Supplementation Period Research Articles

The supplementary effects of omega-3 fatty acid alone and in a combination with vitamin D3 on serum leptin levels: A randomized clinical trial on men and women with vitamin D deficiency

Purpose: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed to assess the effect of VD3, n-3FA, and their combination on serum leptin levels in people with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Subjects and methods: One hundred and forty six participants, were randomly assigned into four groups supplemented with the dose of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly (D), 300 mg n-3FA taken daily (Om), and their combination (D+Om) or control (C) for eight weeks. Fasting baseline and follow-up (10 weeks; 8 weeks supplementation plus washout period of 2 weeks) of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), leptin, glucose, triglycerides (TG), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and phosphorus were assayed. A paired T-test was used to assess the changes in serum leptin levels over of the follow-up period. Results: Significant increase in follow-up serum leptin (10.62 ± 7.18 to 14.42 ± 8.29 ng/mL, P = 0.002) and TG (154 ± 84.4 to 200.1 ± 79, P = 0.015) levels were observed in n-3-FA supplemented group. Combination therapy (VD3 plus n-3 FA) significantly increased serum 25OHD (13.49 ± 4.64 to 37.09 ± 11.13 ng/mL, P < 0.001), TG levels (114.3 ± 57.3 to 139.1 ± 60.7 mg/mL, P = 0.007) and insignificantly serum leptin (6.74 ± 4.87 to 8.01 ± 6.77 ng/mL, P = 0.269). Conclusion: Our study referred that notable elevation in leptin and TG levels might be linked to leptin resistance. However, further RCTs are required to clarify possible consequences resulted from the extensive administration of n-3FA supplements and their combinations with high doses of VD3 supplements on humans’ health.

Impact of Glucosamine Supplementation on Gut Health.

Glucosamine (GLU) is a natural compound found in cartilage, and supplementation with glucosamine has been shown to improve joint heath and has been linked to reduced mortality rates. GLU is poorly absorbed and may exhibit functional properties in the gut. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of glucosamine on gastrointestinal function as well as changes in fecal microbiota and metabolome. Healthy males (n = 6) and females (n = 5) (33.4 ± 7.7 years, 174.1 ± 12.0 cm, 76.5 ± 12.9 kg, 25.2 ± 3.1 kg/m2, n = 11) completed two supplementation protocols that each spanned three weeks separated by a washout period that lasted two weeks. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, participants ingested a daily dose of GLU hydrochloride (3000 mg GlucosaGreen®, TSI Group Ltd., Missoula, MT, USA) or maltodextrin placebo. Study participants completed bowel habit and gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaires in addition to providing a stool sample that was analyzed for fecal microbiota and metabolome at baseline and after the completion of each supplementation period. GLU significantly reduced stomach bloating and showed a trend towards reducing constipation and hard stools. Phylogenetic diversity (Faith’s PD) and proportions of Pseudomonadaceae, Peptococcaceae, and Bacillaceae were significantly reduced following GLU consumption. GLU supplementation significantly reduced individual, total branched-chain, and total amino acid excretion, with no glucosamine being detected in any of the fecal samples. GLU had no effect on fecal short-chain fatty acids levels. GLU supplementation provided functional gut health benefits and induced fecal microbiota and metabolome changes.

Effects of supplements differing in fatty acid profile to late gestational beef cows on cow performance, calf growth performance, and mRNA expression of genes associated with myogenesis and adipogenesis

BackgroundMaternal nutrition during gestation affects fetal development, which has long-term programming effects on offspring postnatal growth performance. With a critical role in protein and lipid metabolism, essential fatty acids can influence the development of muscle and adipose tissue. The experiment investigated the effects of late gestation supplements (77 d prepartum), either rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (CON; 155 g/cow/d EnerGII) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 80 g/cow/d Strata and 80 g/cow/d Prequel), on cow performance and subsequent calf growth performance as well as mRNA expression in longissimus muscle (LM) and subcutaneous adipose tissue at birth and weaning.ResultsThere was no difference (P ≥ 0.34) in cow body weight (BW) or body condition score from pre-supplementation through weaning. Relative concentrations of C18:3n-3 and C20:4n-6 decreased (P ≤ 0.05) to a greater extent from mid-supplementation to calving for PUFA compared with CON cows. Cow plasma C20:0, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were increased (P ≤ 0.01) in PUFA during supplementation period. At birth, PUFA steers had greater (P = 0.01) plasma C20:5n-3. No differences (P ≥ 0.33) were detected in steer birth BW or dam milk production, however, CON steers tended (P = 0.06) to have greater pre-weaning average daily gain and had greater (P = 0.05) weaning BW compared with PUFA. For mRNA expression in steers: MYH7 and C/EBPβ in LM increased (P ≤ 0.04) to a greater extent from birth to weaning for PUFA compared with CON; MYF5 in LM and C/EBPβ in adipose tissue tended (P ≤ 0.08) to decrease more from birth to weaning for CON compared with PUFA; SCD in PUFA adipose tissue tended (P = 0.08) to decrease to a greater extent from birth to weaning than CON. In addition, maternal PUFA supplementation tended (P = 0.08) to decrease MYOG mRNA expression in LM and decreased (P = 0.02) ZFP423 in adipose tissue during the pre-weaning stage.ConclusionsLate gestation PUFA supplementation decreased pre-weaning growth performance of the subsequent steer progeny compared with CON supplementation, which could have been a result of downregulated mRNA expression of myogenic genes during pre-weaning period.

Expression of glucose and magnesium transport-associated genes in whole blood RNA of lactating ewes supplemented with magnesium

Lactation is characterized by an increase in energy demand and glucose consumption, which may also be linked to the concurrent compromise in immune function during early lactation. Magnesium (Mg) could be involved in this link based on its role for more than 600 metabolic reactions associated with energy metabolism, in addition to its essential role in glucose metabolism. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the influence of Mg supplementation on the expression of glucose and Mg transport-associated genes in blood cells (predominantly leukocytes) of lactating ewes and to identify possible correlations between the expression of these genes and leukocyte subpopulations. Pregnant ewes were divided into a control group (Control, n = 8) and a Mg group (Mg, n = 8), the latter supplemented with magnesium oxide at a daily Mg intake of approximately 0.30% and 0.38% of dry matter during the last four weeks of gestation and the first four weeks after lambing, respectively. At the end of the supplementation period, blood samples were collected in PAXgene tubes in order to determine the mRNA expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4) and genes linked to Mg transport (SLC41A1, CNNM2, TRPM6, TRPM7 and MagT1) in blood cells. Mg supplementation tended to increase the expression of GLUT1 in blood cells (P = 0.087). Expression values of GLUT3, SLC41A1, CNNM2, TRPM6, TRPM7, and MagT1 were not significantly changed (P > 0.1). Interestingly, GLUT4 was not detected in either group. Counts of circulating neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes showed no significant differences between the two groups. Furthermore, no correlations were observed between the expression of the investigated genes and specific leukocyte subpopulation percentages/frequenciies. In conclusion, the expression of a variety of glucose and Mg transport-associated genes did not respond to dietary Mg supplementation. Nonetheless, a tendency towards higher expression of GLUT1 in the Mg group might support an involvement of Mg in the regulation of glucose metabolism of ovine blood cells.

Effects of Vitamin D2 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 Supplementation on Plasma Vitamin D Epimeric Metabolites in Adult Cats.

Feline vitamin D status is based on dietary consumption but metabolism of this essential nutrient and the efficacy of supplementation forms are poorly described in cats. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the metabolites of vitamin D2 in cats and to compare the effectiveness of vitamin D2 and 25(OH)D2 for increasing feline vitamin D status. Eight adult male castrated domestic shorthair cats received vitamin D2 or 25(OH)D2 in a single crossover design. Vitamin D2 was dosed daily in a molar equivalent dosage to vitamin D3 ingested in the diet while 25(OH)D2 was provided at a daily dose of 20% molar equivalent intake of dietary vitamin D3 based on its expected higher potency. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D epimers were evaluated at baseline then every 2 weeks for a total of 10 weeks. Analysis of multiple vitamin D metabolite concentrations was completed at the end of each supplementation period, followed by a washout period preceding the second phase of the crossover trial. Results showed that supplementation with 25(OH)D2 more effectively and rapidly raised circulating 25(OH)D2 levels in cat plasma compared to vitamin D2. Formation of C-3 epimers of 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, and 24,25R(OH)2D3, but not 24,25(OH)2D2, were observed in feline plasma. The abundant concentrations of epimeric forms of vitamin D metabolites found in circulation suggest that these metabolites should be considered during vitamin D analyses in cats. Further studies using 25(OH)D and vitamin D2 forms are needed to conclude safety and efficacy of these vitamers for supplementation in this species.

Plant Proteins and Exercise: What Role Can Plant Proteins Have in Promoting Adaptations to Exercise?

Adequate dietary protein is important for many aspects of health with current evidence suggesting that exercising individuals need greater amounts of protein. When assessing protein quality, animal sources of protein routinely rank amongst the highest in quality, largely due to the higher levels of essential amino acids they possess in addition to exhibiting more favorable levels of digestibility and absorption patterns of the amino acids. In recent years, the inclusion of plant protein sources in the diet has grown and evidence continues to accumulate on the comparison of various plant protein sources and animal protein sources in their ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS), heighten exercise training adaptations, and facilitate recovery from exercise. Without question, the most robust changes in MPS come from efficacious doses of a whey protein isolate, but several studies have highlighted the successful ability of different plant sources to significantly elevate resting rates of MPS. In terms of facilitating prolonged adaptations to exercise training, multiple studies have indicated that a dose of plant protein that offers enough essential amino acids, especially leucine, consumed over 8–12 weeks can stimulate similar adaptations as seen with animal protein sources. More research is needed to see if longer supplementation periods maintain equivalence between the protein sources. Several practices exist whereby the anabolic potential of a plant protein source can be improved and generally, more research is needed to best understand which practice (if any) offers notable advantages. In conclusion, as one considers the favorable health implications of increasing plant intake as well as environmental sustainability, the interest in consuming more plant proteins will continue to be present. The evidence base for plant proteins in exercising individuals has seen impressive growth with many of these findings now indicating that consumption of a plant protein source in an efficacious dose (typically larger than an animal protein) can instigate similar and favorable changes in amino acid update, MPS rates, and exercise training adaptations such as strength and body composition as well as recovery.

Impact of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Respiratory Tract Infections in Older Nursing Home Residents: A Protocol for a Randomized Control Trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of a dietary supplement within an elderly population who reside in a Community Living Center (CLC; VA Nursing Home), on the number of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) during a 90-day study period. MethodsThis is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the impact of bovine Lactoferrin (bLf) on RTIs in an elderly nursing home population in the US. Subjects will be residents of the CLC and screened within 21 days prior to starting study supplementation. Eligible participants were at least 55 years of age, able to eat and drink and expected to reside at the CLC for the duration of the study. Consent was obtained from the study participant or their legally recognized representative decision maker. Participants will be excluded if: receiving tube feeds or specialized diets for eating disorders; immunocompromised; have a life expectancy of less than six months; or allergic to study products. ResultsSubjects will be randomized in a ratio of 1:1 to either investigational (600 mg of bLf) or (placebo arms. All participants will take study supplement by mouth daily for 90 days. Subjects will be assessed daily for RTI symptoms. Blood and saliva will be collected at 45 and 90 days. Ad hoc assessments and a nasal sample will take place if a subject develops a protocol-defined RTI. ConclusionsThe primary outcome will be number of RTIs over the 90-day study period. Secondary outcomes include severity and duration of RTI symptoms, symptoms associated with RTIs, number of RTI complications, and nasopharyngeal swab at onset of RTI, Other secondary outcomes include the following, all measured at baseline, day 45 and day 90: quality of life by questionnaire, weight, saliva markers, laboratory testing and immunological markers. An exploratory endpoint is vaccine specific inflammatory panel (influenza and Sars-Cov2) measured upon vaccination during supplement period. RTI number, severity, duration and complications and medically confirmed adverse events will be compared between the placebo and investigational groups. Funding SourcesRB/Mead Johnson & Company.

Direct assessment of body iron balance in women with and without iron supplementation using a long-term isotope dilution method in Benin and Switzerland

Long-term isotopic dilution measurements of body iron may allow quantification of basal body iron balance and iron gains during an iron intervention with higher precision and accuracy than conventional iron indices. We compared body iron balance before, during, and after oral iron supplementation in women in Benin and in Switzerland. In prospective studies, Beninese (n=11) and Swiss (n=10) women previously labeled with stable iron isotopes were followed preintervention for 90-120 d, then received 50-mg iron daily for 90-120 d and were followed postintervention for 90-120 d. We used changes in blood isotopic composition to calculate iron absorption (Feabs), iron loss (Feloss), and net iron balance (Fegain). Compliance with supplementation was>90%. In Benin, during the preintervention, intervention, and postintervention periods, Fe means±SDs were as follows: 1) Feabs: 0.92±1.05, 3.75±2.07, and 0.90±0.93 mg/d; 2) Feloss: 1.46±1.95, 1.58±1.57, and 1.84±1.61 mg/d; and 3) Fegain: -0.55±1.56 mg/d, 2.17±1.81 mg/d, and -0.94±1.13 mg/d. In Switzerland, the corresponding values were: 1) 1.51±0.37, 4.09±1.52, and 0.97±0.41 mg/d; 2) 0.76±1.37, 2.54±1.43, and 2.08±1.05 mg/d; and 3) 0.75±1.37, 1.55±1.75, and -1.11±1.06 mg/d. Inflammation was low in both settings, and isotopically calculated iron balance was comparable to that calculated from changes in conventional iron indices. Without iron supplementation, Beninese women had lower long-term dietary iron absorption and higher iron losses in the preintervention period than Swiss women. During iron supplementation, both groups had high iron absorption and similar iron gains. However, there was a 3-fold increase in iron losses in the Swiss women during the supplementation and postintervention period compared with the preintervention period. Body iron isotope dilution is a promising new method for quantifying long-term body iron balance and for assessing the impact of iron interventions. The studies were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02979080 and NCT02979132, respectively.

Wheat Germ Supplementation Improves Glucose Homeostasis Markers of Overweight Adults Independent of Gut Microbial Modulation

Abstract Objectives This study investigated the effects of wheat germ (WG) supplementation on inflammation, metabolic, and gut health markers in overweight adults. Methods Forty overweight (BMI = 25.0–30 kg/m2) adults between 18–45 y old were recruited to this single-blinded randomized placebo-controlled study. Qualified participants were asked to maintain their normal diet and physical activity and consume energy balls containing 30 g of either WG or cornmeal (control) daily for 4 wks. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters, as well as dietary (3-d food record), medical history, physical activity (Yale Physical Activity Survey), stool measures (Bristol Stool Chart and the Cleveland Clinic Constipation Scoring System), gut integrity markers, and fecal bacterial population were assessed at baseline and at the end of the supplementation period. Results Thirty-nine participants completed the 4-week study (n = 20 and 19 for the WG and control group, respectively). There were no differences in the lipid profile, but glycated hemoglobin (P = 0.04), insulin (P = 0.03), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; P = 0.04) were significantly decreased in the WG but not the control group. Similarly, the adipokine resistin was also significantly reduced (P = 0.03) by WG but not the control. There were no changes in stool characteristics between the two groups before and after supplementation. Similarly, there were no changes in gut bacterial population due to WG supplementation but the phyla Bacteroidetes (P = 0.03) and Proteobacteria (P = 0.048) and the genus Bacteroides (P = 0.03) were significantly decreased in the control group. No significant changes were observed in plasma inflammatory markers, fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and markers of gut integrity in both groups. Conclusions Four weeks of WG supplementation improved markers of glucose homeostasis, which can partly be attributed to the reduction of the pro-inflammatory adipokine resistin and not due to changes within the gut (i.e., bacterial population, gut integrity markers, and SCFA production). Our findings indicate that WG may be a safe, effective, and economical approach to improve glucose homeostasis. Funding Sources USDA Award #2019–67,018-29,260 and the Jim and Lynn Williams Professorship.

Efficacy Trials of Sorghum based Composite Flour Mix on the Blood Glucose Levels of Experimental Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Diabetes is global health disorder affecting millions of people worldwide with the largest number of diabetic adults in India ranging around 61.3 million people. Use of indigenous foods has been advocated to reduce the incidence of chronic, diet related non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, obesity and CVD. In the present study an approach was made to develop and assess the functional efficacy of sorghum based composite flour mix for a period of 15 days on blood glucose level of alloxan induced diabetes rats. Out of all the seven groups, Group A showed no significant improvement in the blood sugar level at the end of the supplementation period, Group B showed significant increase in the blood glucose level while Group C showed significant decrease in the blood glucose level along with Groups D, E, F and G fed with sorghum based composite flour mix showed significant decrease in the blood sugar level. Thus it can be concluded that the blood glucose lowering effect of sorghum based composite flour may be due to the in situ composition of the composite flour mix which are potential sources of dietary fibres like cellulose, lignin, phytonutrients including tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, phytosterols, polyphenols, and policosanols.

Vitamin C May Increase the Recovery Rate of Outpatient Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by 70%: Reanalysis of the COVID A to Z Randomized Clinical Trial.

Interest in the potential effects of vitamin C for respiratory virus infections traces back to the 1940s (1–3). Numerous effects of vitamin C on the immune system have been demonstrated, which provide the rationale to investigate its effect on infections (4). The most comprehensive summary of the placebo-controlled trials on vitamin C and respiratory virus infections is the Cochrane review on vitamin C and the common cold (2). The Cochrane review identified 31 comparisons that examined the effect of regular vitamin C supplementation of at least 0.2 g/day on 9745 episodes of respiratory virus infections occurring during the supplementation period. In adults the duration of colds was reduced by 7.7% (95% CI 3.7% to 11.8%, P = 0.00018) and in children by 14.2% (95% CI 7.3% to 21.1%, P = 0.000053) [2; Analysis 2.1]. These findings indicate that vitamin C has physiological effects, though the review did not demonstrate treatment effects on virus infections that had already started (2). Based on two trials that compared two different vitamin C doses in separate trial arms (5, 6), a dose-response relationship for the effect of vitamin C was indicated, with a prediction that doses of 6-8 g/day may shorten viral upper respiratory infections by some 20% (2, 3, 7, 8). Given the previous research on vitamin C, we read with great interest the report on the COVID A to Z Randomized Clinical Trial (COVID A to Z trial) which investigated the effects of 8 g/day vitamin C on the recovery from outpatient SARS-CoV-2 infection (9). However, we unfortunately found several methodological shortcomings in the trial. Here we describe our major concerns and statistical reanalysis of the findings. In addition to the usual care and the vitamin C arms, the trial included zinc, and zinc with vitamin C arms. These two arms are not considered in this commentary, however, major problems in the zinc intervention are described in the Supplement .

55 Equine gastric ulcers; a pilot study: associated biomarkers and polysaccharide supplementation as a solution

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome affects roughly 90% of performance horses. The only reliable antemortem diagnostic method is endoscopy, which is an invasive process. The cornerstone of treatment is acid suppression, a cost-prohibitive option that is not viable for long-term use. The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficacy of a polysaccharide (PS) supplement on gastric ulcers in the squamous (SQ) and glandular (GL) regions of the equine stomach and identify associated serum and saliva biomarkers. It was hypothesized that severity of SQ and GL ulcers throughout the supplemental period would decrease and levels of serum and salivary proteins, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), would fluctuate with ulcer scores. To test this hypothesis, 8 mature geldings were randomly assigned to a treatment (TRT) or non-treatment (CTRL) group, then underwent ulcer induction using a modified Murray method: alternating 12- and 24-h feed deprivations for a total of 108hr. Following the induction, TRT horses’ feed was top-dressed with 1oz of PS supplement twice daily. Horses were fed 1.0% BW in Fescue hay ( Festuca pratensis ) and 0.25% BW in concentrates daily (Nutrena Triumph Fiber Plus, Cargill, Inc., Holmesville, OH) with ad libitum water access, as recommended by the NRC. Horses were housed in 3.05mx3.65m stalls and turned out into 0.809ha pastures (native grasses, fescue, clover, and annual rye; 4 horses per pasture) from 0600hrs-1800hrs and 1800hrs-0600hrs, respectively. The experiment was divided into 3 periods: pre- (Day 0), mid- (Day 28), and post-supplementation (Day 43). Per period, endoscopic images were captured and saliva and blood samples were collected. The effects of date and treatment were analyzed with a factorial ANOVA. All statistical calculations were performed usuing the software JMP. The severity of ulcer scores decreased in all horses over the 6-week time span ( P = 0.001), with no difference found between TRT and CTRL horses in the SQ or GL regions. It is possible that the body's innate healing capacity was adequate in this study, which may have masked the treatment effect of the PS supplement. There was a correlation found between salivary TAC (R 2 = 0.559; P = 0.005) and serum TAC (R 2 = 0.620; P = 0.002) and ulcer score, which may indicate that oxidative stress decreases as ulcers heal. The investigation of PS supplementation as a preventative measure in ulcerative and non-ulcerative horses under stress is warranted. Additionally, the exploration of other salivary and serum biomarkers to further develop a panel for preliminary screening of equine gastric ulcers should be pursued.

The Influence of Salt Loading on Glomerular Filtration Rate and Blood Pressure Variability in Healthy Young Adults

Purpose High dietary sodium (Na+) is associated with glomerular hyperfiltration in patients with hypertension. Glomerular hyperfiltration is predictive of future cardiovascular and kidney disease. High dietary Na+ is also associated with greater blood pressure variability (BPV), which is predictive of target organ damage. However, it is unclear if short-term Na+ loading influences glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and BPV in healthy young adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that short-term high Na+ intake would induce glomerular hyperfiltration (GFR > 135 ml/min) and increase BPV in healthy young adults. Methods Twenty participants (12M/8F; age: 24±4 years; BMI: 23.1±0.6 kg/m2; BP: 112 ±10/64±9 mmHg; mean ± SD) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. For 10-days, we asked participants to consume a 2,300 mg/day Na+ diet and supplement with salt (3,900 mg/day of Na+) or placebo (dextrose) capsules. The conditions were separated by ≥ two weeks and we tested female participants during the placebo phase of oral contraception. Participants collected their urine for the final 24 hours of each supplementation period to assess Na+ excretion to verify diet adherence. We measured serum creatinine (Jaffe reaction) to assess estimated GFR via the CKD-EPI equation (along with sex, age and race), and serum/urine creatinine to measure creatinine clearance. We measured brachial (oscillometric) and beat-to-beat BP (photoplethysmography). We used the average real variability index and standard deviation (SD) to assess beat-to-beat systolic, diastolic and mean BPV. Our statistical analyses included paired t-tests, Wilcoxon, and Chi-squared tests. Results Compared to placebo, Na+ supplementation increased urinary Na+ excretion (placebo: 139.9±68.4 vs. Na+: 282±69.8 mmol/24 hours, p<0.001) without differences in mean arterial BP (placebo: 77±7 vs. Na+: 77±6 mmHg, p=0.64). Estimated GFR was not different between conditions (p=0.27). However, compared to placebo, creatinine clearance increased with Na+ supplementation when unadjusted (placebo: 111±33 vs. Na+: 145±24 ml/min, p<0.001) and adjusted (placebo: 106±31 vs. Na+: 137±24 ml/min/1.73m2, p<0.001) for body surface area. There was a trend for an increased prevalence of glomerular hyperfiltration in the Na+ condition compared to placebo when evaluating unadjusted (placebo: 6/20 [30%] vs. Na+: 12/20 [60%], p =0.057) but not adjusted creatinine clearance. There were no differences in measures of BPV except SD of systolic BP (placebo: 5.6±2.2 vs. Na+: 6.5±2.0 mmHg, p=0.035) was modestly increased with Na+ supplementation. Conclusion Our preliminary data suggests that compared to CKD-EPI, creatinine clearance is a more sensitive measure for detecting glomerular hyperfiltration with salt loading in healthy young adults. Moreover, salt loading doesn't increase BPV.

The Influence of Tart Cherry (Prunus cerasus, cv Montmorency) Concentrate Supplementation for 3 Months on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Tart Montmorency cherries (MC) have been shown to be rich in anthocyanins and other phytochemicals known to have anti-inflammatory properties and influence pathways that might improve cardiometabolic health. However, there is limited evidence for the longer-term use of tart cherries on these indices. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of MC concentrate on cardiometabolic health indices following a 3-month supplementation period. Methods: Fifty middle-aged adults (34 males and 16 females; mean ± SD age: 48 ± 6 years and BMI: 27.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed a randomised, placebo-controlled parallel study in which they either received MC or an isocaloric placebo. Participants drank 30 mL of their allocated treatment twice per day for 3 months. Vascular function (blood pressure [BP], heart rate [HR], pulse wave velocity and analysis [PWV/A], and flow mediated dilation [FMD]) as well as indices of metabolic health (insulin, glucose, lipid profiles, and high sensitivity C reactive protein) were measured following an overnight fast before and after the 3 months. Results: No effect of the intervention between the groups was observed for vascular function or metabolic health variables following the intervention (p > 0.05). However, MC concentrate was shown to be safe and well-tolerated and, importantly, did not have any deleterious effects on these outcomes. In conclusion, MC has no influence on cardiometabolic indices in middle-aged adults.

Effects of a Brazil nut‐enriched diet on oxidative stress and inflammation markers in coronary artery disease patients: A small and preliminary randomised clinical trial

AbstractNutritional interventions can reduce complications associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) such as inflammation and oxidative stress. This small, preliminary study aimed to evaluate a Brazil nut‐enriched diet's effects on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in CAD patients. Twenty‐five CAD patients (13 male, 63.3 ± 6.7 years, BMI of 29.3 ± 5.6 kg/m2) were randomised to receive one unit of Brazil nut (5 g) per day for 3 months and were compared to 17 CAD patients (8 male, 63.3 ± 8 years, BMI of 28.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) who served as control. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, processed and analysed for expression of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is involved with antioxidant synthesis, and the antioxidant enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Plasma thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and clinical parameters were also measured before and after supplementation. No significant differences were found in any of the analysed parameters. Supplementing the diet with one Brazil nut a day for 3 months did not mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in CAD patients. A longer period of supplementation may be required for positive effects to be seen.

MAGNESIUM CITRATE IN UNTREATED PREDIABETICS AND TYPE II DIABETICS - A 12 WEEKS PLACEBO-CONTROLLED DB TRIAL

Objective: In hypomagnesemic prediabetics and type II diabetics, Mg supplementation has beneficial effects on glycemic control and reduced diabetes medication. In addition, a positive effect of a magnesium therapy is known on blood pressure. This placebo-controlled double-blinded pilot trial was performed to evaluate the role of Mg supplementation in new-diagosed, untreated type II diabetics without hypomagnesemia. Design and method: 50 subjects of age 64+/-13 years were randomly assigned to the Mg supplementation group receiving 400 mg Mg from Mg citrate daily for 12 weeks or placebo. Due to low numbers of untreated type II diabetics (inclusion criterium HbA1c &gt;6%) within the pro-longed recruiting phase, untreated subjects with HbA1c &gt;5.5% and high blood pressure were included (complete dataset for analysis included 18 for placebo and 19 for Mg). Blood parameters, blood pressure and body weight were determined before, after 6 and 12 weeks of supplementation. Results: Within the Mg group there was a highly significant decrease in blood pressure over supplementation period (144+/-10/86+/-4 vs 130+/-5/81+/-2 vs. 122+/-6/78+/-3 mmHg)(p&lt;0.01). Mg supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in HbA1c (6.24+/-0.62 vs. 6.05+/-0.5 vs. 6.0+/-0.46%)(p&lt;0.01). Mg therapy led to a significant increase in plasma Mg concentration (1.92+/-0.19 vs. 1.99+/-0.17 vs. 2.0+/-0.18 mg/dl)(p &lt; 0.01). Vitamin D Levels significantly increased in both groups. There was no positive effect on cholesterol, triglycerides, CRP, IL-6, creatinine, calcium body weight or life quality questionnaire (SF-36)(ns). Conclusions: In untreated prediabetic patients with hypertension, oral Mg citrate supplementation improved glycemic control and reduced high blood pressure.

532 Intravenous Supplementation of Micronutrients in Patients with Severe Burns

Abstract Introduction Pneumonia is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommends supplementing with intravenous copper, selenium, and zinc, as a randomized controlled trials on burn patients in Switzerland showed decreased pneumonia rates. The purpose of this performance improvement project was to determine whether the intravenous supplementation of copper, selenium, and zinc had an association with the incidence of pneumonia in patients with total body surface area (TBSA) burns over 20% in order to determine if this practice should be re-initiated. Methods Based on available randomized controlled trial evidence, we began the clinical practice of providing intravenous trace elements to our patients with burns over 20% TBSA who were admitted to the burn intensive care unit and who had a central line. This clinical practice ended after 2 years when there was a national shortage of these intravenous trace elements. We performed a retrospective evaluation on patients admitted for initial burn care to our intensive care unit who received an intravenous solution containing 4 mg copper, 500 mcg selenium, and 40 mg zinc daily for a goal duration of 14 days in patients with 20–40% TBSA burns and 21 days in patients with over 40% TBSA burns. Patients who survived less than two days were excluded. In order to compare the incidence of pneumonia within the first 30 hospital days in patients who received intravenous trace element supplementation to those who did not, we matched patients based on age, burn size, and gender. Matched subjects were admitted either before or after the time period of intravenous trace element supplementation and these subjects received oral zinc supplementation. Descriptive statistics and Chi-Square were performed using JMP. Significance was set at p&amp;lt; 0.05. Results Pneumonia within the first 30 hospital days occurred in 63% of the 52 included patients with the following characteristics: 71% male, 52 ± 18 years old, 43 ± 15% TBSA burn, 29 ± 25 mechanical ventilator days, and 44% mortality. A significant difference in the incidence of pneumonia during the first 30 hospital days was not found between groups (intravenous trace element group: 70%; comparison group: 56%, p=0.28). Conclusions Supplementation of intravenous copper, selenium, and zinc was not significantly associated with incidence of pneumonia in our severely burned patients, contrary to previous research findings.

The interaction between diet and neurobehavior in very low birth weight infants.

Background:Modulation of behavior and physiology by dietary perturbations early in life can provide clues to the pathogenesis of adult diseases. We tested the hypothesis that a period of early protein supplementation modulates sympathetic nervous system activity demonstrated indirectly by an increase in active sleep state distribution in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.Methods:VLBW infants (n=71) were randomized to a total parenteral nutritional regimen providing 18% of the energy intake as amino acids (AA) or a conventional regimen providing 12.5% to achieve targeted AA intakes of 4 grams/kilogram/day (0.004 kilocalories/kilogram/day) and 3 grams/kilogram/day (0.003 kilocalories/kilogram/day) respectively. Both groups were weaned to enteral feeding and advanced to provide similar AA intake of 4 grams/kilogram/day (0.004 kilocalories/kilogram/day). Six-hour daytime, behavioral sleep studies were performed when the infants reached full enteral intake (165 milliliters/kilogram/day).Results:Infants in the high protein group spent more time in active sleep (77.2 ± 10.5% vs. 70.7 ± 11.8%), p<0.01 and less time in quiet sleep (12.9 ± 3.4% vs. 17.7 ± 7.0%, p<0.01) as compared to the conventional group. No group differences were observed for indeterminate sleep, awake or crying states.Conclusions:These results suggest that dietary intake may indirectly influence sympathetic nervous system activity.

Supplemental Creatine Modified With Polyethylene Glycol Effectively Loads Skeletal Muscle With Lower Doses.

Fry, AC, Parra, ME, and Cabarkapa, D. Supplemental creatine modified with polyethylene glycol effectively loads skeletal muscle with lower doses. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1256-1261, 2021-The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of skeletal muscle uptake of creatine monohydrate (Cr H2O) with that of creatine bound to polyethylene glycol (Cr PEG). Healthy men (X ± SE; age = 23.5 ± 1.0 years) were divided into control (Con, n = 9, 20 g·d-1 of Cr H2O) and experimental (Exp, n = 8, 10 g·d-1 of Cr PEG) groups. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were used to determine acute gastrointestinal absorption over 5 hours and muscle cellular uptake over 5 days. Both groups exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) elevated concentrations of muscle-free Cr (M·gdw-1; Con, pre = 23.0 ± 4.2, post = 39.2 ± 2.7; Exp pre = 22.1 ± 2.9, post = 33.6 ± 3.2), total Cr (M·gdw-1, Con pre = 94.7 ± 5.4, post = 114.8 ± 7.4; Exp pre = 92.6 ± 5.4, post = 106.6 ± 8.4), which were also elevated when these values were normalized for adenosine triphosphate using molar ratios. Circulatory uptake of Cr was significantly different between the groups, with blood concentrations (mg·dL-1) for the Con group peaking at 2 hours post-ingestion (25.99 ± 2.96), whereas the concentrations for the Exp group were lower and were still rising at 5 hours (4.05 ± 0.87). The integrated area under the curve for the 5-hour postingestion period was 7-fold greater for the Con group. Although total Cr ingested over the 5 days supplementation period was less for the Cr PEG group, skeletal muscle uptake of Cr PEG was similar to Cr H2O. Based on circulating Cr concentrations, it seems that Cr PEG is cleared more slowly from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, lower dosages of Cr may be ingested while maintaining optimal loading kinetics.

Exploratory Study: Excessive Iron Supplementation Reduces Zinc Content in Pork without Affecting Iron and Copper.

Simple SummaryCurrently, all pigs raised on intensive farms develop iron-deficiency anemia if they do not receive supplemental iron at birth. Weaning diets commonly contain high concentrations of iron, and the effect on the copper and zinc contents in pork is unknown. In this exploratory work, we determined the effect of excessive oral iron supplementation on the contents of these microminerals in pork. Surprisingly, we found that high iron doses of 3000 ppm reduced the zinc content of pork by 32–55%.The aim of this work was to determine in an exploratory manner the effect of excessive iron supplementation on iron, zinc, and copper contents in pork and pork offal. Pigs averaging 50 days in age and 15 ± 1.3 kg body weight were allocated to a control group (500 ppm dietary Fe) and a supplemental group (3000 ppm dietary Fe). After an iron supplementation period of 60 days, blood samples were analyzed to determine iron biomarkers, serum copper, and zinc contents. Animals were slaughtered to assess total iron, non-heme iron, heme iron, zinc, and copper contents in samples of nine meat cuts and some offal. Iron supplementation improved the iron status in pigs with increased hemoglobin and hematocrit, but did not affect serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper. Iron supplementation did not affect the heme and non-heme iron contents of the different meat cuts. Zinc contents decreased by 32–55% in meat cuts, where iron content increased in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas. No differences of zinc and copper were observed in offal samples. High concentrations of iron supplementation reduce zinc content in pork.