Supply Pipeline Research Articles

Experimental Study on Leakage Pressure Drop of Simulated Airport Oil Supply Pipe Network

In order to simulate and study the change of pressure drop after the leakage of airport oil supply pipeline network, a set of simulation system of airport oil supply pipeline network leakage was built. The tightness of the system was tested based on the medium kerosene. The accuracy of the calculation model was verified quantitatively and qualitatively, and the leakage pressure drop calculation model under pressure and temperature was established. The results show that the tightness of the test system is good. Under the condition that the pressure remains unchanged, the leakage pressure difference decreases with the increase of temperature, which is consistent with the theory. The coefficient of determination of the data obtained from the test data and the calculation model can reach 0.9947, and the root mean square error can reach 0.0007075, with good accuracy.

Physicochemical Parameters in the Generation of Turbidity Episodes in a Water Supply Distribution System

Water is necessary for the development and support of human life. The ability of water to supply the different populations has different origins: water taken from river diversions, water from underground catchments, water from lakes and reservoirs, water from the recirculation of treated water, etc. Episodes of turbidity and color changes in the water supply in pipe distribution systems are non-isolated problems that occur in many cities and towns. In particular, sedimentation in water supply pipelines and the subsequent resuspension of these particles in the system have created the need to investigate the processes and variables that promote turbidity episodes, including why, when, and where these episodes occur. In this study, different physicochemical parameters were investigated and analyzed in the water supply distribution network of the city of La Coruña (northwest Spain) through a pipe monitoring panel under real operating conditions. The supply waters come from the Mero river basin, a basin made up of siliceous materials, a unique condition with respect to the majority of studies that have been carried out using waters coming from basins made of basic materials. In this case, the relationships between different variables were studied, including the number of particles, particle size, turbidity, color, concentration of particulate materials, and mineralogy. In this article, only those parameters that are better correlated have been noted. The results revealed a predominant relationship between color and the concentration and mineralogy of particulate materials, as well as between turbidity and the number and size of particles.

Microbial Degradation of Water Pipelines and Effects of Polluted Water on Human Health

The degradation of water supplies is linked with poor anthropogenic activities. This study determines that contamination of water supply occurs because of destabilization of pipe material and deposits in the water distribution system due to physiochemical and microbiological processes that have developed over decades and cause health issues (Hepatitis C, and GIT disorders) which result in the death rate of 3.4 million people over the globe. This study was conducted in Gujrat, Pakistan and the primary source of data collection was a survey questionnaire while secondary sources involved a comprehensive literature review. ANOVA test, Correlation, and reliability analysis were applied to test the variables. The results of this study revealed that contaminated water supplies, oxyhydroxide products of corrosion, the mixture of sewage, and industrial effluents were significantly associated with the contamination of water supplies. The findings of this study also explore the contamination of household store water (HSW), contaminated water supplies, and the mixture of sewage, and industrial effluents that were responsible for water contamination, whereas; the condition of underground water supply pipelines was very worse. The use of upgraded water supply systems and water purification technologies is a common global practice that would be useful to reduce water supply contamination. The findings of this study will contribute to the literature on water supply contamination, the framework of water quality parameters, and low-cost adaptable water treatment techniques.

The water hammer in the long-distance steam supply pipeline: a computational fluid dynamics simulation

In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation based on FLUENT software was performed to analyze the flow and heat transfer of the accident pipeline network in the water hammer burst accident of a thermal power plant in Jiangsu Province, China. Furthermore, the CFD simulation is also performed on the modified pipeline network to verify the effect of pipe network modification. The simulation results from the original accident pipeline show that in the accident pipeline, the steam velocity can reach up to 50 m/s due to the aggregation of liquid water. And when the high-velocity steam strikes the pipe elbow, it will lead to a sharp pressure change and cause the burst accident finally. Then it can be concluded that in the modified pipeline network, the distribution of temperature, pressure, and velocity at the pipe burst place is more uniform and reasonable. In addition, the simulation is also used to analyze the variable working conditions, which ensures that the new design of the pipe network can be used in more complex conditions. The paper is expected to guide the design of other similar pipelines and ensure the safe production and operation of thermal power plants.

Research of accidents pipelines

The durability and reliability of operation of steel pipelines of water supply and sewage systems is determined in particular by the quality of their welded joints, which in turn depends both on the composition of the materials used in their manufacture and on the observance of welding technology. The composition of impurities of transported liquids, which can cause corrosive destruction of materials, also has a significant impact on the reliability of pipeline systems. These phenomena are especially important in hot water supply and industrial drainage systems, where the destructive influence of physical factors and the chemical composition of the environment can be decisive. It was found that the loss of strength of the pipeline is caused in particular by improper operation, under the conditions of which micro-flaws of welded joints of pipelines appear, which leads to their destruction. The results of examinations and experimental studies of the strength of welds of steel process pipelines are presented. An external inspection was carried out, determination of the structure and strength parameters of pipeline welds, layer-by-layer analysis of corrosion damage on their inner surface. It was found that premature destruction of welded joints of hot water supply pipelines and industrial sewage is caused by long-term operation in a stressed state. Under such circumstances, the uneven coarse-grained structure of the seam, the presence of non-metallic inclusions in the metal structure, and violations of the welding technology had a critical impact on the loss of strength. In order to increase the corrosion-mechanical resistance of welded joints of industrial pipelines, it is necessary to modify the surfacing metal of the weld to break down the structure and significantly reduce non-metallic inclusions, as well as to improve the technology of manual arc welding with coated electrodes, in particular, the root layers of welding seams.

Experimental and theoretical studies of the system "irrigation norm–soil–sprinkler ma-chine"

Issues related to land reclamation are relevant due to the commissioning of new irrigated areas. The competitiveness of Russian irrigation irrigation technology can be ensured only with a significant increase in the reliability and environmentally safe irrigation process. The goal is to increase the environmental safety of irrigation with wide-coverage sprinkler equipment by improving the design and technological parameters based on studies of the "irrigation norm-soil-sprinkler machine" system. In the article, a methodology is given for clarifying and improving the environmental safety of the irrigation norm, the design parameters of the water supply pipeline and the types of running systems are optimized depending on the bearing capacity of the soil and the flow rate.

A Modified Hydrologic Model Algorithm Based on Integrating Graph Theory and GIS Database

Ensuring high quantity and quality of water for humans is becoming more important because of the water supply risks in extreme climates. With increasing urbanization, urban water resource management is becoming increasingly important. The hydrologic analysis of water supply pipelines can help decision-makers understand water pressure, flow rate, water quality, and possible leakages, extending feasible strategies for sustainable development and smart cities. In this study, an improved urban hydrologic analysis model was built by integrating the connectivity of graph theory and the geographic information system (GIS) database. The Neihu Division of the Taipei Water Department in Taiwan was taken as an example to explain the proposed process and method, and 15,131 confluence data items were used to analyze the differences between the proposed method and WaterGEMS. The results show that of the total head parameters, 72% had zero differences, 28% had a difference of less than 1 m, and about 99% of the confluences had a water pressure difference of less than 1 m. The comparison of 120 on-site water pressure measurements showed that about 85% of the confluences had an error of less than 20%. The above results demonstrated the applicability of the proposed method for water resource management on similar scales and its benefit for the development of smart cities.

Leakage Analysis and Hazardous Boundary Determination of Buried Gas Pipeline Considering Underground Adjacent Confined Space

Urban underground construction projects are intertwined vertically and horizontally, and adjacent confined spaces such as water supply and drainage pipelines, side ditches and underground canals may exist near buried gas pipelines. Once the buried gas pipeline leaks, the gas will diffuse into the confined space through the soil and even enter the residential room by the confined space, which brings serious potential safety hazards. In this paper, the underground adjacent confined space hazardous boundary (HB) of underground gas pipeline leakage was defined, the distribution properties of gas leakage diffusion flow field were analyzed by numerical simulation and the distribution law of gas entering the confined space was studied. Using the least-squares method and multiple regression theory, the gas concentration prediction model in the adjacent confined space of buried gas pipeline leakage was established, the HB calculation model was further deduced, and the HB drawing board was drawn. The results showed that in the initial stages, the internal and external pressure and velocity distribution of the pipeline near the leakage hole were unstable, reaching a stable state after 60 s, and then the reverse flow occurred in the pipeline downstream of the leak hole. Reducing the minimum construction distance between the buried gas pipeline and the confined space improved the gas distribution concentration in the confined space. When the minimum construction distance increased from 3 m to 9 m, the gas concentration distribution decreased from 90.21% to 0.88%. Meanwhile, increasing the pipeline pressure and leakage diameter enhanced the gas concentration distribution in the confined space. The HB calculation model and HB drawing board realize the rapid determination of the HB between buried gas pipeline and confined space and offer a more reasonable basis for the design of gas pipeline safe distance in urban underground engineering construction.

The impact of city gas on income inequality in China: A regional heterogeneity analysis

City gas plays a significant role in reducing pollution, facilitating life, and promoting economic development. In this study, the fixed effects panel regression model based on data for 30 provinces in China, covering 2005–2018, is employed to investigate the interrelationship between city gas and income inequality. Primarily, the impact of gas penetration, gas supply, gas users, and gas pipelines on income inequality in terms of three types of city gas (i.e., coal gas, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas) is discussed. Then, a heterogeneity analysis of the influence of city gas consumption on income inequality is conducted based on the spatial distribution, economic development, and proportion of gas access. According to the empirical results, the total gas penetration increases while the gas penetration rate plunges. For different types of city gas, the impact of coal gas and natural gas consumption on income inequality is significantly negative. In other words, expanding natural gas consumption can effectively narrow income inequality. Furthermore, the impact of LPG consumption on income inequality is positive. In addition, improvement in the economic level coming from city gas can narrow income inequality. In conclusion, several policy implications for promoting natural gas development and narrowing income inequality are highlighted.

Calculation of Parameters of Technological Equipment of Hydraulic Elevator Installation for Removing Sand Plugs from Wells

The paper considers the technological scheme of the hydraulic elevator installation, according to which water from a pressure tank is supplied by a working pump to the well through two parallel pipelines: a hydraulic monitor with a washing nozzle for destroying a sand plug and a supply pipeline that is connected to the working nozzle of a hydraulic elevator containing suction and supply pipelines for taking slurry and cleaning single- and double-column water wells from sand plugs The methodology for calculation and selection of parameters of technological equipment of the installation is given. Based on the compiled equations of fluid motion along the supply pipeline with an active nozzle and the hydraulic monitoring pipeline with a scouring nozzle, expressions have been obtained for constructing the pressure characteristics of these pipelines. A graphic-analytical method is proposed for determining water flow rates in them by constructing the characteristics of a working pump and pipelines and finding the coordinates of the operating point. By varying the parameters of the pipelines and the characteristics of the working pump, without changing the parameters of the jet pump-hydraulic elevator, the values of the useful lifting height of the hydraulic elevator were calculated, which has made it possible to select two options for the technological equipment of the hydraulic elevator installation (for polypropylene and steel pipes) for removing sand plugs from water wells with a maximum depth of 50 and 75 m.

Leaching of chromium and lead from the cement mortar lining into the flowing drinking water shortly after pipeline rehabilitation

Internal cement lining protection is used for both new and renovation of old cast iron water pipes. However, under unfavorable conditions, contaminants may be released from the cement lining into the drinking water shortly after the rehabilitation of old or installation of new water pipes. This paper proposes a mathematical model for the leaching of heavy metals from the inner cement lining of the pipe into the flowing water, taking sorption into account. Previously, mathematical models described in the literature for the leaching of contaminants from a cement coating into water only addressed static conditions or did not consider sorption. Experimental verification of the mathematical model under dynamic conditions showed very good agreement between calculated and measured results and confirmed the necessity of taking into account the sorption phenomenon. It also demonstrated the need for periodic water changes during laboratory experiments to describe the release of contaminants from the cement coating into the flowing water. Based on the results of laboratory experiments and the developed mathematical model, the concentrations of heavy metals at the ends of different lengths of drinking water supply pipeline sections after their eventual rehabilitation by cementation were calculated. Maximum lead concentrations at the end of 30, 23 and 13-km cemented sections of the pipeline were 2.0; 1.5 and 1.0 mg/m 3 , respectively. In contrast, chromium concentrations were 2.5; 1.6 and 0.9 mg/m 3 , respectively. Although all of these values are below the drinking limits, they can reach them if there is another additional source of contaminants or if the water stagnates periodically. The developed methodology and mathematical model allow to select the maximum length of the water main section that can be renovated or replaced at one time without significant impact on drinking water quality. • Modeling the leaching of heavy metals from an internal cement coating into flowing drinking water. • Significant effect of concentration gradient at the water-cement interface on metal leaching intensity. • Slight increase in heavy metal concentrations in drinking water flowing through newly cement-lined pipeline.

Brief Discussion on Quality Control Points and Prevention Measures of Municipal Road Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline Construction

Brief Discussion on Quality Control Points and Prevention Measures of Municipal Road Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline Construction

Study on Quality Control Countermeasures of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline System Engineering Construction

Study on Quality Control Countermeasures of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline System Engineering Construction

Urban heat transition and geosystem service provision: A trade-off? A study on subsurface space scarcity in the city of Amsterdam

The subsurface is a crucial dimension of cities’ landscapes, and its qualities and structures have direct repercussions on the urban environment above surface. However, systematic accounts of its characteristics in urban planning processes are virtually absent, rendering it an underappreciated asset because it is overlooked. When integrated in urban planning, the consideration of subsurface functions and space scarcity can improve and optimize infrastructure management and urban development. Sustainable urban development must include the subsurface as a space, and needs to account for the exploiting, preservation and occupation of that natural environment. The geosystem services approach allows for the evaluation of competing or even conflicting uses, to determine the implications for human wellbeing and sustainability.This paper looks at the implementation of heat-distribution networks in the city of Amsterdam as part of their heat-transition plan. This plan contains an order of implementation in different neighbourhoods without looking further into detail in the subsurface consequences. The present research intends to address this knowledge gap by applying an indicator for the measurement of underground space scarcity. An analysis is performed using GIS-data and detailed data from the Dutch cadastre database on the existing urban underground infrastructure to determine an infrastructure density (Urban Underground Infrastructure Density) indicator with the assumption that this may support further prioritization to determine the order of implementation. Showing the thermal interaction between heat distribution and drinking water supply pipelines furthermore points to the subsurface heat balance as an important geosystem service to be accounted for in the onset heat-transition. Finally, a quantitative analysis investigates the relationships between this indicator and other relevant socio-demographic and geo-spatial factors. This represents an important attempt to analyse the role of the subsurface in strategic masterplans and in the planning of large urban infrastructure projects. The study reports methodological findings, highlighting the opportunities and challenges of integrating subsurface needs into urban planning, and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches.

Noise Reduction Based on CEEMDAN-ICA and Cross-Spectral Analysis for Leak Location in Water-Supply Pipelines

Due to the leakage vibration signal of the water-supply pipeline is easily interfered with by background noise, which leads to a significant leakage location error of time delay estimation. The complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) and independent component analysis (ICA) combined noise reduction method based on cross-spectral analysis is proposed and applied to leak location of water supply pipelines. Firstly, determine the frequency band range of the source leakage signal by cross-spectral analysis of the leakage vibration signal. At the same time, the leakage vibration signal is decomposed into a finite number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) using CEEMDAN. Then, the IMF components are filtered according to the effective amplitude ratio criterion, and the filtered components are reconstructed into a virtual noise channel. Finally, the leakage vibration signal and virtual noise channel are unmixed using FastICA to obtain the best estimate of the source leakage signal, which is used to estimate time delay using cross-correlation for determining the leak location. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method effectively improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and time delay estimation accuracy, and reduces leak location error. Compared with cross-correlation, CEEMDAN-ICA based on correlation coefficients, and CEEMDAN based on cross-spectral analysis, the average relative positioning error of the proposed method is respectively reduced by 11.07%, 9.7%, and 1.8%. In addition, the superiority of the proposed method compared with other state-of-the-art noise reduction methods is verified by comparative experiments.

Improving the accuracy of temperature measurements in heat supply systems

The constant rise in energy prices leads to an increase in the cost of thermal energy, which is used in heat supply systems for industrial and residential premises. Therefore, improving the accuracy of measuring the heat supplied to consumers is an urgent task. Instrumental metering of heat energy requires regular measurement of the temperature of the coolant in the pipelines of the heat supply system. There is an opinion that all the problems of measuring temperature when accounting for thermal energy have been solved. However, this is not the case. The analysis shows that the systematic component of the error in measuring the temperature and the temperature difference between the supply and return pipelines, especially in conditions of small values of the difference, makes a significant contribution to the instrumental error of accounting for thermal energy. The article discusses solutions to minimize these errors in temperature measurement, taking into account the consumption of thermal energy. Keywords: temperature measurements; measurement error; thermal energy; thermodynamics; metrology.

A novel fuzzy approach to gas pipeline risk assessment under influence of ground movement

The gas transport infrastructure is frequently localized in areas subjected to anthropogenic movements and strains. The potential impact of the ground movements on the gas pipeline in the aspect of its damage can be properly assessed e.g. by predicting strains, taking into account the causes of terrain movement. On the other hand, the hazard is also related to technological factors like design of the pipeline. The presented method is based on artificial intelligence methods allowing for evaluation of probability of failure risk in gas supply pipeline sections. The Mamdani fuzzy inference was used in this study. Uncertainty of variables characterizing the resistance of the gas pipeline and predicted continuous deformations of ground surface were accounted for in the model by using triangular-shaped membership functions. Based on the surface deformations and gas pipeline resistance and the inference model one can make prediction when the gas pipeline is hazarded. There were estimated two the most hazarded parts for two pipelines. We proved that the proposed model can contribute to the protection, costoptimization of the designed pipelines and to the repairs of the existing gas pipelines.

A Multivariate Statistical Model of Water Leakage in Urban Water Supply Networks Based on Random Matrix Theory

In this paper, model construction of random matrix theory is carried out to analyze water leakage of urban water supply pipeline network, and a multivariate statistical model of water leakage of urban water supply pipeline network based on random matrix theory is proposed. This paper presents a three-level DMA, short-term water demand prediction method based on water use patterns, aiming to solve the problem of inaccurate water demand prediction caused by climate and social factors. Correlation analysis and factor analysis analyze the main factors affecting daily water demand changes. The extracted information of the main influencing factors and historical monitoring data are used to establish the Elman water demand prediction model. At the same time, the daily water consumption pattern was extracted by correlation analysis, matched with the water consumption pattern of the predicted day, and combined with the expected value of water demand for momentary water demand allocation, which improved the prediction accuracy of short-term water demand. This paper is based on the precise leakage location based on the real-time hydraulic model. The real-time hydraulic model under leakage conditions is established, GA and NSGA2 are designed, and the nondominated ranking algorithm with elite strategy is used to achieve accurate leakage location using hydraulic model calibration search. This paper uses a random matrix algorithm to establish the leakage estimation model. A laboratory case pipe network is built to simulate the water supply conditions in residential areas, and the operating data of the laboratory case pipe network are used to confirm that the random matrix leakage estimation model can estimate the leakage. The applicability of the random matrix leakage estimation model and the wavelet transform algorithm for leakage calculation are compared in an engineering example. The example confirms that the leakage amount calculated by the random matrix model has a less relative error and more similar trend than the wavelet transform algorithm.

Exploring the scaling relations between urban spatial form and infrastructure

ABSTRACT A variety of factors may affect the planning and design of urban infrastructure but urban population usually is the primary consideration given scaling laws between population and infrastructure. Although urban physical spatial form and infrastructure are physically attached, their allometric scaling has not been systematically addressed. In this study, we examine how five types of infrastructure, including roads, water supply pipelines, drainage pipelines, buses, and schools, affect urban spatial form characterized with landscape metrics derived for 78 large cities in China. The results suggest that urban infrastructure has scaling relations with landscape shape index (LSI), area-weighted mean perimeter-area ratio (PARA_AM), and largest patch index. Specifically, at the mean value of PARA_AM, road area increases about 2.5 times when doubling LSI. Under the same population size, cities with more fragmented spatial form need more investments in infrastructure, particularly roads and other traffic components. It is concluded that urban infrastructure experiences a super-linear quantitative relationship with landscape metrics, and a city with a more complex urban form spatially requires more infrastructure. The coefficients of the regression models show a lot of variations but the allometric scaling is meaningful for the planning and design of urban infrastructure. It will be helpful to incorporate ecological landscape metrics into urban planning and development.

Generation causes of black powder in the east line of the gas supply pipeline from the Liaohe oilfield: Analysis and discussion

A black powder material was discovered in the Liaohe oilfield that combusted when exposed to air. The black powder's phase and elemental compositions were investigated. The elemental valence was then determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Immersion and electrochemical experiments were conducted in the laboratory using a high-pressure reactor to simulate the actual environment. The results revealed that the black powder's main components were iron oxide (Fe3O4), ferric polysulfides (Fe9S8), and sulfur and that the corrosion products of the immersion experiments were similar to the black powder examined on site. Fe9S8 and sulfur are responsible for the spontaneous combustion of the black powder. The corrosion rate of the X52 pipeline steel rose with increasing H2S levels, peaking at 14.15 mg/ m3. H2S, which came from underground gas storage, accounted for Fe9S8 and sulfur. Finally, filters and H2S removal devices should be installed to prevent black powder from spontaneously combusting.