Supply Plant Research Articles

Production Stage and Risk Identification on Asphalt Mixing Plant in Bali

Cost, quality and time are an important performance indicators in the project success. To achieve these objectives various risks are faced in each project life cycle. One of these risks is supply chain risk, which must be managed properly, doe to the uncertainty in this activity. There are still many companies that do not understand the importance of supply chains, so they often become obstacles in achieving project goals This study aims to identify risk factors in each stage of supply chain activities, in road infrastructure in Bali Province. Data were collected from questionnaire survey, interviews and focus group discussion from 15 units asphalt mixing plant supplier in Bali, who understand supply chain issues, especially in road infrastructure work in the province of Bali. The results of research on risk is firstly AMP production processes identified as a field of manufacturing industry that produces hot asphalt used in infrastructure projects in Bali. This research was conducted at the AMP unit found in Bali. From research, the production process and AMP business are based on Supply, Input, Process, Output and Customer activities. (SIPOC). After the activities contained in the Asphalt production process, it is known that further risks can be identified. Second identity the risk on SIPOC process.

The effect of fertilization and plant protection in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production

Sunflower is the most important oil crop in Europe which is grown on the biggest area of all the oil crops. The area of producing sunflowers in Hungary was changing to 524–704 thousand hectares in the past decade in comparison with approximately 100 thousand hectares in the 1970’s. In our experiment different sunflower hybrids were examined. The doses of fertilizers were the following in 2017 and 2018: 0–30–90–150 kg ha-1 N, 0-50-90-90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 0–70–110–110 kg ha-1 K2O. Three different treatments of plant protection were used in the experiment to protect them from fungal infections. A rise in the dosage of nitrogen resulted in increasing infection. The biggest fungal infection was identified in 150 kg ha-1 N, 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 110 kg ha-1 K2O treatment. The largest infection was measured on plots without plant protection at the highest N doses, both in leaf and disc diseases. We measured the highest 41.25% in 2017 and 53.1% in 2018 Diaporthe helianthi infection, and 24.5% in 2017 and 25.5 % in 2018 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum disc infection in these plots. kg ha-1
 Average yield was changing between 2.96–4.67 t ha-1 in 2017/2018. The lowest yield was obtained in the absolute control plot (without plant protection and without nutrient) in both years, which was 2.96 t ha-1 in 2017 and 3.14 t ha-1. The yields increased due to growing nutrient supply and excellent plant protection. The highest yields were 3.67 t ha-1 in 2017 and 4.67 t ha-1 in 2018 (150 kg ha-1 N, 90 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 110 kg K2O active substance). Purpose of the experiment at analysing the impact of different treatments on the profitability of sunflower production.

Uso de plantas aromáticas en el sector turismo en Tulum, Quintana Roo, México para la identificación de nuevos nichos productivos en la región

El sector de turismo más dinámico en Tulum, Quintana Roo, se encuentra vinculado a la provisión de servicios de salud, relajación, espiritualidad y el entorno natural; por consiguiente, con un importante uso de plantas aromáticas. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de la adquisición y uso de éstas por parte de quienes ofrecen dichos servicios a los turistas. Por ello, en esta investigación se analizó información proveniente de terapeutas, instructores y elaboradores de productos naturales a fin de identificar las plantas aromáticas utilizadas en este sector en Tulum, Quintana Roo. Los resultados mostraron que las especies más usadas para los servicios turísticos son: menta, albahaca y ruda. Además, la prueba Chi cuadrada permitió identificar una asociación entre el tipo de servicio ofrecido a los turistas y 1) el proveedor a quien se compra la planta, así como, 2) la época de uso de la planta Se encontró que los servicios de yoga son quienes tienen más diversidad proveedores de plantas, son quienes más compran éstas a las comunidades mayas y junto con los servicios terapéuticos promueven el autocultivo. Asimismo, se encontró variabilidad de la época de consumo respecto a los diferentes tipos de servicios incluidos en el estudio.

Local perceptions and factors determining ecosystem services identification around two forest reserves in Northern Benin

BackgroundEcosystems provide humanity with goods and services known as ecosystem services. The value of these services represents a basis for political decision-making. To be sure that these decisions are made on a valid basis, policymakers require an understanding of the biophysical processes involved. This study was carried out around two forest reserves (Alibori-Supérieur and Ouénou-Bénou) in Northern Benin. It aimed to highlight the knowledge of the surrounding communities and their perceptions about the importance of the ecosystem services provided by these forest reserves as well as the factors that influence their knowledge and perceptions.MethodsPrimary data were collected from 25 group discussions in 25 villages surrounding the forest reserves based on predefined ecosystems services of the Millennium Ecosystems Assessment (MA). Multiple linear regression models were used to examine how socio-economic characteristics of the communities influenced the ecosystem services identification rate. Perceptions of importance, levels of satisfaction, and trends of services provided were analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsOur results showed that education level, poverty index, household size, and proximity to forests played an important role in the variation in knowledge of ecosystem services (P < 0.05). Provisioning services (such as crops supply, fuelwood, lumber, wild food, and medicinal plants) were mostly identified by the poorest villages located very close to the forests (P < 0.05). The importance of the provided services for well-being has been unanimously recognized. The most recognized cultural services were education and knowledge facilitation (84%) and spiritual value (76%). Climate regulation (84%) and pollination (84%) were the best-known regulating services. However, supporting services (soil formation and pest regulation) that are important for improving production systems were unknown to the communities.ConclusionEducation level, poverty index, and village proximity to the forest were important predictors of regulating and supporting services identification. But use of non-tangible services by local rural communities will require more emphasis on targeted environmental education specifically designed according to the needs of each group.

Demand Side Load Management for Big Industrial Energy Users Under Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Electricity Market

Blockchain is the key technology of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and it is one of the most exciting technologies changing the world as of late. Targeting at big industrial energy users, this paper first presents a new market structure (i.e., transaction rules) under existing blockchain-based electricity transaction platforms to cover popular types of markets such as contract, day-ahead, adjustment and balancing markets; and then focuses on the optimal load management problem for a particular industrial user. The proof-of-work cost from blockchain is also modeled. A key feature of this load management problem is that the user has direct control on its own load. The obtained load control model is much more accurate than existing approaches in which system operators or demand aggregators cannot control load directly and have to rely on inaccurate estimations. As a case study, the pumping load of a water supply plant is investigated to illustrate how the demand load is managed under this blockchain-based market. From the case study, it is found that 18.9% of total cost can be saved under this new market structure.

Go Global or Stay Local? Understanding How Fiscal Incentives Reshape Supply Networks

Abstract This study investigates the way firms reconfigure their supply base and reshape their production network to capture value from Free Trade Zone incentives to capture value from incentives. Six production networks located in Manaus, Brazil are analyzed using the Global Production Network framework and factors related to plant type and supplier relationships. A multiple case study was conducted. Data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews administered in loco, and the selected the firms were leaders in three different industries: transportation, mechanical assembly and chemicals. The results indicate that, if effectively applied, incentives can impact production network configuration from an embeddedness perspective, causing a firm to change its strategic role. Based on the analysis, we propose five propositions that challenge the relationships among autonomy, value creation, plant types and levels of embeddedness. The propositions are particularly useful for suppliers and distributors, as well as public agencies, including infrastructure providers and policymakers.

Phosphorus Removal Performance and Mechanism of Modified Zeolite Using Alum Sludge Acidified Extraction Liquid

To improve the capacity for phosphorus removal and to reduce the cost of treatment, alum sludge from a water supply plant was obtained to prepare modified zeolite coated with layered double hydroxide (LDHs), which was synthesized using an acidified extraction liquid. The surface characteristics and chemical composition of raw zeolites, Al-Zn modified zeolites, and alum sludge modified zeolites were determined, and the isothermal adsorption and adsorption kinetics were analyzed. The performance and mechanism of phosphorus removal by the alum sludge modified zeolites were evaluated. The results showed that the optimum conditions for acidification extraction were 60 min treatment time, 150 r·min-1, and pH 1.0, which achieved 77 mg aluminum extraction rate per gram of alum sludge. Compared to raw zeolites, the maximum saturated adsorption capacity and the desorption performance of the zeolites were significantly increased by this modification. In addition, the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of alum sludge modified zeolites was increased from 30.24 mg·kg-1 to 170.40 mg·kg-1. The modification changed the main mode of phosphate adsorption by zeolite from physical adsorption to chemical adsorption. Alum sludge modification could improve the efficiency of phosphate adsorption and the regeneration capacity of zeolite, which could reduce the risk of water eutrophication caused by high phosphate concentrations, and could achieve the purpose of waste control by waste.

Optimization of the hydraulic performance and integration of a heat storage in the geothermal and waste-to-energy district heating system of Ferrara

District heating is an effective way to increase the share of renewables in the thermal energy sector. The district heating network (DHN) of the municipality of Ferrara in northern Italy uses a geothermal reservoir at a depth of 1 km supplying hot water at 100 °C. Besides geothermal energy, the overall annual thermal demand of 170 GWh is covered by a combined heat and power (CHP) plant fed by municipal solid waste (MSW), and by auxiliary natural gas boilers. A short-term thermal energy storage having a useful capacity of 45 MWh decouples the heat production plants from the distribution network. An advanced monitoring and control system has been recently implemented to supply a high-level service to the customers connected to the network, searching for the maximum electricity saving by reducing the supply pressure of the pumping station, and targeting the maximum natural gas saving by a proper production programming of the heat supply plants. The paper describes the main design and operational features of the district heating system, and shows how the improved operation was successful in reducing the electricity and natural gas consumption. The new pressure management consists in monitoring the differential pressure in many substations, especially those located at the periphery of the network, and adjusting the water supply pressure in order to fulfil the minimum differential pressure at the most critical substation. The modified production scheduling consists in keeping using the geothermal energy and waste-to-energy plants in periods of low thermal demand and low electricity prices to daily charge the storage system. Experimental data measured in the first months of improved operation show a high saving potential of electric power for pumping equal to 400 MWh/year, which represents a saving of 30% compared to the previous “manual” optimization of the hydraulic performance. Moreover, the enhanced storage operation enables a saving of 7000 MWh/year of energy from natural gas, which finally contributes for only 11% to the annual heat demand. The calculated payback time of only a few years shows the high cost saving potential of these energy conservation measures in such systems.

Wastewater-grown Algae Pellets and Paste as Fertilizers for Containerized Crops

Drawbacks of traditional synthetic fertilizer led us to explore a biologically based (bio-based) alternative. Our objective was to quantify the efficacy of wastewater-grown algae pellets and pastes harvested from rotating algal biofilm systems as fertilizers for three crops, ‘Honeycomb’ marigold (Tagetes patula L.), ‘Beefsteak’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and ‘Ambrosia’ sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Factorial experiments were designed for each crop with fertilizer type (algae pellets, algae paste, a synthetic controlled-release fertilizer, or a commercially available bio-based fertilizer from wastewater treatment) and substrate (commercial or custom-made) as factors. Shoot growth, shoot nutrient concentration, and substrate pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were affected by fertilizer, substrate, or their interaction. Algae pellets and paste supplied nutrients to all three species effectively, increasing shoot size, dry weight, perceived health, and nutrient concentrations compared with unfertilized controls. Notwithstanding some variability among crops, performance of algal materials was similar to that of the synthetic fertilizer and better than that of the commercial bio-based fertilizer. As a bio-based fertilizer that supplies plants with recycled nutrients sequestered from wastewater, wastewater-grown algae can reduce the impacts of mineral nutrition management in container-crop production by partially supplanting synthetic fertilizer use.

Simulation analysis of an innovative micro-solar 2kWe Organic Rankine Cycle plant coupled with a multi-apartments building for domestic hot water supply

Abstract Combined heat and power plants driven by renewable energy sources (RES) are becoming more and more popular, given the energy transition towards the integration of more renewable energy sources in the power generation mix. In this paper an innovative micro-solar 2kWe/18kWth Organic Rankine Cycle system, which is being developed by the consortium of several Universities and industrial organizations, with the funding from EU under the Innova MicroSolar project, is considered. In particular, its application to supply electricity and thermal energy for Domestic Hot Water (DHW) in a residential building is investigated by means of simulation analysis. Different Domestic Hot Water supply plant configurations are evaluated and the design parameters are varied in order to determine the best configuration to recover as much energy as possible from the ORC, while maintaining the final users’ comfort. It was found out that with the considered plant around 67% of the Domestic Hot Water energy demand of 15 apartments can be satisfied with a water storage tank of 10’000 liters. However, in order to always guarantee the supply water temperature, a back-up boiler, which serves directly the final users when needed, is requested.

Sustainable Reuse of Groundwater Treatment Iron Sludge for Organic Matter Removal from River Neris Water

The most important advances in sustainability in the water industry are focused on the reuse of water treatment sludge. The Antaviliai Water Supply Plant, which is located in Lithuania, treats groundwater by removing iron and manganese from it. This technology does not produce water waste, as the iron sludge is used for recycling. In this study, iron sludge received from groundwater treatment is used to remove natural organic matter from river Neris water, which can be used as drinking water. Twelve doses (from 1 to 6 g/L and from 0.1 g/L to 0.9 g/L) of iron sludge powder, with acid and without it, were used. The most effective removal of organic compounds (55.51%) and reduction in water colour (53.12%) were observed when 0.3 g of iron sludge powder and 8 ml of 0.95% H2SO4 solution were added to the tested water. It was found that the use of a conventional coagulant (Al2(SO4)3*17H2O), with and without iron sludge powder, decreased the concentration of organic compounds and water colour from 2.8 to 28.2% compared with the use of a pure coagulant (Al2(SO4)3*17H2O) alone..

Biological and Physical Effects of Brine Discharge from the Carlsbad Desalination Plant and Implications for Future Desalination Plant Constructions

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination is increasingly used as a technology for addressing shortages of freshwater supply and desalination plants are in operation or being planned world-wide and specifically in California, USA. However, the effects of continuous discharge of high-salinity brine into coastal environments are ill-constrained and in California are an issue of public debate. We collected in situ measurements of water chemistry and biological indicators in coastal waters (up to ~2 km from shore) before and after the newly constructed Carlsbad Desalination Plant (Carlsbad, CA, USA) began operations. A bottom water salinity anomaly indicates that the spatial footprint of the brine discharge plume extended about 600 m offshore with salinity up to 2.7 units above ambient (33.2). This exceeds the maximum salinity permitted for this location based on the California Ocean Plan (2015 Amendment to Water Quality Control Plan). However, no significant changes in the assessed biological indicators (benthic macrofauna, BOPA-index, brittle-star survival and growth) were observed at the discharge site. A model of mean ocean wave potential was used as an indicator of coastal mixing at Carlsbad Beach and at other locations in southern and central CA where desalination facilities are proposed. Our results indicated that to minimize environmental impacts discharge should target waters where a long history of anthropogenic activity has already compromised the natural setting. To ensure adequate mixing of the discharge brine desalination plants should be constructed at high-energy sites with sandy substrates, and discharge through diffusor systems.

Wind-hydrogen standalone uninterrupted power supply plant for all-climate application

The paper reports about the project for powering the off grid standalone 3 kW power consumer in Arctic, which could be further replicated and scaled up to 50 kW power with minor changes. The project was targeted on the development of autonomous Wind-Hydrogen Powered Plant with the Wind Turbine for initial power generation and Hydrogen Module serving as Uninterruptible Power Supply, for universal usage in any point of the World including the cold zones of Arctic and Antarctic, deserts of Africa and isolated islands characterized by destructive sea salt fogs. At the same time, the equipment is clean, continuous operating, long-lasting and maximally reliable, with no polluting or greenhouse emissions.The components of the Power Plant are developed for the unified DC voltage with an option of adding more on the DC bus bar, scaling the power of the Plant up. It presents a flexibility and modularity in combination with the scalable Hydrogen Storage capacity suitable for different demands of distributed energy consumers including both residential and small business.The comprehensive analysis of the renewable energy sources and in particular wind turbines included the study of the main known types and classes. As a result, the choice was made in favor of proprietary design of innovative multi-tier scalable Vertical Axis Wind Turbine as a main power source, the uninterrupted supply part of which is based on the looped cycle Hydrogen Module containing Electrolyser Module, Fuel Cells Assembly System and Hydrogen Storage with communication and control equipment. The intelligent control algorithms optimize the operation of the Plant minimizing the start-stop cycling phases, stretching the servicing periods and extending the lifetime of the equipment. Remote control provides monitoring and managing all processes of power generation and hydrogen storage via Internet anytime, almost anywhere.The project has proved the presented equipment as long-live, reliable and environmentally friendly, as well as modular and flexible, easily scaled under consumer's control, covering the big power consumption range from personal to small business scale. The developed Power Plant is affordable for the remote energy consumers as the estimated equipment value is correlating with the cost of power line installation using no deep engineering or technological skills.

Розробка блок-схем установки замкнутого водопостачання для виробництва продукції аквакультури

The production of aquaculture products in closed water supply plants is becoming more widespread, and the volume of cultivation with such systems of freshwater fish is increasing. The use of closed water supply plants is the most promising global trend. When growing in closed water supply facilities, all parameters of the technological process are supported by automated devices, and the influence of natural factors on the process of the process is minimal. However, such systems require complex technological support, which needs constant improvement. When working in closed water supply plants, a precipitate is formed that needs to be recycled. It is expedient to utilize these sediments using methods that allow to receive additional heat and electricity for the needs of closed water supply plants in the production of aquaculture. On the basis of generalization and analysis of literary sources, it was found that the average value of the coefficient of conversion of mixed fodder during fattening of pigs is from 2.8 to 3.2 kg of feed per kg of weight gain. The average value of the coefficient of conversion of mixed fodder during fattening cattle is from 6.3 to 7.2 kg of feed per kg of weight gain. When growing broilers, the feed conversion rate is from 1.6 to 2 kg per kg of weight gain. The average value of the coefficient of conversion of mixed fodder during the cultivation of trout was 1.6 kg of feed per kg of weight gain, and at feeding sows &ndash; 1.2 kg of feed per kg of weight gain. The results of the development of block diagrams for the installation of closed water supply for the production of aquaculture with the provision of partial energy autonomy due to heat and electricity generated during the cogeneration of biogas generated during methane digestion of organic constituents of the sediment formed during the operation of the closed water supply system are presented

Optimisation of NGL rail car distribution

In this paper we address the optimisation of a rail-car natural gas liquids distribution and sales revenue supply chain. A network-based goal programming model is used to allocate rail cars to deliver contracted supply quantities from supply plants to regional demand terminals with different product prices. The planning horizon is one year broken down into months and includes futures prices of NGL products. The model incorporates terminal storage capacities, potential demurrage and detention constraints, and inventory carrying costs. The model integrates the distribution and transportation aspects of the problem. Results are reported for a Fortune 500 NGL company.

Optimisation of NGL rail car distribution

In this paper we address the optimisation of a rail-car natural gas liquids distribution and sales revenue supply chain. A network-based goal programming model is used to allocate rail cars to deliver contracted supply quantities from supply plants to regional demand terminals with different product prices. The planning horizon is one year broken down into months and includes futures prices of NGL products. The model incorporates terminal storage capacities, potential demurrage and detention constraints, and inventory carrying costs. The model integrates the distribution and transportation aspects of the problem. Results are reported for a Fortune 500 NGL company.

Distribution of odor and taste compounds in the lakes and reservoirs of Pearl River Delta and the removal efficiency in source discharges

采用固相微萃取-气质联用技术对珠江三角洲9个城市共48个湖库水体中的土臭素（GSM）、2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）和2，3，6-三氯苯甲醚（TCA）等5种嗅味物质进行检测，并探讨污水处理厂和自来水厂处理工艺中嗅味物质的浓度变化规律，同时研究强化混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果.结果表明：珠江三角洲湖库水体中嗅味问题最严重的是广州、佛山、肇庆、东莞、惠州和深圳6个城市，各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为70.93~116.61 ng/L；中山、珠海与江门3个城市的嗅味问题不明显，各市湖库的嗅味物质平均浓度为22.78~58.82 ng/L；珠江三角洲的湖库中浓度最高的嗅味物质是MIB、TCA和GSM，这3种嗅味物质占了嗅味物质总浓度的80.18%~100.00%；污水处理厂和自来水厂中的处理工艺对嗅味物质均有一定的去除效果，嗅味物质的去除主要发生在混凝沉淀阶段；污水处理厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为53.55%、57.40%和72.90%；自来水厂对MIB、TCA和GSM的平均去除率分别为64.14%、69.63%和36.86%；强化混凝沉淀实验中，当嗅味物质初始浓度为200 ng/L时，Al₂O₃投加量为13.75 mg/L可使得混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳且保证铝盐不超标，嗅味物质浓度增大时Al₂O₃投加量也需增大；反应体系的pH值处于5~8时，混凝沉淀工艺对嗅味物质的去除效果最佳；混凝搅拌速率越快，嗅味物质的去除率越高且越快达到稳定.;With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, residents put forward higher requirements for water quality, and pay more attention to odor and taste problem. Concentrations of odor and taste compounds in 48 lakes and reservoirs of 9 cities in Pearl River Delta were detected with the method of Solid Phase MicroExtraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) technique. The changes of odor and taste compounds concentrations along the water treatment processes of wastewater treatment plants and water supply plants, as well as the removal effect of odor and taste compounds by enhanced coagulation-sedimentation process were studied. The results showed that:the most serious stench problem was the lakes and reservoirs of Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing, Dongguan, Huizhou and Shenzhen. The average concentrations of odor and taste compounds in the lakes and reservoirs of these 6 cities were from 70.93 to 116.61 ng/L. And the stench problem was not obvious in the lakes and reservoirs of Zhongshan, Zhuhai and Jiangmen. The average concentrations of odor and taste compounds in the lakes and reservoirs of these 3 cities were from 22.78 to 58.82 ng/L. 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), 2,3,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) and Geosmin (GSM) were the main odor and taste compounds in all lakes and reservoirs, which accounted for 80.18%-100.00% of total odor and taste compounds. The water treatment progresses of wastewater treatment plants and water supply plants could considerably remove odor and taste compounds. Coagulation-sedimentation process had the greatest contribution to the removal of odor and taste compounds. In the wastewater treatment plants, the average removal rates of MIB, TCA and GSM were 53.55%, 57.40% and 72.90%, respectively. In the water supply plants, the average removal rates of MIB, TCA and GSM were 64.14%, 69.63% and 36.86%, respectively. In the enhanced coagulation-sedimentation experiment, for the initial concentrations of odor and taste compounds of 200 ng/L, coagulation-sedimentation process could reach the greatest removal effect of them, and aluminum was not excessive as well when the coagulant (Al₂O₃) dosage was 13.75 mg/L. When the concentrations of odor and taste compounds increase, the dosage of Al₂O₃ should increase, too. When the pH value of the reaction system was between 5 and 8, coagulation-sedimentation process could reach the greatest removal effect of odor and taste compounds. The faster the stirring rate of coagulation was, the higher the removal rate of odor and taste compounds reached, and the faster the stability reached.

Crete – Peloponnese 150kV AC Interconnection. Simulation Results for Transient Phenomena in Main Switches

Crete’s island is located in the Aegean Sea and the main island’s electrical energy is produced by its local power plants. The Electricity System of Crete is characterized by very high variable costs of production, by a large annual increase rate of the island’s load, by the difficulty in finding areas for the construction of new electric power plants and the low level of reliability of supply, especially in cases of power system failure. The usage of the enrich local potential of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) could be a simple solution in the problem, but the penetration of RES in the island’s generation is limited due to the technical constraints basically due to the fact that the RES cannot be used as primary electrical power supply plants. This paper illustrates an under deployment 150kV interconnection scheme, located in the mainland, in order to improve the environmental condition in the islands, to reduce the electricity cost, to exploit the high RES potential and to finally increase the security of supply. All the appropriate simulations have been done using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) software.

Ozone-Biological Activated Carbon for Advanced Removal of Typical Persistent Organic Pollutants from Micro-Polluted Source Water in the Yangtze Delta Region

Ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) was studied for the advanced removal of organics from micro-polluted source water in the water supply plant P located in J City in the Yangtze Delta Region. The results show that 19.2% of the permanganate index, 10.4% of total organic carbon, and 23.0% of UV254 were removed by the advanced treatment of O3-BAC. Eight types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), 16 types of organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), and five types of haloacetic acids (HAAs) were detected in the source water. The total concentrations were 53.9-100.0, 6.5-41.8, and 2.5×103-1.1×104 ng·L-1, respectively. The advanced O3-BAC treatment removed 32.5% of PAHs and 25.9% of OCPs, greatly improving the effluent of the conventional water supply process. However, HAAs were mainly removed with the conventional process, with a removal rate of 33.8%-87.0%. After the advanced treatment with O3-BAC, the amount of chloroacetic acid slightly decreased, while the concentration of bromoacetic acid slightly increased.

Exergy analysis of a heat supply system with a lower temperature of return delivery water

The questions of evaluation of energy efficiency of municipal heating and electric power supply systems based on the combined heat and power supply plant (CHPP) with a reduced temperature of return delivery water are considered in the paper. As a method of reducing the return delivery water temperature, using heat absorption transformers (HAT) at central heat supply stations operating as absorption heat-exchange facility was considered. The exergetic efficiency was chosen as an evaluation criterion, because, given the difference in kinds of energy in the system, it allows to perform both relative and absolute estimates of thermodynamic effectiveness as well as takes into account the losses from non-equilibrium of processes in the system. Results are given of HAT multiparameter analysis that were obtained on the basis of a developed mathematical model, the reliability of which was experimentally tested. During analysis of the heat supply system, one should take into account the influence of return delivery water temperature on consumption of heat-transfer agents and power consumptions on driving the recycling pumps in the heating network and pumps in the consumer network. Additional components are inntroduced into the equation for determining the exergetic efficiency of CHPP. The traditional heat supply system is compared to the central heat supply station and the new system with an absorption transformer AT (central heat supply station) for different temperatures of delivery water in the flow line. The relative correspondence method proposed by V. P. Motulevich was used for the comparative analysis. The results are analyzed by the following lines of the heat supply system: Source-AT (central heat supply station), SourceConsumer. In the Source-Consumer line, a considerable increase is shown of exergetic efficiency in the new system at a rather high temperature of delivery water in the flow line. This is due to variation of power consumption on driving the recycling pumps and the generator unit capacity gains. Turbine-generator set T-100-130TMZ is selected as a source.