Enzyme Supplementation Research Articles

EFFECTS OF MALTED SORGHUM SPROUT WITH ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS, RUMEN FLUID PARAMETERS AND MICROBIAL COUNTS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS

A ninety days feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of malted sorghum sprout with enzyme supplementation on performance, rumen parameters and microbial counts of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Twelve WAD goats were used for the experiment, using Panicum maximum as the basal diet. The experiment had four treatments with three animals per treatment. The total body weight gain of the animals were significantly (P 0.05) higher than the control. Average daily feed intake was not significantly different (P 0.05) but increased as the level of malted sorghum sprout increases. Rumen parameters such as pH, lactic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid were also significantly (P 0.05) different across the treatment. The total bacteria counts, total fungi counts were also significantly (PEI0.05) different as the levels of malted sorghum sprout increases. The inclusion of malted sorghum sprout with enzyme supplementation (Roxazyme G2) improved performance characteristics, rumen parameters and microbial counts at 20% inclusion level of West African Dwarf goats.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND COST BENEFITS OF FEEDING GROWING PIGS WITH CASSAVA PEEL MEAL-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH A COMMERCIAL ENZYME

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing maize with cassava peel meal (CPM) supplemented with a commercial enzyme, on the growth performance and cost benefits of growing pigs. Twenty-four growing pigs with average weight of 14.0 ± 0.25 kg were allotted to 6 dietary treatments, where CPM replaced maize at 0, 50 and 100% levels with enzyme supplementation at 0g/100kg and 20g/100kg of diet. Each treatment was replicated 4 times while the experiment lasted 8 weeks. Data were collected on daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed cost/weight gain and feed cost/day. The CPM based diets gave comparable (P>0.05) pigs' growth performance especially in terms of DWG (0.32 -0.40) and FCR (3.13-4.03) as did the maize based diets. Feed cost/day (70.35-N98.01) as well as feed cost/weight gain (N195.33-N244.65) reduced insignificantly (P>0.05) with inclusion of CPM in the diets of the pigs. Enzyme supplementation of diets did not influence (P>0.05) pigs' growth performance and cost benefit. Cassava peel meal can totally replace maize without enzyme supplementation in the diets of growing pigs to reduce cost with optimal performance.

EFFECT OF FEEDING WHOLE OR GROUND PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum) WITH OR WITHOUT ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE NUTRIENTS' DIGESTIBILITY OF JAPANESE QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of pearl millet inclusion level, pearl millet form and enzyme supplementation of pearl millet as replacement for maize on the nutrients' digestibility of Japanese quails using 3 quails per treatment (1 quail per replicate). The quails were fasted for 24hrs and then fed for fecal collection. The faeces collected were sun dried, bulked and samples were collected for proximate analysis. Feeding whole pearl millet increased the digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and ash by laying Japanese quails. Pearl millet inclusion increased crude protein digestibility. Enzyme supplementation in pearl millet based diets did not improve their nutrient's digestibility. The results of this study showed that grinding of pearl millet or its supplementation with enzyme did not improve nutrients' digestibility of Japanese quails.

HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF BROILER CHICKENS FED GRADED LEVELS OF TOASTED AFRICAN YAM BEAN (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) SEEDS MEAL SUPPLEMENTATED WITH ENZYME

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded levels of toasted African yam bean seeds meal supplemented with enzyme on haematological indices of broiler chicks. One hundred and fifty day old Marshal R strain chicks were used for the study. Beans were toasted on frying pan, crushed and supplemented with protease enzyme. Five treatments were formulated with treatment 1 without African yam bean (AYBSM). Treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained 5, 10, 15 and 20% AYBSM respectively to replace soybean meal. Thirty chicks were assigned to each dietary treatment which was replicated three times in a completely randomized design (CRD). The result showed no significant (P>0.05) different in the haematological indices except mesophytes and platelet. Treatment five (20% AYBSM) had highest value of 4.33% while treatment one (control) had least value 2.67% mesophytes. This study confirmed that replacement of soybean meal with African yam bean seeds meal (AYBSM) posed no threat to broiler chicks. Therefore, the use of toasted African yam bean seed meal with enzyme supplementation up to 20% inclusion level should be encouraged for broiler production.

Acute physiological effects on macromolecule digestion following oral ingestion of the enzyme blend Elevase® in individuals that had undergone an ileostomy, but were otherwise healthy-a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled exploratory study.

Digestive enzymes can selectively degrade proteins, carbohydrates and lipids; and their supplementation alongside food may accelerate the breakdown of complex food matrices, facilitate greater nutrient absorption, decrease food sensitivities and aid in the management of certain disease states. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors govern food digestion and for every individual this phenomenon is unique. This study was conducted as a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled design where each participant served as their own control. This post-hoc analysis investigated the impact of a dietary enzyme supplementation blend known as Elevase® on dietary macromolecule digestion in samples from otherwise healthy participants that had previously undergone a small bowel resection, resulting in an ileostomy (NCT04489810). This is the first time this study-paradigm has been used for the assessment of in vivo dietary breakdown following enzyme supplementation. Arguably, this technique offers superior data when compared to that generated in artificial gut digestion models, preclinical animal models, or indeed conventional clinical studies using stool analyses, as it allows real-time access to samples in situ in the small intestine where the majority of nutritional absorption takes place. It was demonstrated that after 4 h, Elevase® significantly increased monosaccharide levels (predominantly glucose and fructose) in the ileostomy samples taken from the same individuals on the same diet on a different day. In addition, the bile salt taurohyodeoxycholic acid was also increased, suggesting a physiological host response to the macromolecule digestion induced by the enzymatic blend. Overall, these findings suggest Elevase® could accelerate food digestion and potentially increase nutrient availability from the diet.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Systemic Enzyme Supplementation on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) imposes a substantial symptom burden that adversely impacts patients' quality of life. Current anti-fibrotic treatments for IPF provide limited symptomatic relief, necessitating the implementation of complementary disease management strategies to enhance health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Serracor-NK® and Serra Rx260, systemic enzyme supplements, improved symptoms and HRQOL with favorable safety profiles in a proof-of-concept study in PF patients. This prospective, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial enrolled 100 IPF patients from six institutions. The supplement group (n = 50) received the oral systemic enzyme supplements Serracor-NK® and Serra Rx260 in addition to standard care for 6 months, while the placebo group (n = 50) received standard care alone. The primary objective was to evaluate the regimen's impact on symptoms, QOL, and well-being using the UCSD shortness of breath (UCSD-SOB) questionnaire, St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), and WHO well-being index (WHO-5). Safety evaluation was a secondary objective. A significantly higher proportion of patients in the supplement group demonstrated meaningful improvement in symptoms as compared to the placebo group, as assessed by the UCSD-SOB (p < 0.05) and SGRQ questionnaires (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significantly greater proportion of patients in the supplement group showed improved QOL and well-being (p < 0.05) and reduced health impairment (p < 0.05), as assessed by SGRQ. Mental well-being (WHO-5) and physical activity (SGRQ activity domain) did not differ significantly between the groups. Safety assessments, including liver function tests and vital signs, indicated that the supplement regimen was well tolerated. To conclude, Serracor-NK® and Serra Rx260 alleviate symptoms and enhance HRQOL in IPF patients with a favorable safety profile (Clinical Trials Registry India registration number: CTRI/2020/05/025374).

Cellobionate production from sodium hydroxide pretreated wheat straw by engineered Neurospora crassa HL10

This study investigated cellobionate production from a lignocellulosic substrate using Neurospora crassa HL10. Utilizing NaOH-pretreated wheat straw as the substrate obviated the need for an exogenous redox mediator addition, as lignin contained in the pretreated wheat served as a natural mediator. The low laccase production by N. crassa HL10 on pretreated wheat straw caused slow cellobionate production, and exogenous laccase addition accelerated the process. Cycloheximide induced substantial laccase production in N. crassa HL10, enabling the strain to yield approximately 57 mM cellobionate from pretreated wheat straw (equivalent to 20 g/L cellulose), shortening the conversion time from 8 to 6 days. About 92% of the cellulose contained in the pretreated wheat straw is converted to cellobionate. In contrast to existing methods requiring pure cellobiose or cellulase enzymes, this process efficiently converts a low-cost feedstock into cellobionate at a high yield without enzyme or redox mediator supplementation.

Interactions of wheat cultivars and supplemental enzyme in diet of broiler chickens on growth performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphometric features, and blood parameters

This study investigated the effects of wheat cultivar and enzyme supplementation on growth, carcass traits, intestinal morphology, and blood parameters in broiler chickens. A total of 648 male chicks were assigned to 9 diets: four Iranian wheat cultivars (Sardari, Azar2, Pishgam, Sirvan) with and without enzyme supplementation, plus a corn-based control (6 replicates/diet, 12 birds/pen). Diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Chicks were fed for 39 days. Corn-based diets generally led to higher feed intake (FI) throughout the study compared to most wheat-based diets. However, during the finishing period (25–39 days), broilers fed diets containing Sardari and Azar2 wheat achieved the best weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to those fed Sirvan cultivar. Most of the carcass traits were not affected by the experimental treatments. Blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and high-density cholesterol (HDL) levels were all noticeably affected by the type of wheat in the diet. Jejunum length and cecum weight were greatest in birds fed different wheat cultivars, while the corn-based diet resulted in the shortest jejunum and cecum length. Adding enzymes to the Pishgam cultivar diet increased the length of the ileum. significant interactions between wheat cultivar and enzyme were observed for jejunal villi characteristics (length, thickness, number) and muscle layer thickness, Broilers fed the Sardari diet exhibited the deepest crypts and lowest villi length-to-crypt depth ratio. The study concluded that there is a significant effect of wheat cultivar diversity on broiler performance traits, blood chemistry, carcass characteristics, and gut health. The findings also suggest that the selected enzyme may not be effective in all wheat cultivars due to the absence of a consistent wheat cultivar-enzyme interaction.

Blood profile and liver histopathological analysis of broiler chickens fed dried cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.)

This study utilized a total of 210 one-day-old chicks to evaluate the blood profile and liver histopathology of Ross 308 broiler chickens fed diets containing Dried Cashew Apples (DCA). The chicks were allocated into seven treatment groups, each consisting of three replicates of 10 birds. The experimental design used a (2 x 3) +1 augmented factorial in a completely randomized arrangement. Diet 1 was the control (maize-soybean meal-based), while diets 2, 3, and 4 contained 10%, 20%, and 30% DCA without enzyme supplementation. Diets 5, 6, and 7 contained 10%, 20%, and 30% DCA with exogenous microbial enzyme supplementation. Data on haematological indices, serum biochemical indices, and liver histology were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 25, with means separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test of the same statistical package at p &lt; 0.05. The results indicated that DCA inclusion, with or without enzymes, significantly influenced all haematological parameters except MCV, showing lower PCV, Hb concentration, and RBC counts in DCA groups compared to the control. Enzyme supplementation at 20% DCA increased PCV, while at 10% and 30% DCA, it decreased Hb concentrations and increased WBC counts at 30% DCA, with varying effects on neutrophils and lymphocytes. Serum biochemistry showed that DCA inclusion affected all parameters except AST, with the highest ALT values in birds on 10% DCA without enzymes and the lowest in the control group. Enzyme supplementation significantly influenced AST, ALT, TP, globulin, albumin, urea, and creatinine levels, particularly at 20% DCA. Liver histology showed no lesions in control birds but varying degrees of necrosis, inflammation, atrophy, and congestion in DCA-fed birds, worsening with higher DCA and enzyme levels. In conclusion, broilers can tolerate 10% DCA in their diet, but higher levels lead to physiological stress, necessitating careful consideration of DCA inclusion levels to maintain bird health and welfare.

A question of digestion: How microalgae species affects lipid and fatty acid digestibility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Alternative nutrient sources for fish feed are currently of high interest. Feed ingredients with suitable lipid contents and valuable amounts of essential fatty acids are especially needed to relieve the usage of fish oil and maintain high product quality of fish from aquaculture. Microalgae contain promising nutrient contents and suitable fatty acid profiles that cover dietary requirements of fish. Nutrient digestibility, however, can be hindered by their rigid cell wall. Therefore, in the presented study, the microalgae species Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chui were processed by freeze-drying and centrifugal milling to evaluate their nutrient and fatty acid digestibility in fish nutrition. For T. chui, an additional treatment with enzyme supplementation was tested. Test diets contained 70% of a fish meal based reference diet and 30% of the respective microalgae meal, as well as titanium dioxide as an inert marker to calculate apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed for 14 days and faeces were collected via manual stripping. The ADCs of Kjeldahl nitrogen (∼ 64–79%), nitrogen-free extracts (∼ 40–54%) and energy (∼ 52–66%) were not significantly different between the algae species, but I. galbana inclusion resulted in reduced lipid digestibility (∼ 57% to 77%), which was linked to the high content of saturated fatty acids. The fatty acid ADCs were higher for T. chui except for arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) and lauric acid (12:0). Mechanical or enzyme-treating processing did not increase nutrient and fatty acid digestibility for the microalgae used in this trial, and sole freeze-drying sufficiently ensured nutrient availability. The high digestibility of nutrients and, particularly, polyunsaturated fatty acids of I. galbana and T. chui underscore their potential as fatty acid and nutrient sources in fish feed.

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in canola meal fed to gestating or lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex

An experiment was conducted to determine coefficients of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of P in canola meal (CM) fed to gestating and lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex (MC). Eight sows cannulated on day 40 of gestation were assigned at random to the 4 dietary treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 diets included 2 cornstarch-based diets with 313 g/kg solvent-extracted CM as the only source of P, without or with MC, a casein-cornstarch diet to determine ileal endogenous amino acid losses (amino acid digestibility data reported elsewhere), and a P-free diet to determine the endogenous P losses. All diets contained 3 g/kg titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Gestating sows were fed 3.0 kg/day, whereas, during lactation, sows had ad libitum access to diets. Samples were collected over 3 phases; mid-gestation, late-gestation, and lactation. Each phase had 4 experimental periods lasting 8 days. In each period, after 5-day acclimation to the experimental diets, fecal samples were collected by grab sampling via rectal palpation on day 6. Results indicated no differences in total tract digestibility of nutrients between mid-gestation, late-gestation, and lactation. Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and P, and CSTTD of P during lactation. The CSTTD of P in CM was 0.445 (without MC) and 0.504 (with MC) in mid-gestation, 0.455 (without MC) and 0.492 (with MC) in late-gestation, and 0.442 (without MC) and 0.489 (with MC) in lactation. In conclusion, the average CSTTD for P in CM fed to sows was 0.447 and MC significantly improved the CSTTD of P in CM during lactation.

Effect of Phytate Enzyme Supplementation in Cooked Baobab Seed Meal Diets on Broiler Chickens’ Health and Nutrient Digestion

Effect of Phytate Enzyme Supplementation in Cooked Baobab Seed Meal Diets on Broiler Chickens’ Health and Nutrient Digestion

Live performance, nutrient digestibility, immune response and fecal microbial load modulation in Japanese quails fed a Bacillus-based probiotic alone or combination with xylanase

Animal industry seeks cost-effective solutions to enhance performance and health of domestic animals. This study investigated the effects of supplementing Bacillus spp. probiotics and xylanase on 2000 one-day-old Japanese quails, randomly assigned to four treatment groups (10 replicates). The control group received no supplementation, while the others were supplemented with a Bacillus-based probiotic at 7.5 × 107 cfu/kg of feed, xylanase enzyme (2,000 U/kg) alone or in combination. Quails receiving both probiotic and enzyme exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) higher weekly and overall weight gain, and lower feed conversion ratios compared to the control group. Dressing percentage was higher (p < 0.01), and mortality lower in birds supplemented with a combination of enzyme and probiotic. Antibody titres against infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in quails receiving combined probiotic and enzyme supplementation, while titres against Newcastle disease virus were higher (p < 0.01) in groups supplemented with probiotic and enzyme individually or in combination. Additionally, digestibility was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in groups receiving combined enzyme and probiotic supplementation, with higher apparent metabolizable energy compared to the control. The populations of beneficial Lactobacillus increased, while harmful E. coli and Salmonella decreased significantly in quails supplemented with both probiotic and enzyme. In conclusion, supplementing xylanase enzyme and probiotic together in Japanese quails positively influenced growth, nutrient digestibility, immune response, and cecal microbiota.

Effects of protease enzyme supplementation and varying levels of amino acid inclusion on productive performance, egg quality, amino acid digestibility, and economics of egg production in Hy-Line W-36 laying hen from 50 to 70 wk of age

Effects of protease enzyme supplementation and varying levels of amino acid inclusion on productive performance, egg quality, amino acid digestibility, and economics of egg production in Hy-Line W-36 laying hen from 50 to 70 wk of age

Piglets performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health in response to feeding Ulva lactuca seaweed supplemented with a recombinant ulvan lyase or a commercial carbohydrase mixture.

Ulva lactuca, a green seaweed, may be an alternative source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for weaned piglets. However, it has a recalcitrant cell wall rich in a sulphated polysaccharide - ulvan - that is indigestible to monogastrics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of 7% U. lactuca, combined with carbohydrases supplementation (commercial carbohydrase mixture or recombinant ulvan lyase), on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health parameters (morphology and microbiota) of weaned piglets. The experiment was conducted over 14 days using 40 weaned piglets randomly allocated to one of four experimental diets: a control diet based on wheat-maize-soybean meal, a diet with 7% U. lactuca replacing the control diet (UL), a diet with UL supplemented with 0.005% Rovabio® Excel AP, and a diet with UL supplemented with 0.01% of a recombinant ulvan lyase. The dietary treatments had no major effects on growth performance, nitrogen balance and gut content variables, as well as histological measurements. Contrarily, dry matter and organic matter digestibility decreased with dietary seaweed inclusion, while hemicellulose digestibility increased, suggesting a high fermentability of this cell wall fraction independently of carbohydrases supplementation. Some beneficial microbial populations increased as a consequence of enzymatic supplementation (e.g., Prevotella), while seaweed diets as a whole led to an increased abundance of Shuttleworthia, Anaeroplasma and Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, all related with a healthier gut. It also decreased Lactobacillus when compared to controls, which is possibly related to increased bioavailability of seaweed zinc. This study indicates that, under these experimental conditions, up to 7% dietary U. lactuca has no detrimental effect on piglet growth, despite decreasing acid detergent fibre digestibility. Carbohydrases supplementation of Ulva diets is not required at this incorporation level.

Impact of diet supplementation of enzymes during hot weather conditions on milk production and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes

Impact of diet supplementation of enzymes during hot weather conditions on milk production and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes

Effect of Enzyme Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Production Performance in Lactating Murrah Buffaloes

Background: Enzyme stimulates metabolic and digestive processes leading to increased feed intake and improved nutrient availability in animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and production performance in lactating Murrah Buffaloes during winter season. Methods: Twenty four lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected for the study from Livestock Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (UP). All the selected animals were randomly allocated into four treatment groups having six animals in each group on the basis of body weight, lactation length and milk yield. The daily nutrient requirements of lactating Murrah buffaloes in term of DM, DCP and TDN were provided as per the feeding standards of Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (2013). Total Mixed Ration for buffaloes was prepared by mixing of roughage and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40 after grinding/chaffing. Roughage part was consisting of available winter season green fodder e.g. oat and wheat straw available at research centre. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @ 240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @ 800000 IU and Cellulase @ 240000 IU). Result: From the present study, it was observed that the average milk yield (5.34 litre/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, but the difference was non-significant. The average milk fat percent was recorded as 7.52, 7.58. 7.60 and 7.65 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups, respectively. Although the results of T4 group animals were comparatively higher in all major milk constituents the differences were found to be statistically non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) and CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW) were almost similar in all treatment groups. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in enzyme supplemented groups. The digestibility coefficient of CP, CF, NDF and ADF were higher (P less than 0.05) in buffaloes of T4 over control (T1) group. So, it was concluded from the above study that the milk production and milk composition could be improved with the combine use of Xylanase and Cellulase enzyme in murrah buffaloes due to improved CP and fibre digestibility.

The effects of incorporating dried cashew apple in the diet of broiler chickens on growth performance, total tract digestibility, and gut health

A total of two hundred and ten one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were utilized in this study to investigate the effects of incorporating Dried Cashew Apples (DCA) in the diet of broiler chickens on growth performance, total tract digestibility, and gut health. The birds were weighed and randomly allotted to seven treatment groups with three replicates, each having 10 birds. The experimental design was a (2 X 3) + 1 augmented factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Diet D1 (control diet) was a maize-soybean meal-based; diets D2, D3, and D4 comprised 10, 20, and 30% DCA without exogenous enzyme supplementation, whereas diets D5, D6, and D7 included 10, 20, and 30% DCA treated with exogenous enzyme. Data were collected on growth performance, total tract digestibility, and gut morphology. Collected data were analyzed using SAS (2002) and separation of means was done using Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests of the same statistical software. The difference was set at p &lt; 0.05. The study found that birds fed diets containing 10% DCA, with or without enzyme supplementation (D2 and D5), had a significantly higher Average Daily Gain (ADG) compared to those fed the control diet (D1). The ADG of birds fed diets D3 and D6 was similar to that of birds fed the control diet (D1). However, a significant decrease in ADG was observed as the dietary inclusion level of DCA increased to 30%, as seen in birds offered diets D4 and D7. In addition, a significant linear rise (p &lt; 0.05) in Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) was seen when DCA was included in the diet. In addition, birds that were given diets containing DCA showed significantly higher nutrient digestibility (p &lt; 0.05) compared to birds that were given the control diet (D1), except for birds that were given a diet containing 30% DCA without enzyme supplementation (D4), which showed significantly lower nutrient digestibility (p &lt; 0.05) compared to birds that were given the control diet (D1). Ultimately, birds that were given meals containing DCA exhibited a significant enhancement in GIT development compared to birds on the control diet. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that including DCA in the diet of broiler chickens at a level of up to 20% does not have any detrimental effects on their performance.

Prevalence, Overview, and Treatment Strategies for Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas, with acute pancreatitis being the most prevalent form. The primary etiologies are gallstones and excessive alcohol consumption, accounting for 70-80% of cases. While most acute pancreatitis cases are mild and self-limiting, approximately 20-30% progress to a severe form characterized by pancreatic necrosis and organ failure, leading to a high mortality rate of around 15%. Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive, debilitating condition resulting from repeated inflammatory episodes or other factors, causing irreversible pancreatic damage and impaired exocrine and endocrine function. Accurate diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial in pancreatitis management. Mild acute pancreatitis is typically managed with supportive care, including fluid resuscitation, pain control, and early enteral nutrition. Severe cases may require intensive care, antibiotic prophylaxis, and interventions for complications like infected necrosis. Chronic pancreatitis necessitates lifestyle modifications, pain management, enzyme supplementation, and potential endoscopic or surgical interventions for duct decompression or resection. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of pancreatitis, encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, classification systems, and evidence-based management strategies. Recent advances in diagnostic modalities, novel therapeutic approaches, and surgical techniques are discussed. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the need for tailored treatment plans based on individual patient factors and disease severity

Performance of broiler chickens fed palm kernel cake with enzyme supplementation

Abstract The purpose of this study was examined the performance of broiler chickens fed palm kernel cake (PKC) with enzyme supplementation. This research used 1,260 Indian River strain male broiler chickens divided into seven treatments and six replications, with 30 chickens in each replication. This research used two types of cocktail enzymes, enzyme one and enzyme two. Enzyme one consists of mannanase 182 g/ton (182×103 U), NSPase 200 g/ton (α – amylase 54×103 U, selulase 500 ×103 U, xylanase 375×103 U, and protease 180×103 U) and protease 130 g/ton (240.5 U), while enzyme two consists of mannanase 182 g/ton (182×103 U), NSPase 400 g/ton (α – amylase 108×103 U, selulase 106 U, xylanase 750×103 U, and protease 360×103 U), and protease 260 g/ton (481 Unit enzyme). This study’s treatment was: P0 - basal feed (control), P1 – P0 with 10% PKC, P2 – P0 with 20% PKC, P3 – P0 with 10% PKC and enzyme one, P4 – P0 with 10% PKC and enzyme one, P5 – P0 with PKC 20% and enzyme two, and P6 – P0 with PKC 20% and enzyme two. Chickens were kept for 35 days. The variables observed included feed intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG), Feed conversion Ratio (FCR), Performance Index (PI), and carcass percentage. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Enzyme addition did not affect feed consumption. The P3 had the largest ADG (2,219.75 g), the lowest FCR (1.59), and had the best FCR compared to the other treatments. The P4 and P6 could increase ADG compared P0, but did not increase compared to P3. The addition of 10% PKC could reduce FCR compared to the control, while the addition of 20% PKC did not reduce FCR. The addition of 10% PKC could increase PI by 19.07% (P1) and 28.58% (P3) compared to the control. The P4 and P6 did not increase PI. The P3 could increase carcass percentage by 6.15% and 6.19% (P5) compared to the control. Carcass percentage in P3 and P5 was highest than the control which was 71.53% and 71.56%. This research concluded that the P3 treatment consisting of basal feed with 10% PKC and the addition of enzymes mannanase 182 g/ton, NSPase 200 g/ton, and protease 130 g/ton could increase ADG, PI, and carcass percentage, and reduced FCR.