPAs) increases the chances of UN PKOs being replaced by UN PMs because as the willingness to develop politically increases, the demand for civilian personnel after demilitarization also rises. On the supply side, as the preferences of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council concerning target states become more heterogenous, UN PKOs are more likely to be replaced by UN PMs because coordination problems encourage members to choose less burdensome missions.

Family firms, productivity and input specificity: An empirical assessment of Italian firms’ sourcing

ABSTRACT This paper provides an empirical assessment of Italian firms’ sourcing. Combining the international economics literature on global sourcing with the family business and international business literature on family firms (FFs)’ internationalization, we build a comprehensive framework in which sourcing is shaped by location (domestic versus foreign sourcing) and ownership (integration versus outsourcing) decisions. Relying on a new firm-level, cross-sectional dataset on a stratified sample of Italian manufacturing firms, we address the relationship between sourcing and various firm-level features. Our probit and multinomial probit estimates highlight family presence in ownership and control, total factor productivity and reliance on specific inputs as the main drivers of sourcing. While playing little role in shaping the ownership decision, both FF status and total factor productivity affect location choices, fostering domestic and foreign sourcing, respectively. Conversely, reliance on specific inputs is key in orienting the ownership decision, promoting integration over outsourcing. Our study contributes to the international economics literature on global sourcing by studying factors other than productivity and input specificity that affect input procurement; moreover, it contributes to the family business and international business literature on FFs’ internationalization by taking a supply-side perspective and investigating sourcing through the interplay between location and ownership choices.

The Changing Role of Student Housing as Social Infrastructure

The role of student housing within social infrastructure provision is arguably overlooked. This is a vital issue, as purpose-built student accommodation provides a significant stock of affordable accommodation for students in European university cities while also supporting their social integration in the urban environment. Although an increasing involvement of for-profit student home developers and providers has been diversifying the landscape of student housing across European university cities in the last decade, this change has been mainly associated with the internationalisation of students’ mobility and the financialisation processes driven by private investors. Subsequently, this article expands these supply and demand side perspectives by localising student housing as social infrastructure. Using Vienna as a case study, the authors mapped purpose-built student accommodation locations and conducted qualitative interviews to analyse recent changes in the provision of student housing and to discuss its implications for the social dimension of purpose-built student accommodation. Accordingly, the respective analysis identifies different logics of student housing providers concerning expansion plans and housing quality, which, in turn, affect the function of student housing as social infrastructure. As a result, this article emphasises the need to critically reflect on the overlooked role of student housing as social infrastructure and the role of public actors as well as their policies in the financialisation of purpose-built student accommodation.

MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ACCESS TO FINANCE CHALLENGES IN SUPPLY SIDE PERSPECTIVE IN ETHIOPIA

Empirical evidence shows that the contribution of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Empirical evidence shows that the contribution of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to gross domestic product growth, job creation, and poverty alleviation is high. Because of limited access to finance and other factors, a significant number of MSMEs, particularly in developing countries, cannot realize their full potential. The study investigates the micro, small, and medium enterprises' access to finance challenges from the supply-side perspective in Ethiopia. The study employed descriptive analysis using survey data collected from purposely selected 11 banks and 9 micro-finance institutions (MFI). The results show that the lack of collateral, unavailability of financial records, poor pre-loan savings, low loan repayment rate, business feasibility problems, credit information asymmetry, attitudinal problems of the MSMEs, and diversion of the loan are demand-side constraints. From the financial institution’s perspective, the result shows that the liquidity problem, the influence of unfair competition from government banks, the lack of competent human resources, political leaders’ intervention, especially in MFI, corruption, the COVID-19 pandemic, political instability, and inadequate capital are major obstacles. Macroeconomic conditions related to challenges such as foreign exchange shortages, inflation, and trade imbalances are also mentioned as major obstacles. According to the findings of this study, designing and implementing business skill development in mindset, business planning, business bookkeeping, and financial reports can help MSMEs access loans. For financial institutions, the study suggests cash flow-based lending products, applying psychometric testing for credit scoring, improving the governance of the government-affiliated MFIs, and automating the MFIs.

China–Japan Competition in Infrastructure Investment in Southeast Asia: A Two-Level Analysis

The article examines to what extent China and Japan compete in infrastructure investment in Southeast Asia. At the state level, China pursues more geo-economic goals whereas Japan seeks more mercantilist objectives, which mitigates their competition to a substantial extent. At the institutional level, the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Japan-led Asian Development Bank (ADB) compete for potentially valuable infrastructure projects in Southeast Asia from the supply-side perspective. It is necessary and sensible for the AIIB to cooperate with other multilateral development banks (MDBs), including the ADB. That the AIIB keeps a low profile, other MDBs accommodate the AIIB’s preference, and the non-condition principle catalyses the cooperation between the AIIB and other MDBs. Therefore, there is no need to be alarmed by the competition in infrastructure investment in Southeast Asia between China and Japan because there are still possibilities for China-led AIIB and Japan-led ADB to cooperate at the institutional level.