Supplementary Processing Research Articles

A supplementary processing method of residual material in impeller plunge milling

Plunge milling is highly suitable for processing deep groove type parts. In recent years, it has been gradually employed in the machining of integral impeller runners. However, when dealing with impeller runners that exhibit a significant blade twist, there tends to be a considerable amount of residual material left after the plunge milling process. The absence of an accurate computational model to depict these residual materials makes it challenging to plan the subsequent machining path, thereby adversely affecting processing efficiency. To address this issue, a geometric model of the material residual ridge is established. By solving the numerical equation governing the boundary characteristic curve of the residual material, a differential discretization method is employed to discretize the boundary feature curves. These curves are then connected to form a unit straight-line surface, thereby constructing an envelope model of the residual material. In order to carry out the supplementary processing of the residual material, a method is proposed based on the geometric parameters of the material residual envelope model. This method automatically divides the machining area of the residual material and plans plunge milling tool path. Simulation results demonstrate that the established residual material envelope model accurately represents the geometry of the residual material, with a volume error of less than 10 %. The supplementary processing tool path generated using the geometric parameters of the material residual material envelope model removes over 80 % of the material residual material volume. Remarkably, the supplementary processing time accounts for only 10 % of the total time required for the whole runner plunge milling process.

Type 1 diabetes affects the brain functional connectivity underlying working memory processing.

Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) deficits have been demonstrated to occur during the development of type-1-diabetes (T1D). Despite confirming the early appearance of distinct task-related brain activation patterns in T1D patients compared to healthy controls, the effect of VSWM load on functional brain connectivity during task performance is still unknown. Using electroencephalographic methods, the present study evaluated this topic in clinically well-controlled T1D young patients and healthy individuals, while they performed a VSWM task with different memory load levels during two main VSWM processing phases: encoding and maintenance. The results showed a significantly lower number of correct responses and longer reaction times in T1D while performing the task. Besides, higher and progressively increasing functional connectivity indices were found for T1D patients in response to cumulative degrees of VSWM load, from the beginning of the VSWM encoding phase, without notably affecting the VSWM maintenance phase. In contrast, healthy controls managed to solve the task, showing lower functional brain connectivity during the initial VSWM processing steps with more gradual task-related adjustments. Present results suggest that T1D patients anticipate high VSWM load demands by early recruiting supplementary processing resources as the probable expression of a more inefficient, though paradoxically better adjusted to task demands cognitive strategy.

Edge Detection With Chroma Components of Video Frame Based on Local Autocorrelation

Edge feature extraction is an important basis part for subsequent processing of video frame. The region with a small color difference is transformed into a luminance value for edge detection, which increases the difficulty of edge detection and reduces the detection accuracy. In order to improve the precision of edge detection in the regions with small color difference, local autocorrelation is proposed to enhance the edge feature. Edge detection is completed by using chroma information, and the detection rate is used to measure the extent of the detected edge of the ideal edge to be extracted. The input video frame is converted to YCbCr color mode, and local autocorrelation is applied to the luminance information Y and chroma information Cb for edge detection. Complementary processing is applied to the resulting image of edge detection based on local autocorrelation. In order to further improve the detection rate, supplementary processing is carried out. The standard edge images are defined for quantitative analysis and evaluation of proposed methods. Two kinds of edge correction processing based on the local autocorrelation comparison method and average method are proposed. Through experimental verification, the comparison method has a higher detection rate than the common method on the basis of local autocorrelation.

Mechanistic insight into the role of severe plastic deformation and post-deformation annealing in fracture behavior of Al-Mn-Si alloy

Dual-straining by constrained groove pressing (CGP) (εeff = 2.32) and cold rolling (CR) (εr = 0.47, 0.8, and 12.7) under different routes (direct cold rolling (DCR) and cross cold rolling (CCR)) performed on Al-Mn-Si sheets. In the following, thermal treatments (Ta = 150, 250, and 350 °C) conducted as supplementary processing on deformed specimens. Microstructural investigations and mechanical examinations carried out to study straining path effects. It was revealed that further straining through DCR route was more influential in ultimate grain refinement and strength enhancement. Despite DCR, CCR displayed prominent role in elongation deterioration. By post-deformation annealing of dual-strained specimen at Ta = 350 °C through DCR, ductility enhancement more than 1000% was obtained. Fractography implicated fracture-angles ranged θf = 44.5–66° which had inverse correlation with contribution of post uniform deformation (PUD) in tensile tests. Diverse fracture morphologies (fibrous, slip, rupture, and shear) examined by SEM while area contribution of each fluctuated by εr and Ta. Increase in rupture fraction observed in more brittle fracture. Characterization of size, morphology and chemical composition of second-phase precipitates proved that they were fragmented, nucleated from matrix under dynamic precipitation and also enriched in alloying elements; however, just those had certain minimum size could find chance to contribute in dimple formation.

Intelligent Devices in a Decentralized Production System Concept

Current manufacturing research topics, like Cyber Physical Production Systems, Industry 4.0 and machine learning, deal with the enhancement of machine control systems to create self-controlling production systems. This paper shows an approach to add supplementary information acquisition and processing tools to former executive units in order to enable decentralized decision-making. Therefore computers with additional sensors and communication devices were added to each component of a production system in a production laboratory. This change from a production machine to a self-controlling cyber-physical device is illustrated through the implementation in a milling station consisting of an industrial robot, a milling machine and a logistic station. The paper deals with the distribution of tasks to different component types and also with the connection to employees by such a decentralized system.

Performance of a mid-sized harvester-forwarder system in integrated harvesting of sawmill, pulpwood and firewood

Fully mechanized timber harvesting systems are generally characterized by a high operational performance being widespread and used across many regions. Such systems are adaptable to different levels of operational integration, enabling also the recovery of energy wood, but given integration configurations affect their performance. A production study was carried out in a Norway spruce clear-cut aiming to investigate the performance of a mid-sized harvester-forwarder system in general, and the effect that fuelwood recovery from tree tops may have on its performance. Data was collected in the field during 11 days of observation using state-of-art equipment and software. Harvester’s operations were monitored using a digital camera. Data refined from 27.5 filmed hours that accounted for 1045 felled and fully processed trees was used to model and compute its performance indicators. In addition, fuel consumption data was sampled in the field. The results indicated that a delay-free cycle time consumption was affected by variables characterizing the tree size. The net production rate was estimated to about 26.5 m3 ∙ h-1, being substantially affected by supplementary tree-top processing. Forwarding operations were monitored using a handheld computer and a Global Positioning System unit. The delay-free cycle time consumption was affected by forwarding distance and the amount of loaded wood, resulting in a net production rate of about 19.2 m3 ∙ h-1. Under these circumstances, the forwarding performance matched the harvester’s outputs for an extraction distance of about 100 m, indicating that the supplementary processing of the tree-tops had no effect on the system’s productive performance in the studied conditions. Most likely, it affected the harvester’s fuel consumption given its proportion of 9% in the delay-free harvester’s cycle time. The results also indicated a mean fuel consumption of about 1.7 l ∙ m-3 for the studied harvesting system.

Implementation of an Adapted Holonic Production Architecture

Recent developments in information and computation technologies open up possibilities for the practical implementation of flexible, self-controlling production systems. The decentralization of existing production systems and their control plays a decisive role in creating the demanded flexibility and achieving an overall self-controlled system. The basic concept of the decentralization of production systems was set by the paradigm of Holonic Manufacturing Systems (HMS). In a HMS an element (holon) of the production system works autonomously with its own schedule and properties. Just through the cooperation with other holons central tasks of the production system are determined and subsequently executed. In this paper the flexibility and self-control of the production system was applicated through the distribution of decision-making by adding supplementary information acquisition and processing tools to former executive units. The previously procedural connection of the machines was dissolved and replaced by a peer-to-peer communication protocol. Superordinate controlling units, mostly PLCs, were abolished and instead decentralized controlling agents were implemented. The automatic control of the entire system is reached just through the communication of all devices, a machine-based scheduling and additional monitoring agents. The underlying architecture is based on Holonic Manufacturing concepts including order agent, machine, resource, product, logistic and supply holons. In this paper the adapted architecture is presented and subsequently the practical implementation in a research laboratory is described.

Near-Infrared Imaging for Detecting Caries and Structural Deformities in Teeth

2-D radiographs, while commonly used for evaluating sub-surface hard structures of teeth, have low sensitivity for early caries lesions, particularly those on tooth occlusal surfaces. Radiographs are also frequently refused by patients over safety concerns. Translucency of teeth in the near-infrared (NIR) range offers a non-ionizing and safe approach to detect dental caries. We report the construction of an NIR (850 nm) LED imaging system, comprised of an NIR source and an intraoral camera for rapid dental evaluations. The NIR system was used to image teeth of ten consenting human subjects and successfully detected secondary, amalgam–occluded and early caries lesions without supplementary image processing. The camera-wand system was also capable of revealing demineralized areas, deep and superficial cracks, and other clinical features of teeth usually visualized by X-rays. The NIR system’s clinical utility, simplistic design, low cost, and user friendliness make it an effective dental caries screening technology in conjunction or in place of radiographs.

Study on the post-rolling direction of severely plastic deformed Aluminum-Manganese-Silicon alloy

Constrained groove pressing (CGP) as a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique was applied on Al-Mn-Si sheets. In the following, direct- and cross-rolling were employed as supplementary processing in order to investigate the rolling-direction effect on CGPed sheets. The in-depth characterization of microstructural evolutions were employed using polarized light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Williamson–Hall analysis method was applied on X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of specimens. Analysis of XRD results revealed that post-rolling of CGPed sheets induced dynamic recrystallization (DRX) due to massive dislocations’ accumulation which follows by crystallite growth. The largest crystallite size which was 619nm achieved after direct-rolling through the rolling strain of 1.27. Maximum acquired peak intensity ratio for rolled sheets was for (220) crystallographic plane similar to annealed one. Also, post-rolling had altered the distinguished plane from (111) for CGPed sheets into (220). Mechanical characteristics of specimens were examined using hardness and tension tests. Based on the obtained results, direct-rolling of CGPed samples was more susceptible for strength enhancement compared to cross-rolling. Optimum achieved values for yield and ultimate tensile strength were 155 and 197MPa, respectively. Rolling in the both longitudinal and cross directions had almost similar effect on the final attained hardness.

Reading skill-fractional anisotropy relationships in visuospatial tracts diverge depending on socioeconomic status.

Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been repeatedly linked with decreased academic achievement, including lower reading outcomes. Some lower SES children do show skills and scores commensurate with those of their higher SES peers, but whether their abilities stem from the same systems as high SES children or are based on divergent strategies is unknown. We here investigated a potential interactive relationship between SES and real-word reading skill in the white matter in 42 typically developing children. SES was determined based on parental education; reading skill and age were not significantly related to SES. There was a significant neural interaction: Clusters in the bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and left corticospinal tract demonstrated interactive skill-SES relationships in fractional anisotropy. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that higher SES children showed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy, reflecting tract coherence, and reading skill in left hemisphere tract clusters, whereas lower SES children showed a positive relationship in the right hemisphere homologues. Broadly, the ILF has been demonstrated to support orthographic skill on the left and more general visuospatial processing on the right, so high reading achievement in lower SES children may rely on supplementary visuospatial processing more than for higher SES readers. This pattern is consistent with previous work reporting low SES children's environments to include less rich verbal experience, which may lead them to disproportionately draw on visuospatial skills for success. Further, these results indicate that group SES differences may be best described by an adaptive, not a deficit, model.

Psychophysics, Fitting, and Signal Processing for Combined Hearing Aid and Cochlear Implant Stimulation

The addition of acoustic stimulation to electric stimulation via a cochlear implant has been shown to be advantageous for speech perception in noise, sound quality, music perception, and sound source localization. However, the signal processing and fitting procedures of current cochlear implants and hearing aids were developed independently, precluding several potential advantages of bimodal stimulation, such as improved sound source localization and binaural unmasking of speech in noise. While there is a large and increasing population of implantees who use a hearing aid, there are currently no generally accepted fitting methods for this configuration. It is not practical to fit current commercial devices to achieve optimal binaural loudness balance or optimal binaural cue transmission for arbitrary signals and levels. There are several promising experimental signal processing systems specifically designed for bimodal stimulation. In this article, basic psychophysical studies with electric acoustic stimulation are reviewed, along with the current state of the art in fitting, and experimental signal processing techniques for electric acoustic stimulation.

Low latency audio coder design for high quality audio service on server-client environment

Low latency audio coding attracts increasing attention among high quality communication applications such as video conferencing system and server-client media applications such as cloud computing based interactive A/V service. This paper presents a low latency audio coding scheme which can achieve both low delay and high subjective audio quality at the same time. In order to guarantee low delay, the proposed coding system incorporates low overlap window while preserving the window size as same as that of conventional (AAC) long window. The supplementary signal processing tool is incorporated to enhance the audio quality. The proposed coding scheme achieves the delay of 24 ms in 48 kHz and the MUSHRA score, which is comparable to that of commercialized AAC.

Breakthrough Scanning, Supplier Knowledge Exchange, and New Product Development Performance

The ability of a firm to scan its environment for breakthrough innovations and develop new products is increasingly central to business success. However, many firms struggle to develop breakthrough innovations alone, and rely increasingly on their supply base to provide input in processing uncertain and ambiguous technological knowledge. This paper develops a theoretical framework, based in information processing theory, to investigate the effects of breakthrough search behaviors by the buyer firm on their technical proficiency, reliance on supplementary processing capacity with suppliers, and subsequent new product development and financial performance. Using data provided by 111 procurement executives from the United Kingdom, we find support for our hypotheses. Increased breakthrough scanning results in higher firm‐level technical proficiency, and also an increase in knowledge sharing with the firm's suppliers. A combination of a firm's technical capabilities and knowledge exchange with suppliers was found to result in improved new product development performance and financial performance. This study extends the supply relationship management and new product development literatures, and suggests implications for both research and practice.

The Research of High Speed Machining Technology for Sub-Regional Complex Surfaces Based on Feature

The high speed machining technology of complex surface has been a focus of the study. Based on the analysis of cutting force model for ball-end cutters and cutting force tests of 3-axis machining, the paper brings forward the reasonable oblique angle of tool axis for complex surface with different curvature. According to the different feature of surface shape, the surface is classified in terms of oblique angle formed by tool axis and normal vector of surface. Meanwhile, the processing methods are proposed to adapt to classification of surface. Adopting 3+2 axis method in 5 axis machine to processing complex surface with different features by sub-regional process will effectively improve the surface quality and extend tool life. The paper finally put forward the high speed supplementary processing technology to process the boundary and transition area of surface.

Photonic crystal membrane waveguides with low insertion losses

We demonstrate experimentally that the fiber to fiber total insertion loss into a single-mode waveguide in a suspended photonic crystal membrane can be reduced to less than 10 dB (input, output, and propagation) without introducing any supplementary processing step (e.g., polymer deposition and etching). This is achieved through a suitable design of the waveguide end-facets minimizing the impedance mismatch and thereby the residual reflectance at the waveguide ends.

연속적 스캐닝 방법을 이용한 이광자 광중합 공정의 제작 속도 및 정밀도 개선에 관한 연구

Abstract Minimization of processing time in two-photon stereolithography (TPS) has been one of important issues. Generally, a voxel scanning method (VSM) has been used in TPS because the method is very profitable for the stable fabrication irrespective of jittering and response time of scanning equipments such as a stage and a galvano-scanner. However, supplementary processing time due to the on/off control of a shutter for the generation of each voxel is required inevitably in VSM; by this reason, much processing time takes to fabricate largescale micropatterns and three-dimensional patterns. In this work, a continuous scanning method (CSM), generating patterns by movement of beam focus with a constant speed, is proposed for the improvements of scanning speed and precision in TPS. Some line patterns are fabricated by each scanning method to demonstrate the usefulness of CSM with viewpoints of scanning speed and precision. 1. 서 론 이광자 흡수 광중합 현상(two-photon iniduced photo-polymerization)을 이용한 나노 스테레오 리소그래피 공정은 극소형의 완전한 3 차원 형상을 제작할 수 있는 가장 유리한 방법 중 하나로 인식되고 있다.

THE ESTIMATED COMPONENTS CHANGES TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF CAR TRAFFIC VOLUME ON THE RAIL NETWORK

Trains forming plan constituents change Possibility, inclusions in them variable expense rates and time on supplementary carriages processing considers.

Defining the Nature of Motion Perception Deficits in Glaucoma Using Simple and Complex Motion Stimuli

The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of motion perception deficits in primary open-angle glaucoma by measuring the sensitivity of simple (luminance-defined) and complex (texture-defined) motion, the latter requiring supplementary neural processing to be resolved. These findings will help address the possible extent of the cortical damage in glaucoma that has been recently demonstrated by anatomic and physiological studies. They also serve the purpose of establishing which motion paradigms would be most appropriate for assessing glaucoma-related functional loss. Direction-identification thresholds for first-order and second-order motion were measured for 26 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (for both phakic and pseudophakic) and 18 nonglaucomatous observers. The glaucomatous observers showed significantly increased motion thresholds for both first- and second-order motion conditions when compared with nonglaucomatous observers. However, the relative increase in threshold for first-order motion did not differ significantly from that of second-order motion. These findings imply that there is no measurable higher-level cortical function damage caused by the glaucomatous process because no greater loss in second-order motion was observed. Based on the results, we suggest that motion paradigms used to assess functional loss in primary open-angle glaucoma should consist of simple, first-order type stimuli to minimize potential confounds such as those introduced by both the normal and pathologic aging process on complex motion processing (i.e., perimetry using complex motion stimuli).

Crooked‐line 2D seismic reflection imaging in crystalline terrains: Part 2, migration

Seismic reflection surveys are frequently conducted over very complicated geological structure, but surveying often must be confined to existing crooked roads or tracks. Typically, data from such 2D crooked‐line surveys are processed using standard common midpoint (CMP) stacking techniques to obtain a 2D time section which is then 2D migrated. In Part I, we show that a reflector dip component across the processing line can cause serious problems for standard CMP stacking. We also propose a supplementary processing step in which cross‐dip is determined locally and cross‐dip moveout (CDMO) is removed from data to form an optimum cross‐dip stack. However, a crooked‐line survey is really a swath 3D survey, and ideally we would like to obtain a 3D image of reflectivity surrounding the profile. Here we investigate the potential of 3D prestack Kirchhoff migration to directly image all observed reflections; i.e., we attempt to construct a 3D image volume of all reflectors viewed by the survey. Because reflectors that face away from the acquisition line cannot return much wave energy from available sources to available receivers, they cannot be imaged even if they lie directly beneath the survey profile. Tests show that the cross‐profile spread of trace midpoints usually is sufficient to provide a useful degree of cross‐line positioning of reflection points. A very helpful image volume is thus obtained. Kirchhoff 3D prestack migration is computationally laborious. A much quicker but less complete method is to create the 3D migrated image volume from the 2D optimum cross‐dip stack and the associated set of cross‐dips. Robustness of migration methods to time errors in the prestack data traces such as poorly corrected statics is also an issue. Tests show that in difficult cases, particularly where only 2D processing is warranted, migration of trace absolute amplitude rather than standard phase data may lead to a superior result.

Finding paths in a labyrinth based on reaction–diffusion media

During the past few decades, many proposals were made on how to take an effective solution for finding a path in a labyrinth, one of the most well known problems of high computational complexity inherent in information processing by biomolecular and biological entities. In particular, attempts were made to use a technique attractive enough for solving this problem based on wave processes in reaction–diffusion media. Trigger waves in reaction–diffusion systems spread simultaneously through all paths of the labyrinth in a highly parallel mode. Regretfully, the velocity of these waves is extremely low which gave no way for the practical implementation of this technique until now. An effective ‘hardware’ system was designed which was capable of finding a path in a labyrinth using fast phase waves. Three principal points were assumed as a basis for this design, i.e. (1) hybrid architecture that combined an information processing reaction–diffusion medium which performs operations of high computational complexity with a digital computer carrying out supplementary image processing operations; (2) light-sensitive information processing media of Belousov–Zhabotinsky type that enables the simulation of the labyrinth and spreading wave evolution by their images stored in the medium and reduces the problem to the image processing operations; (3) fast light-induced phase wave processes that spreads through the labyrinth in several seconds instead of hours which is typical for trigger waves inherent in reaction–diffusion media. These fundamentals along with the additional procedure of testing for labyrinth fragment connectness provided us with the opportunity to solve labyrinth problems.