Material Supply Research Articles

Optimizing carbon emission reduction strategies in power batteries: Ensuring compliance with the EU battery regulation's carbon labeling initiatives

Reducing carbon emissions from power batteries is essential for the low-carbon development of electric vehicles (EVs). In response to the carbon labeling requirements of the EU battery regulation, this study developed a three-tiered supply chain model incorporating the battery material supplier, the power battery manufacturer, and the EV company. Using Stackelberg game theory, the research evaluated four carbon emission reduction strategies and analyzed the impact of consumer environmental awareness on carbon emissions. The results reveal that for batteries with lower initial carbon footprints, increased consumer environmental awareness is associated with a reduction in carbon emissions. For batteries with higher initial carbon footprints, the relationship between consumer environmental awareness and carbon emissions is more complex. Below a certain threshold, higher environmental awareness leads to carbon emission reduction; however, beyond this threshold, increased environmental awareness can elevate carbon emissions. Moreover, under low consumer environmental awareness, a strategy of comprehensive collaboration among all supply chain tiers yields the highest economic benefits, albeit with higher emissions. As environmental awareness rises, the strategy where the material supplier independently reduces emissions and the battery manufacturer and EV company collaborate on emission reductions emerges as the most effective, striking an optimal balance between economic and environmental interests.

Material footprint and import dependency in EU27: Past trends and future challenges

This study examines the material footprint and import dependency of the European Union (EU27) members, focusing on four key material categories: biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and non-metals. The feasibility and efficacy of EU strategies concerning the transition to a circular economy and the reduction of raw material extractions is assessed, with a particular focus on the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRM Act).Using Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) between 2012 and 2020, we identify the impacts of macroeconomic drivers such as technological progress, structural changes, and final consumption patterns on material use. Our analysis indicates a gradual shift towards the relative decoupling of GDP from material use in the EU27, particularly for non-metals and fossil fuels. Additionally, the region shows a decreasing dependency on non-EU countries, as evidenced by the reduction in net trade over recent years.However, the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario projects material usage and import reliance up to 2030, assessing the EU27's ability to meet the CRM targets. The results reveal significant import dependencies from the rest of the world, particularly for fossil fuels (90.9%) and metal ores (86.2%), where nearly all EU27 countries exceed the 65% import dependency threshold. While biomass and non-metals show more promise in terms of self-sufficiency, challenges remain. Additionally, the potential for substitutability across raw materials is explored, highlighting the complexities of transitioning to alternative resources such as biomass.Our findings emphasize the necessity for integrated policy interventions at the EU level, combining supply and demand measures, technological advancements, and behavioral changes to achieve relative dematerialization. The study also stresses the importance of international cooperation to secure sustainable raw material supplies. Without a multifaceted approach, the EU27 risks failing to meet future environmental and sustainability goals, particularly in light of recent geopolitical developments and the urgent need to transition to renewable energy sources.

Analysis of UHT Diamond Milk Supplier Selection With Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method cafe Milkyway Coffe & Milk In Berau Regency, East Kalimantan

Every business sector certainly wants consistency in production results, this can be realized through collaboration with raw material providers or suppliers who can ensure the consistent availability of raw materials because the production of raw materials is very vital. Therefore, it is necessary to have a good raw material procurement system and supplier selection so that the production process can run smoothly. Milkyway Cafe is the first pioneering UKM of beverage and food business in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan which has a special characteristic of beverage products made from milk which are liked by many customers, especially teenagers, children, and families. There are problems experienced when selecting suppliers who provide raw materials for UHT milk because there are several factors to consider, namely price, delivery, service, and accuracy of quantities. The sample of the research is the owner of the business that regulates the procurement of UHT milk. The results of the analysis and calculation of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Microsoft Excel stated that the chosen alternative, namely the Kompas with a weight value of 0.46, was superior to the Simpang Utama with a weighted value of 0.34 and the Tops Jaya with a weighted value of 0.20. The main factors that are prioritized in the selection of suppliers at Milkyway are service criteria with a weight value of 0.18, the accuracy of the number of goods with a weight value of 0.15, prices with a weight value of 0.08, and delivery with a weight value of 0.06.

Optimalisasi Pemilihan Supplier Komponen Fabric pada Produk Man Shirt X Menggunakan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process

PT. ABC is a company engaged in the production of ready-to-wear clothing. The main raw materials use fabric from various suppliers. The problem is the poor quality of the fabric raw materials and late delivery from suppliers, which has an impact on production optimization. Supplier selection is a strategic activity, especially if the supplier will supply critical items and be used in the long term. Good raw materials will produce good products. Choosing the right supplier can provide benefits for the company so that the production process runs smoothly. This study aims to determine the best supplier according to the specified criteria using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) supplier selection method in the selection of fabric component suppliers at PT. ABC. Supplier selection uses the AHP method with subjective assessment input from the company. The expectation of the final result can determine the ranking of alternatives so that it produces the best supplier based on criteria that are in accordance with the company. Based on the results of processing using the AHP method, the order of criteria obtained is quality (0.6554), delivery (0.1867), and price (0.1577). The alternative selection of raw material suppliers with the highest priority is supplier X with the best score of 1.358. This shows the most optimal supplier value in fulfilling the needs of fabric raw materials according to the criteria required by the company.

Optimalisasi Pemilihan Supplier Komponen Fabric pada Produk Man Shirt X Menggunakan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process

ABC is a company engaged in the production of ready-to-wear clothing. The main raw materials use fabric from various suppliers. The problem is the poor quality of the fabric raw materials and late delivery from suppliers, which has an impact on production optimization. Supplier selection is a strategic activity, especially if the supplier will supply critical items and be used in the long term. Good raw materials will produce good products. Choosing the right supplier can provide benefits for the company so that the production process runs smoothly. This study aims to determine the best supplier according to the specified criteria using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) supplier selection method in the selection of fabric component suppliers at PT. ABC. Supplier selection uses the AHP method with subjective assessment input from the company. The expectation of the final result can determine the ranking of alternatives so that it produces the best supplier based on criteria that are in accordance with the company. Based on the results of processing using the AHP method, the order of criteria obtained is quality (0.6554), delivery (0.1867), and price (0.1577). The alternative selection of raw material suppliers with the highest priority is supplier X with the best score of 1.358. This shows the most optimal supplier value in fulfilling the needs of fabric raw materials according to the criteria required by the company.

Injection molding of post-industrial recycled glass fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS GF40): industrial feasibility and material analysis

Polymer recycling has become increasingly important in recent decades due to economic and environmental benefits. Recycling provides a cost-saving material supply as well as avoids environmental spillage and enables resource conservation. Quantifying the changes in material properties due to recycling is a key aspect in establishing a circular economy, as it allows understanding the impact of using recycled materials on manufacturing and products. To date, research and industry have investigated the use of recycled materials for commodity and engineering polymers. For high performance plastics, this knowledge exists only at the laboratory scale. The present study comprehensively characterizes the properties of virgin and recycled glass fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS GF40) materials. The materials considered are commercially available to industry, and the recyclates have been reclaimed from post-industrial wastes by the material manufacturers. The results show that as the recycled content increases, the tensile strength of PPS GF40 revealed a similar value for a 50 % recyclate or decreases by 21 % for a regranulate due to both macromolecular shortening and fiber scission. In addition, the shrinkage of each material is quantified. Here, shrinkage increases with increasing result of recycled content. Increasing the amount of recycled material in the compound results in lower process forces in injection molding due to higher melt flow indices. With the help of these results, industrial products may be tailored to meet the properties of recyclate-based materials in order to conserve virgin material resources. In addition, material cost saving potentials are identified by economic calculations based on presently available industrial offers. In the light of the presented results, the introduction of recyclate-based PPS GF40 materials into industrial mass production can be assessed on the basis of mechanical and rheological properties as well as material costs. The overall objective of this study is to provide the aforementioned insights to exploit the economic and environmental benefits of polymer recycling on an industrial scale.

Analysis of Demand Volume, Material Supply, and Work Hours against Delta Power Listrindo CV Production Performance

Analysis of Demand Volume, Material Supply, and Work Hours against Delta Power Listrindo CV Production Performance

An application of simultaneous stochastic optimisation on an open-pit copper mining complex with supply, recovery, and market uncertainties

ABSTRACT A mining complex is an integrated value chain that consists of multiple mines, stockpiles, processors, waste dumps, and tailing facilities, and where the in-situ materials mined are transformed into products sold to customers. Simultaneous stochastic optimisation provides a strategic mine planning framework that incorporates all components of a mining complex into a single mathematical representation, capitalising on the synergies between components while considering uncertainty. An application of this optimisation framework at a coper mining complex demonstrates that the incorporation of material supply, market demand, and processing recovery uncertainties into the modelling leads to production schedules that yield a higher NPV and metal recovery.

Enhancing supplier management strategies: integrating purchasing and supplier potential matrices in furniture manufacturing

Supplier segmentation is one of the most important supply chain activities for most companies that collaborate with many suppliers such as in furniture manufacturing. Purchasing Portfolio Matrix (PPM) is a segmentation method that considers two dimensions (supply risk and profit impact) which are the basis for classifying materials to be purchased by the company. Supplier Potential Matrix (SPM) is a new supplier segmentation approach that includes two dimensions (capabilities and willingness). These two approaches are important because they have different focuses, namely PPM on suppliers while SPM on relationships. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to classify suppliers using a combination of PPM and SPM and determine the appropriate relationship management strategy. Data collection was carried out in the case of one manufacturing company that works with 74 raw material suppliers. Best Worst Method (BWM) is used to determine the criteria weights in both segmentation approaches. So from the 74 suppliers, the results were 7 suppliers in PPM1, 43 suppliers in PPM2, 5 suppliers in PPM3, and 19 suppliers in PPM4 and different strategies were obtained so that this combined PPM-SPM approach was able to improve supplier management.

Crude oil futures and the short-term price predictability of petroleum products

This study investigates the lead-lag effect between crude oil futures and petroleum products from the view of price predictability. The findings of the Granger causality test provide evidence for the leading role of crude oil futures. Further empirical results show that crude oil futures demonstrate strong predictive power for petroleum products both in- and out-of-sample, and this predictability is a short-term phenomenon. During economic recessions, petroleum product prices exhibit stronger predictability, with out-of-sample R2 reaching a maximum of 39.161 %. Additionally, the outstanding forecasting performance remains robust across a range of settings. Finally, two potential economic sources underlying the lead-lag relationship between crude oil and petroleum product markets are provided: the differential response speed to common energy market information and the perspective of raw material supply.

Investigating the effect of circularity index on a closed loop supply chain with multi-shipment policy

Environmental sustainability has emerged as a crucial aspect for every business, as the wastage of used products greatly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental hazards. Adopting the circular economy concept is essential to address this problem. This approach prioritizes reliability and re-manufacturability, aiming to simultaneously reduce waste and enhance sustainability and profitability. In this context, the proposed model introduces a sustainable closed-loop supply chain model wherein the manufacturer oversees the production process and delivers requested batches to the retailer under the single order and multi-shipment policy. The model incorporates the notion of circularity, quantified by a circularity index representing the degree to which the product's circularity level. The level of product circularity can be enhanced by material choice, supplier selection, and innovative design while manufacturing. The model being presented aims to maximize the total integrated profit of the closed-loop supply chain system by optimizing the number of shipments as well as the circularity index. It is evident from the analysis that the circularity index significantly influences profits and environmental sustainability by increasing product demand and extending product life cycles. Notably, the numerical example provided in the model illustrates that accounting for the effects of the circularity index results in an optimal profit up to 5% higher compared to scenarios where such effects are not considered.

Enhancing Zn-MnO2 Battery Performance with Hydrogen-Bonded MnO2 Interfaces in Wet Nonaqueous Electrolytes

The quest for sustainable and high-performing battery technologies has directed attention towards Zinc (Zn)-manganese dioxide (MnO2) based rechargeable batteries. These batteries emerge as a viable alternative to lithium-ion systems, particularly due to their advantageous raw material supply, cost, and performance parameters. Despite their potential, Zn-MnO2 batteries face operational challenges, including gas evolution, Zn self-corrosion, and dissolution of the host material when utilized in mild acid aqueous electrolytes. Addressing these issues, our research explores the efficacy of wet nonaqueous electrolytes as a solution. Previously, we demonstrated a substantial enhancement in battery performance (~200 mAh/g of MnO2) by incorporating a specific proportion of water into the nonaqueous electrolyte. Building on this foundation, our current study investigates the role of hydrogen-bonded pillars, particularly proton and ammonium cations, in augmenting the interfacial properties of MnO2. This modification aims to bolster surface kinetics, thereby elevating battery performance closer to that of aqueous systems. Employing a suite of material characterization techniques, including in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), we observed a notable performance improvement (~270 mAh/g), while maintaining stability. These findings hold significant promise for advancing the practical application of MnO2-based hosts in Zn-MnO2 batteries, marking a stride towards next-generation energy storage solutions.

(Invited) Towards Rechargeable Zn/CuO Batteries for Grid-Scale Storage

Alkaline Zn batteries are a strong candidate for electrical grid storage applications due to Zn’s high capacity (820 mAh/g), established materials supply chain and low cost. To realize the highest energy dense batteries, Zn needs to be coupled with a similarly low cost, abundant and high-capacity cathode. CuO (674 mAh/g) is an intriguing high-capacity cathode when paired with a Zn anode in alkaline electrolyte, a battery that until recently has been relegated to the history books as a primary system. In 2021 Schorr et al. reported a rechargeable Zn/CuO battery that utilized 10% of a Bi additive to help facilitate the electrochemical reversibility of the Cu conversion electrode. Bi2O3, a species with comparable redox potentials to Cu2O, promoted reversibility and minimized passivation in the historically non-reversible system. The battery cycled without any observable Cu and Bi mixed oxide phases, cycling between metallic Cu and Bi and Cu2O/Cu(OH)2 and Bi2O3, respectively. Although the Bi additive did not eliminate capacity fade completely, limiting the cells to a 30% depth of discharge (relative to CuO) enabled 250 cycles at > 124 Wh/L. Optimization studies performed for Bismuth content indicate that changes in Bi2O3 concentration can impact the charge-discharge behavior of the CuO cathodes resulting in the suppression of metal hydroxide-related redox peaks on charge. The absence of these peaks correlates with improved cyclability, suggesting that methods and materials approaches to further suppress these recharge pathways may lead to CuO high-capacity cathodes with improved cycle-life in the future.Seeking to improve performance and minimize the spatial segregation of Cu- and Bi-phases observed upon cycling in the prior system, D. Arnot et al. prepared nanoscale carbon coated (Cu/Bi) particles, where the coating partially minimized dissolution and diffusion of soluble cuprate and bismuthate complexes, where 200 cycles at 300 mAh/g was demonstrated (@ ~ 100 Wh/L). CuBi2O4 and CuO phases were formed upon oxidation, indicating carbon coatings can also affect the battery cycling mechanism and may have future roles of increasing performance.Data collected from a variety of experimental techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, rotating ring-disk electrode voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, operando energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements, battery cycling along with recent DFT modeling will be presented to help elucidate the role of additives, carbon coatings, polymer gel electrolytes and ion selective polymers in enabling reversible Cu-based cathodes. The general challenges of achieving a highly reversible energy dense battery based on two conversion electrodes operating in highly alkaline environment will be covered as will development towards a > 200 Wh/L industrially relevant Zn/CuO battery.This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity. This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. This article has been co-authored by an employee of National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC under Contract No. DE-NA0003525 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The employee owns all right, title and interest in their contribution to the article and is solely responsible for its contents. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this article or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan.

Perbandingan Metode EOQ, JIT, Kebijakan Perusahaan dalam Pengendalian Biaya Persediaan Bahan Baku pada Loske Coffeeshop

Coffeshop Loske is a business of the food and beverage industry, the problem with the Loske Coffeeshop is whether its current supply of raw materials is efficient and whether its EOQ method and its effective effective is in the Loske Coffeeshop. The purpose of the study is to analyze the optimum cost of supply of raw materials on the Loske Coffeeshop and to find out if EOQ methods and JIT can optimize the control of supply of raw materials in the Loske Coffeeshop. The data needed is a general picture of Loske Coffeeshop, organization structure, production process, raw materials supply data, raw materials use data, message cost data, and store cost data. A data-collection technique using a documentary method. Based on studies already done, researchers concluded that the EOQ method and JIT method were proven to optimize the cost of controlling the supply of raw materials when applied to the loske coffeeshop. EOQ methods produced a supply charge of Rp 9.998.749, and the JIT method produced a supply cost of Rp 10.203.373, whereas using the company's policy method currently used produces a stock cost of Rp 14.404.302.

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Root Cause Analysis (RCA) for Urea Fertilizer Production Risk Mitigation

The production of urea fertilizer is one of the most important processes in the agricultural industry, but it cannot be separated from various risks that can interfere with its smooth operation. This research aims to identify and mitigate the risks involved in urea fertilizer production using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and Root Cause Analysis (RCA) methods. The results show that some of the major risks in urea fertilizer production include equipment failure, raw material supply disruption, and operational errors. By applying FMEA and RCA, the company can identify the root causes of the problems and develop effective mitigation strategies. The implementation of these mitigation actions is expected to improve production efficiency and reduce downtime, thus ensuring better production continuity.

Large-scale 3D inversion of semi-airborne electromagnetic data — Topography and induced polarization effects in a graphite exploration scenario

The transition toward renewable energies demands a secure supply of critical raw materials and requires efficient noninvasive methods for deep earth resource exploration. The novel, deep electromagnetic (EM) sounding for the mineral exploration semi-airborne EM (semi-AEM) exploration concept aims at the efficient exploration of resources down to a depth of 1 km. Here, we evaluate a large-scale semi-AEM exploration study in a graphite mining district in eastern Bavaria, Germany. The derived 3D semi-AEM model is based on approximately 70,000 complex-valued data points recorded using seven transmitters. Strong conductivity contrasts with dominant east–west-trending anomalies are visible. Shallow high-conductivity structures correlate well with the known occurrence of graphite and match existing helicopter-borne EM results. The main anomaly reaches down to several hundred meters depth. To investigate different interpretation scenarios for large-scale semi-AEM data, we determine the effect of topography and analyze the feasibility of fast 2D inversion applications. To validate the robustness of the 3D semi-AEM model, the data set is inverted with two different 3D inversion algorithms and the results are compared. The presence of graphite leads to significant induced polarization (IP) effects with considerably high chargeabilities superposing EM induction. We include these effects in a realistic 3D inversion using a synthetic data study to analyze if the IP effect alters the overall conductivity structure and demonstrate that the obtained 3D model is reliable.

Implications of changing the base raw material – the case of license plate manufacturing

ABSTRACT License plates to uniquely identify vehicles mainly use aluminum as the base material. Currently, there is no distinction of different use cases of license plates, such as short-time usage for test drive and transportation purposes that do not need such long-lasting materials not only from cost but also from sustainability perspectives. This paper presents a methodology to select the best material for different use cases under the holistic consideration of specifically defined criteria as to material properties, sustainability aspects, and supply chain implications. We show that there are several candidate materials for different use cases that stick out by changing the importance of these numerous criteria. In addition, the paper delves deeper into the sustainability aspect by means of a comprehensive System Dynamics model. We show that a scenario in which the company picks up used license plates by relying on a logistics service provider to get them delivered to an external recycling service provider yields the best results.

Comparative Issues of Metal-Ion Batteries toward Sustainable Energy Storage: Lithium vs. Sodium

In recent years, batteries have revolutionized electrification projects and accelerated the energy transition. Consequently, battery systems were hugely demanded based on large-scale electrification projects, leading to significant interest in low-cost and more abundant chemistries to meet these requirements in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As a result, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) share has increased considerably due to lower cost and higher safety compared to conventional nickel and cobalt-based chemistries. However, their fast-growing share is affected by updated chemistries, where cheaper systems like sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are becoming more attractive. SIBs also benefited from the greener, more ethical, and evenly distributed elemental resources. SIBs are fast approaching market thanks to mature LIB’s technology and manufacturing scalability using existing Li-ion gigafactories. Additionally, SIBs can be adapted to other emerging technologies, including Li-ion batteries and silicon-based anodes, influencing projections for their broader use. However, despite the lower cost and abundance of sodium chemistries compared to lithium ones, limited manufacturing capacity discourages material suppliers from increasing production, which restricts the supply chain, raises costs, and diminishes Na battery manufacturing. Here, we aim to provide an overview of the progress of SIBs in gaining market share from LIBs. We first reviewed LIB and SIB histories, developments, and market share. Then, we analyzed the offered chemicals in battery components, their resources and supplies, material demand, and supply chain. The commercialization of each system was investigated in addition to the challenges related to energy density, environmental impact, sustainability, and safety. If all these concerns are addressed properly, LIBs and SIBs could potentially offer a more affordable, safer, and sustainable choice for the global energy storage outlook, particularly in short-range electric vehicles and stationary grid storage.

Dissecting the mechanism of synergistic interactions between Aspergillus fumigatus and the microalgae Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under Cd(II) exposure: insights from untargeted metabolomics

Co-culturing fungi and microalgae may effectively remediate wastewater containing Cd and harvest microalgae. Nevertheless, a detailed study of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic interactions between fungi and microalgae under Cd(II) exposure is lacking. In this study, Cd(II) exposure resulted in a significant enhancement of antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared to the control group, suggesting that the cellular antioxidant defense response was activated. Extracellular proteins and extracellular polysaccharides of the symbiotic system were increased by 60.61 % and ,24.29 %, respectively, after Cd(II) exposure for 72 h. The adsorption behavior of Cd(II) was investigated using three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Metabolomics results showed that the TCA cycle provided effective material and energy supply for the symbiotic system to resist the toxicity of Cd(II); Proline, histidine, and glutamine strengthened the synergistic adsorption capacity of the fungus and microalgae. Overall, the theoretical foundation for a deep comprehension of the beneficial interactions between fungi and microalgae under Cd(II) exposure and the role of the fungal-algal symbiotic system in the management of heavy metal pollution is provided by this combined physiological and metabolomic investigation.

Analysis of palm oil raw material supplies to support sustainable economic strategies at PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Bogor Regency

Abstract Palm oil is a very important plantation commodity, its availability is the main source for palm oil production. Therefore, raw material supplies are an effort to support the availability of palm oil raw materials. PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII. Companies need to pay attention to the quality of raw materials and procurement to achieve maximum production goals. Factors determining success in procuring raw materials are important, such as transportation, as well as fluctuations in raw material prices in the sustainability of processing palm oil fresh fruit bunches. This research aims to analyze factors that influence the supply of palm oil raw materials. The sample used in this research is simple random sampling. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The research results show that 80% of the variables of raw material prices, raw material sources and transportation influence the supply of palm oil raw materials.