Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of 2-thiophen flavonoid analogue for free radical scavenging antioxidant analysis

Introduction and Aim: Currently research is focussed on the use of antioxidants in preventing oxidative stress induced diseases. Flavonoids present in plant sources gaining more therapeutic importance due to their antioxidant property, but their solubility and some pharmacokinetic concern, diverted the current research study towards the synthesis of these flavonoids for their therapeutic potential. The study was aimed to synthesize and characterize the 2-thiophen flavonoid analogue for free radical scavenging antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: The test synthetic compound PNF(3-hydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one) a thiophen substituted flavonoid was synthesized from condensation fallowed cyclization reaction in laboratory and DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was determined through established in vitro methods. Results: It suggests that the test flavonoid (PNF) possesses the potent free radical scavenging on DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals with IC50 values of 6.89±25?g/ml,4.04?g/ml, 2.44?g/ml and 2.96?g/ml respectively. The radical scavenging potential of test PNF synthetic compound at different concentrations(10?g-150?g) was compared with that of standard antioxidants such as BHA , ascorbic acid used in the study. Conclusion: Results from this study indicates that the novel flavonoid PNF exhibited the considerable dose dependant invitro antioxidant activity. These possible activities could be useful to consider the novel synthetic thiophen derived flavonoid as therapeutic antioxidant agent.

Antioxidant Activity and Flavonoid Estimation in Rosa multiflora and Rosa wichuraiana Fruits and Flowers

The fruits of Rosa multiflora Thunberg and Rosa wichuraiana Crépin are oriental medicine resources used complementary in management dropsy, edema and nocturnal enuresis in Korea. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the content of kaempferol and quercetin of Rosa multiflora and Rosa wichuraiana fruits and flowers. Crude ethanol extracts of the species’ fruits and flowers from the two Rosa species were fractionized with hexane, ether, ethyl acetate and water, and antioxidant activities of the resulting fractions were evaluated in vitro using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. The content of kaempferol and quercetin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The water fraction of R. multiflora and ethyl acetate fraction of R. wichuraiana exhibited the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity, which are generally proportionally to concentration, and the ethyl acetate fraction of fruit and ether fraction of the flower from the two Rosa species exhibited the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate and ether fraction of flower and fruit from the two Rosa species contained high level content of kaempferol and quercetin. These findings indicate that the antioxidant activity and the content of kaempferol and quercetin of Rosa multiflora and Rosa wichuraiana is dependent on solvent fraction. Moreover, both Rosa species fruits and flowers are promising sources of antioxidant phytochemicals, which further supports their use in complementary oriental medicine resource in Korea.

Enhancement of the functional properties of vegetable sponge beverage fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Korean dongchimi

This study aimed to enhance the functional activities of vegetable sponge beverage (VSB) through fermentation. A total of 300 species of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from 6 types of kimchi, were screened to obtain the one suitable for fermenting a VSB with high sugar content. The selected strain was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum WiKim0067 by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The treatment groups were set as LCC (fermentation broth) and LFP (freeze-dried powder), depending on the strain inoculation method. Both treatment groups showed a higher number of Lactobacillus than the control (VSB) group during storage. In particular, LFP showed similar level of sensory attributes as VSB. Subsequently, probiotic properties of LFP were investigated. After 1 and 2 months of bacterial inoculation, contents of lactic acid and acetic acid were increased in LFP. Moreover, LFP exhibited significantly higher superoxide dismutase (85.67%) and radical scavenging (71.14%) activities than VSB (71.88 and 55.68%, respectively). In addition, LFP treatment decreased the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β more than VSB treatment in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our results suggested that fermentation with L. plantarum WiKim0067 could enhance functional activities of VSB without affecting the sensory properties negatively.

Bioactive Components from Ampelopsis japonica with Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activities

The dried root of Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino (A. japonica.) is a traditional medicine used to treat fever, pain, and wound healing. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antityrosinase, and antimelanogenic activities. In this paper, we used different solvent extracts from the root of A. japonica to determine their antioxidant activity. Acetone extract showed relatively strong antioxidant properties by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In addition, these extracts also showed significant α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. Acetone extract significantly inhibited α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 8.30 ± 0.78 μg/mL, and ethanol extract remarkably inhibited AChE with an IC50 value of 37.08 ± 7.67 μg/mL. Using HPLC analysis and comparison with the chemical composition of various solvent extracts, we isolated seven active compounds and assessed their antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, and anti-AChE activities. Catechin (1), gallic acid (2), kaempferol (3), quercetin (4), resveratrol (6), and epicatechin (7) were the main antioxidant components in the root of A. japonica. According to the results of DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging assays, these isolates showed stronger antioxidant capacity than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Moreover, 1, 3, 4, euscaphic acid (5), 6, and 7 also expressed stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity than the positive control acarbose, and all the isolated compounds had a good inhibitory effect on AChE. Molecular docking models and hydrophilic interactive modes for AChE assays suggest that 1 and 5 exhibit unique anti-AChE potency. This study indicates that A. japonica and its active extracts and components may be a promising source of natural antioxidants, α-glucosidase, and AChE inhibitors.

Synthesis, crystal structure analysis, DFT calculations, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of N,N-di-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl-N'-2-nitrobenzoylthiourea

N,N-Di-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl-N'-2-nitrobenzoylthiourea (MBNBT) was synthesized and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of MBNBT was also confirmed by SCXRD study. The molecular structure of MBNBT was optimized using the theory level of B3LYP/6–311G(d,p). The obtained theoretical results were compared with experimental ones. Molecular parameters such as bond lengths and bond angles were compared with SCXRD data. Molecular characteristics such as the HOMO-LUMO energy, the energy gap between the LUMO and HOMO energies, and surface maps of molecular electrostatic potential were investigated. Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that H···H (42.5%), H···O/O···H (25.5%), H···C/C···H (17.6%), H···S/S···H (7.1%), and C···O/O···C (2.7%) interactions contact is the most significant contributors in crystal packing of compound. The visualization of 3D topology of molecular packing of the crystal packing for MBNBT is elucidated from energy-framework calculations which suggest that the intermolecular contacts formed between participating molecules are principally dispersive in nature. Furthermore, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity properties of MBNBT were investigated. The in vitro antioxidant activity of MBNBT was tested by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, H2O2 scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods. According to the results obtained from the experimental studies, it was determined that MBNBT has effective antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, when compared with reference substances. At the same time, as a result of antimicrobial activity studies, it was determined that it was effective against C. parapsilosis and C. metapsilosis.

Synthesis, NMR, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer activity, Molecular docking, DFT Calculations and in silico ADME analysis of 3′-benzoyl-4′-phenyl-5′-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one derivatives

A series of seven novel spirooxindoles derivatives were synthesized by a three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition method. The reaction proceeds through the formation of azomethine ylides generated in situ by the decarboxylative condensation of isatin and amine with dipolarophile chalcones. The antioxidant results revealed that the IC50 value of compounds 4a,4b,4d and 4f are very excellent against hydroxyl radical (IC50 = 15.9 to 30.3 µg/ml) and superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.7 to 22.2 µg/ml) whereas standard antioxidant Vitamin C showed their IC50 value only in the range of 25.0 and 20.0 µg/ml. Cytotoxic activity by MTT assay revealed that the compounds 4a,4b,4d and 4f exhibited broad inhibition on the KB cell lines with IC50 values of 6.5, 9.5, 32.5 and 55 µM, respectively. The observed IC50 values revealed that compound 4b possessed more inhibitory effect against the cancer cells. The anticancer activities of these derivatives were studied using molecular docking studies and it is compared with their experimental results. In addition, good oral bioavailability was predicted for all compounds by in silico calculations of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) and pharmacokinetic parameters. Finally the geometrical structure was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) method at B3LYP/6–31 G (d, p) as the basic set. The HOMO-LUMO energies describe the charge transfer takes place within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential has been analyzed.

Wound Healing and Antioxidant Capabilities of Zizyphus mauritiana Fruits: In-Vitro, In-Vivo, and Molecular Modeling Study.

LC-HRMS-assisted chemical profiling of Zizyphus mauritiana fruit extract (ZFE) led to the dereplication of 28 metabolites. Furthermore, wound healing activity of ZFE in 24 adult male New Zealand Dutch strain albino rabbits was investigated in-vivo supported by histopathological investigation. Additionally, the molecular mechanism was studied through different in-vitro investigations as well as, studying both relative gene expression and relative protein expression patterns. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of ZFE extract was examined using two in-vitro assays including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activities that showed promising antioxidant potential. Topical application of the extract on excision wounds showed a significant increase in the wound healing rate (p < 0.001) in comparison to the untreated and MEBO®-treated groups, enhancing TGF-β1, VEGF, Type I collagen expression, and suppressing inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Moreover, an in silico molecular docking against TNFα, TGFBR1, and IL-1β showed that some of the molecules identified in ZFE can bind to the three wound-healing related protein actives sites. Additionally, PASS computational calculation of antioxidant activity revealed potential activity of three phenolic compounds (Pa score > 0.5). Consequently, ZFE may be a potential alternative medication helping wound healing owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Novel coumarin-functionalized inulin derivatives: Chemical modification and antioxidant activity assessment

In this paper, a series of target derivatives were synthesized by introducing coumarin into inulin structure using three-step chemical modification, and their structures were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. At the same time, the antioxidant activities of inulin derivatives were determined, including DPPH-radical scavenging activity, superoxide-radical scavenging activity, PTIO-radical scavenging activity and reducing ability. The test results showed that the antioxidant activities of inulin derivatives containing coumarin were significantly increased. Especially, inulin derivatives showed excellent DPPH radical-scavenging ability (IC50 0.09–0.11 mg/mL). Meanwhile, the scavenging ability of PTIO-radical was increased by more than 80%, and the IC50 values were all between 0.23 and 0.26 mg/mL. At the concentration below 1 mg/mL, the scavenging rate of all inulin derivatives could even reach 100%. This study provides a feasible way to synthesize inulin derivatives with significant activity, which may be developed into new antioxidants in medicine and cosmetics.

Green extraction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using microwave method for recovery of three valuable fractions (essential oil, phenolic compounds and cannabinoids): a central composite design optimization study.

Solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a green extraction method capable of boosting the yield and quality profile of hemp essential oil when compared with other conventional extraction techniques. During this process, two by-products are produced, namely the aqueous residue containing bioactive phenolics and the residual deterpenated biomass, which can be used for further extraction and purification of phytocannabinoids. To date, the hemp industry has not utilized these products, although they can be valuable for the food, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical market. This study assessed and optimized the variables affecting MAE efficiency, namely microwave irradiation power, extraction time and added water, which were studied using a central composite design approach, and results were used to optimize the extraction process for recovering three valuable fractions: essential oil, polyphenols and phytocannabinoids. The products obtained using the optimized conditions were characterized in terms of yield, chemical profile and antioxidant potential. Moreover, the by-products obtained during the optimized run were further analyzed in terms of their biological activity using both enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays. The aqueous residue demonstrated a powerful α-glucosidase inhibition, a good activity in terms of superoxide radical scavenging activity, a modest efficacy in terms of inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation and no activity in terms of lipase inhibition. The residual deterpenated biomass did not possess significant biological activity. This work demonstrated valorization of industrial hemp essential oil and its by-products, obtained by a sustainable and eco-friendly extraction method, through an almost waste-free approach. Cannabinoids as well as other valuable bioactive compounds such as glycosidic flavones may be recovered from the residues of the essential oil extraction, representing interesting substances in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparative Insights into the Skin Beneficial Properties of Probiotic Lactobacillus Isolates of Skin Origin.

In recent times, probiotics have been emerging as one of valuable cosmetic resources. This work was undertaken to evaluate and compare the skin beneficial properties of three Lactobacillus strains, namely, L. plantarum SB202, L. fermentum SB101, and L. paraplantarum SB401, originally isolated from the healthy skins of Koreans. The Lactobacillus isolates were individually grown in MRS broth, and the corresponding cell-free conditioned mediums (CMs), LP202, LF101 and LPP401, were prepared for analyzing diverse cosmetic potentials at a comparative perspective. The superoxide radical and nitrite ion scavenging activities of the CMs were in the orders of LPP401 ≥ LF101 > LP202 and LPP401 > LF101≒LPP202, respectively. They attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite ion levels in RAW264.7 murine macrophages both in the order of LPP401 ≥ LF101 > LP202, implying their anti-inflammatory properties. They exhibited antityrosinase activities in the order of LPP401 > LF101 ≥ LP202 and diminished α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanin levels in B16F10 melanoma cells in the order of LPP401≒LF101 > LP202, suggesting their skin whitening activities. They enhanced cornfield envelope formation in HaCaT keratinocytes in the order of LPP401 > LF101 > LP202. They inhibited the in vitro hyaluronidase and elastase activities in the orders of LPP401 > LP202 ≥ LF101 and LPP401 ≥ LP202 > LF101, respectively. Their enhancing properties on the synthesis of procollagen type I in normal human dermal fibroblasts were in the order of LF101≒LPP401 > >LP202. The CMs possess various cosmetic characteristics, such as antioxidant, skin whitening, antiaging, barrier improving, and anti-inflammatory activities. LPP401, the CM prepared from L. paraplantarum SB401, has been evaluated to be more desirable cosmetic resource than LP202 and LF101.

Reactivity of flavonoids toward superoxide radical: An electrochemical approach

The reactivities of a set of 18 diverse flavonoids against electrochemically generated superoxide anion radical were studied by monitoring changes in O2/O2·− cyclic voltammetry response upon addition of increasing concentrations of flavonoids. In the presence of flavonoids, the O2·- anodic peak current decreased, while the cathodic peak of O2 remained almost unchanged. Concomitantly with an O2·- anodic peak current decrease, a new irreversible cathodic pre-peak before the O2 reduction peak appeared on the CVs of O2/O2·− upon adding flavonoids. This phenomenon is described in detail for the first time on the basis of experimental measurements and model calculations. Based on the changes in O2/O2·− cyclic voltammetry response upon adding flavonoids, we could draw conclusions about the mechanism of superoxide radical scavenging by flavonoids. The superoxide radical scavenging activities of flavonoids, determined by measuring the anodic current decay of the radical in the presence of increasing concentrations of flavonoids, were expressed in terms of EC60 values, i.e. the concentration of flavonoid needed to consume 40% of a superoxide radical. All of the studied flavonoids showed a more or less pronounced superoxide radical scavenging activity, depending on their structural features. The structure-activity relationship was discussed. Superoxide radical scavenging activities of flavonoids correlated well with their electrochemical oxidation potentials, implying that the scavenging activity of flavonoids is mainly governed by their redox properties.

Structure Elucidation of Fucan Sulfate from Sea Cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata through a Bottom-Up Strategy and the Antioxidant Activity Analysis.

Fucan sulfate I (FSI) from the sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata was purified and its structure was clarified based on a bottom-up strategy. The unambiguous structures of a series of oligosaccharides including disaccharides, trisaccharides, and tetrasaccharides, which were released from mild acid hydrolysis of FSI, were identified by one-dimensional (1D)/two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. All the glycosidic bonds in these oligosaccharides were presented as α1,3 linkages confirmed by correlated signals from their 1H-1H ROESY and 1H-13C HMBC spectra. The structural sequence of these oligosaccharides formed by Fuc2S4S, Fuc2S, and non-sulfated ones (Fuc0S), along with the general structural information of FSI, indicated that the structure of FSI could be elucidated as: [-L-Fuc2S4S-α1,3-L-Fuc(2S)-α1,3-L-Fuc2S-α1,3-L-Fuc0S-α1,3-1-]n. Moreover, the L-Fuc0S-α1,3-L-Fuc2S4S linkage in FSI was susceptible to be cleaved by mild acid hydrolysis. The antioxidant activity assays in vitro showed that FSI and the depolymerized product (dFSI′) had potent activities for superoxide radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 65.71 and 83.72 μg/mL, respectively, while there was no scavenging effect on DPPH, hydroxyl and ABTS radicals.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory activity of Piper schmidtii Hook. fil. A Wild Edible Fruit

Aim: The present study aims at screening the phytochemical components and evaluates the antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity of fruit of Piper schmidtii, an endemic plant species from The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Method: The different polar solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used and extraction was carried out using the soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. The extracts of P. schmidtii were also subjected to in vitro-antioxidant activity by DPPH assay, Phosphomolybdenum assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), superoxide radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay. Results: Among all the extracts, methanol extract exhibited the maximum amount of phenolics (731.91 mg GAE/g extract), tannin (726.6 milligrams of Gallic acid equivalent/g extract), and ethyl acetate extract depicted the maximum quantity of flavonoids (698.17 mg QE/g extract). Methanol extract of P. schmidtii revealed the higher antioxidant activity in all the assays with IC50 values of 15.19 μg/ml (DPPH), 135.67 mg AAE/g (Phosphomolybdenum assay), 380.98 mM Fe/mg (FRAP), 60.94% (Superoxide) and higher reducing power was depicted in the ethyl acetate extract, respectively. Further anti-bacterial activity revealed that the methanol extract shows highest inhibitory activity against the tested bacterial pathogens. The methanol extract showed high degree of inhibition (71.24%) in anti-inflammatory assay. Conclusion: Thus, the result support that P. schmidtii is a potential source of natural antioxidant that can inhibit bacterial growth and subside inflammation.

Comparison of Various Solvent Extracts and Major Bioactive Components from Portulaca oleracea for Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities.

Portulaca oleracea is a well-known species for traditional medicine and food homology in Taiwan. In traditional medicine, P. oleracea is also used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, liver inflammation, fever, severe inflammation, and headaches. We investigated antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities of various solvent extracts and major bioactive components from P. oleracea. Ethanol and acetone extracts showed potent DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts displayed significant superoxide radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of P. oleracea showed potent anti-tyrosinase and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Examined and compared to the various solvent extracts for their chemical compositions using HPLC analysis, we isolated seven major compounds and analyzed their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Seven active compounds of P. oleracea, especially quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and kaempferol, exhibited obvious antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. The molecular docking model and the hydrophilic interactive mode of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase revealed that active compounds might have a higher antagonistic effect than commonly inhibitors. Our result shows that the active solvent extracts and their components of P. oleracea have the potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Our results suggest that the active solvent extracts of P. oleracea and their components have potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Synthesis and characterization of α-lipoic acid grafted chitosan derivatives with antioxidant activity

Here, α-lipoic acid (LA) was grafted onto chitosan via EDC/NHS to improve the antioxidant effect. Chitosan acetate was innovatively used as precursor replaced pristine chitosan to synthesize α-lipoic acid grafted chitosan derivatives with different grafting ratios. The grafting ratio of LA-g-CS conjugates could be controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature, reaction time, and feed ratio of α-lipoic acid to anhydroglucose unit, and the feed ratio is the main factor on the grafting efficiency. The antioxidant results (superoxide anion, hydroxyl, and DPPH radicals scavenging activities, and reducing power) indicated that LA-g-CS displayed significantly enhanced antioxidant activity over pristine chitosan. Moreover, antioxidant efficiency of LA-g-CS showed an ascending tendency with the increasing of the grafting degree. The present study provided a novel synthesis strategy for preparation of α-lipoic acid grafted chitosan derivatives that could be a potential antioxidant biomaterial in food and biomedical industries.

Assessment of Hepatoprotective Activity of Hyptis capitata Jacq. Against Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2

Medicinal plants occupy a key position in maintaining the health of the human population. Hyptis capitata Jacq. is an exotic ethnomedicinal plant of Lamiaceae possessing immense potential. The present study was carried out to assess the in vitro hepatoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of H. capitata against H2O2 induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cell lines. Total antioxidant capacity and Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the extract were also performed. The extract displayed considerable free radical scavenging activity (P &lt; 0.01). MTT assay was used to assess the in vitro hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cell lines. The extract displayed concentration-dependent cell viability with maximum protection (63.97 ± 1.23%) in H2O2 induced HepG2 cell lines at 100 μgml-1. H. capitata is a promising herb with significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential.

Development of antioxidant peptides from brewers’ spent grain proteins

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG), the most abundant brewing by-product contains up to 24% (w/w) of protein on a dry basis but is used as low-value animal feed. This study was conducted to develop antioxidant peptides from BSG proteins. Protease hydrolysis significantly increased BSG protein solubility to 94.4% at neutral pH. Peptides prepared by Alcalase, and its combination with Neutrase, Flavourzyme, or Everlase showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities ranging between 72.6 and 74.9%. The highest superoxide radical scavenging activity of 19.3% was observed in the hydrolysate resulted from Alcalase and Flavourzyme combination. Everlase and FoodPro PHT combined treatment was the most effective in producing ferrous ion chelating peptides. Molecular structures analysis suggests that histidine significantly contributed to DPPH radical scavenging activity of BSG peptides due to the high proton donation ability of its imidazole ring. Highly hydrolyzed BSG protein could have more positive charges to stabilize negatively charged superoxide radicals. Ferrous ion chelating ability was negatively correlated to degree of hydrolysis, suggesting that longer peptides are more likely to form compact structures to trap ferrous ions. This research has demonstrated the potential to use BSG as a cost-effective raw material to generate natural antioxidants for food applications.

Synthesis and antioxidant activity of six novel N-ferrocenylmethyl-N-(nitrophenyl)- and -N-(cyanophenyl)-acetamides: Cyclic voltammetry and molecular docking studies

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) assays were performed to measure superoxide anion radical (O–2-) scavenging activities of six novel N-ferrocenylmethyl-N-(nitrophenyl)-acetamides and N-fer­rocenylmethyl-N-(cyanophenyl)acetamides (FMA1-FMA6), followed by molecular docking simulations and in silico toxicity prediction. The obtained values of IC50 from CV assays indicated that all studied compounds showed promising scavenging activity against O.2- radicals, with the compounds FMA1, FMA3, and FMA4 possessing the most significant potency. A molecular docking study revealed that all compounds interact with amino acid residues of glutathione reductase via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The compound FMA4 was the most inactive compound against the glutathione reductase enzyme having the highest inhibitory concentration of 2.61 µM and the lowest docking score of -31.85 kJ/mol. Toxicity studies demonstrated that among six studied compounds, FMA4, FMA5, and FMA6 are predicted to be nontoxic.

In vitro apoptotic, anti-proliferative and antioxidant activities of therapeutic plant Datura metel

Natural bioactive compounds with apoptotic action might be a promising new anti-cancer drug source. The purpose of the present study was to assess the apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antioxidative activities of a therapeutic plant Datura metel in liver hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 cell lines, as well as in normal baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell lines as controls. Ethanol and n-hexane solvents were used to extract Datura metel leaves extract. Standard techniques for identifying components were used to conduct phytochemical analysis. Cell death and viability in all sets of the cells were assessed using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), trypan blue and crystal violet tests. For the estimate of apoptosis and cell death in all groups ELISA of Annexin-V was used. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activity assays were also conducted to estimate H2O2, nitric oxide, superoxide and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The outcomes revealed that when cancer cells from the HepG2 cell lines were treated with Datura metel extracts, they demonstrated decreased viability, proliferation, and enhanced apoptosis as compared to normal BHK cells and untreated control cells. Anti-oxidative scavenging activities were higher in cancer cells treated with Datura metel extract than in untreated ones. It was concluded that the Datura metel leaves extract induces apoptosis, enhance antioxidant status, decrease proliferation in HepG2 cells.

Structures, fluorescence, and superoxide radical scavenging activities of two cd–Ln (Ln = Gd, Er) coordination polymers with an open-chain ether Schiff base and isonicotinate

Two Cd–Ln coordination polymers (CPs), with the open-chain ether Schiff base bis(5-bromine-3-methoxysalicylidene)-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamine (H2L), {[CdLnL(OAc)(NO3)(CH3OH)(isonicotinate)]·(3CH2Cl2)}n (Ln = Gd (1) and Er (2)), have been synthesized by the interfacial diffusion method. The structure analysis reveals that both CPs 1 and 2 are infinite one-dimensional zigzag coordination polymers, which are formed by isonicotinate bridging CdLnL cluster units. The fluorescence properties of H2L, 1 and 2 in the solid-state were studied. Compared with the free H2L, the fluorescence peaks of the two Cd–Ln CPs have undergone a significant blue shift (about 80 nm) and enhancement. This is due to the increased rigidity of the ligand after coordination of the metal ions with the ligand, which reduces the energy loss of thermal vibration. The fluorescence enhancement of 1 is greater than that of 2, which may be caused by the lanthanide contraction. Moreover, the results of experiments in vitro indicate that H2L, 1 and 2 have good ability to scavenge superoxide radical and that 1 and 2 are higher than free H2L, where their IC50 value is in the range 12.5–21.4 μM.