Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Exploration of phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume

The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical Characterization, in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume. This is an herb belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. Traditionally the plant is rich sources of the constituents like tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, sphingolipids, polyphenolic compounds etc. The extraction was carried out using chloroform and methanol in subsequent order of polarity. The phytochemical study was done for the identification of different bioactive compounds present in extract through the HR-LCMS study. For this study it is reported that various compounds like Thalidasine, Alpinine, Compactindiol lactone, 9Z- Octadecene dioic acid, Salviafiaside Methyl Ester, Capreomycin, Para Trifluoromethylphenol, Punicacortein B, α-Linolenic acid, Dicumarol, Euphorbia factor Ti2, Calotropin, Kaempferol 3-(2”,6”-di-(E)-p-coumarylglucoside), 6-Methylthiopurine ribonucleotide, Azelaic acid, Kaempferol 3-rhamnoside 7-xyloside, Quinolin-2-ol, Tiliroside, Amicinonide, Indoleacryli Acid, Benzocaine, Bellendine, Vindoline, Betamethasone, Fabianine, Hypercalin B, Icaceine, Canthin-6-one, Irinotecan, Convallasaponin A are present in this plant which are responsible for anti-inflammatory, anti-tumar, anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cholesteremic, antiatherosclerotic, transdermal, antioxidant, anti-tubercular, anti-cancer, anticoagulant, antiangina, antihypertension, anti-microbial, antiparasitic, antifungal, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antiallergic, immunosuppressive, antianalgesic, antidiabetic, antimitotic activities respectively. From this study it is revealed that leaves extract of Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume exhibits potent antioxidant activity. The plant extract shows substantial DPPH radical scavenging, Hydroxyl radical scavenging, Nitric oxide radical scavenging, Superoxide radical scavenging activity compared to standard (Ascorbic acid). From this study it is reported that plant extract is a potent inhibitor of two key enzymes which are linked to type-2 diabetes mellitus like α-amylase and α-glucosidase.

Dual Bioactivity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Novel Tripeptides from Sipunculus nudus L. and Their Related Mechanism Analysis for Antihypertention

The pathogenesis of hypertension is related to many factors including active angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), the combination of ACE inhibition and antioxidant activity in one compound might be useful for the treatment of hypertension. Sipunculus nudus L contain high protein content, which can be used as a valuable raw material to prepare bio-active peptides. In this study, two novel tripeptides, LPK and PRP, with dual bioactivity of ACE inhibition and antioxidant were purified and identified from the worm. The antioxidant activities of LPK and PRP are dose-dependent, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of PRP was stronger than that of LPK. In addition, LPK and PRP also show higher ACE inhibitory activity, with IC50 of 6.54 and 0.42 mM, respectively. Molecular docking simulation showed that both the peptides could interact with the active ACE sites via hydrogen bonds, which can reduce the production of Ang II, thereby; LPK and PRP treatment could decrease Ang II-triggered superoxide production, and meanwhile, the peptides treatment could directly remove excess reactive oxygen species. The above-mentioned advantageous effects appeared to involve the stress of the RAS and scavenging ROS, both were benefit to treat hypertension. This research showed that LPK and PRP had potential to be developed as antihypertension agents, which might be a new strategy for high value utilization of Sipunculus nudus L as functional food material.

Study on antibacterial mechanism of electron beam radiation on Aspergillus flavus

Contamination with Aspergillus flavus, which produces carcinogenic metabolites, during the post-harvest storage of agricultural products seriously endangers human health and safety. In this study, the efficacy of short-term electron beam irradiation processing with high sterilization efficiency, no contamination and no additives was evaluated for the prevention and control of A. flavus. The effects of irradiation on Aspergillus growth were determined based on analyses of physical and chemical indexes, morphology, mycelial growth, spore germination rates, mycelial dry weights, and toxin-producing ability. The effects of irradiation on the cell membrane and cell wall of A. flavus were investigated based on assays of the chitin content, chitinase activity, protein concentration, and malondialdehyde content. Damage to the antioxidant system was determined by the hydrogen peroxide content, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and rates of 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine inhibition. The inhibitory effect of irradiation on peanut invasion by A. flavus was verified. After irradiation, the thallus morphology was destroyed, mycelial growth was inhibited, and the spore germination rate, mycelial dry weight, and toxin-producing ability of A. flavus were reduced. Chitinase activity and the malondialdehyde content increased, while the chitin and total protein contents decreased. Catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, and the rate of 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine inhibition decreased, while the hydrogen peroxide content increased after irradiation. These findings suggested that electron beam irradiation can effectively inhibit the normal growth and toxin production of A. flavus. Irradiation increased cell membrane permeability and decreased the integrity of the cell wall. The antioxidant system was damaged to some extent. Compared with that in unirradiated A. flavus, high-dose electron beam irradiation effectively inhibited growth. As a means of postharvest control, electron beam irradiation may have wide applications in the agricultural industry.

Preparation of l-Arginine Schiff Bases Modified Chitosan Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties.

We successfully prepared a series of l-arginine Schiff bases acylated chitosan derivatives, aiming to improve the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of chitosan by introducing a furan ring, pyridine ring, and l-arginine structure. The accuracy of the structures of ten compounds was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR. In terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, except for compound CR3PCA, the scavenging rate of other compounds was higher than chitosan, especially CRCF and CRBF had strong scavenging abilities. At the same time, in the superoxide-radical scavenging activity assay, CRCF, CRBF, CR3PCA, CR2C3PCA, and CR2B3PCA were comparable to positive control at 1.60 mg/mL. Simultaneously, CRFF, CRCF, and CRBF had a certain inhibitory effect on Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of CRFF, CRCF, and CR3PCA on Staphylococcus aureus was very well, close to the positive control at 1.00 mg/mL. CRCF and CR2B3PCA showed better inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli than other compounds. The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the chitosan derivatives, which proved their safety to fibroblast cells. In summary, the study indicated that some of these compounds have the potential for further development and utilization in the preparation of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts from four edible flowers

In order to identify new sources of natural antioxidants, the antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from four edible flower samples [Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn, Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem, and Cucurbita pepo L.) were systemically investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and individual phenolic profile of each extract were investigated, and antioxidant activities were measured by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, total reduction capability, and ferrous ions chelating activity. Results revealed that all flower extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, and contained certain amounts of phenolic compounds. Specifically, different solvents exhibited different efficiencies in the extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, and compounds with antioxidant activities. The 70% ethanolic extract from B. hispida yielded the highest TPC (49.92 mg GAE/g DW), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50, 0.073 mg/mL), and FRAP value (18.05 mg of GAE/g DW). The highest TFC was obtained with the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis (30.39 mg QE/g DW), and the contents of apigenin, luteolin, and myricetin in the ethanolic extract of W. sinensis were significantly higher than those in the other extracts. The 40% ethanolic extract of L. cylindrica yielded the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50, 0.340 mg/mL), and water extract of B. hispida yielded the highest chelating activity (0.027 mg/mL). Correlation analysis indicated that total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts were the major contributors to the DPPH scavenging activities and FRAP activities. Overall, results demonstrated that these edible flowers could serve as useful source of natural antioxidants, and be used as functional food ingredients.

The Potential of Corchorus olitorius Seeds Buccal Films for Treatment of Recurrent Minor Aphthous Ulcerations in Human Volunteers.

Aphthous ulcers are very common disorders among different age groups and are very noxious and painful. The incidence of aphthous ulcer recurrence is very high and it may even last for a maximum of 6 days and usually, patients cannot stand its pain. This study aims to prepare a buccoadhesive fast dissolving film containing Corchorus olitorius seed extract to treat recurrent minor aphthous ulceration (RMAU) in addition to clinical experiments on human volunteers. An excision wound model was used to assess the in vivo wound healing potential of Corchorus olitorius L. seed extract, with a focus on wound healing molecular targets such as TGF-, TNF-, and IL-1. In addition, metabolomic profiling using HR-LCMS for the crude extract of Corchorus olitorius seeds was explored. Moreover, molecular docking experiments were performed to elucidate the binding confirmation of the isolated compounds with three molecular targets (TNF-α, IL-1β, and GSK3). Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant potential of C. olitorius seed extract using both H2O2 and superoxide radical scavenging activity was examined. Clinical experiments on human volunteers revealed the efficiency of the prepared C. olitorius seeds buccal fast dissolving film (CoBFDF) in relieving pain and wound healing of RMAU. Moreover, the wound healing results revealed that C. olitorius seed extract enhanced wound closure rates (p ≤ 0.001), elevated TGF-β levels and significantly downregulated TNF-α and IL-1β in comparison to the Mebo-treated group. The phenotypical results were supported by biochemical and histopathological findings, while metabolomic profiling using HR-LCMS for the crude extract of Corchorus olitorius seeds yielded a total of 21 compounds belonging to diverse chemical classes. Finally, this study highlights the potential of C. olitorius seed extract in wound repair uncovering the most probable mechanisms of action using in silico analysis.

Enhanced preservation effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil on the processing of Chinese bacon (preserved meat products) by beta cyclodextrin metal organic frameworks (β-CD-MOFs)

The applications of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (CEO) are limited by instability, low solubility and high volatility. The present study aimed to improve the properties of CEO by microencapsulation with cyclodextrin metal organic frameworks (β-CD-MOFs) to enhance the preservation effects on Chinese bacon (preserved meat products). The microencapsulated CEO by β-CD-MOFs (CEO/β-CD-MOFs) not only did not inhibit the antioxidant activities of CEO, but also showed significant improvements on their ROS scavenging abilities and thermo-/pH-stabilities. The increases of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were 20.74% and 12.84%, respectively. In addition, less lipid oxidation, including malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and peroxide values (POV), of Chinese bacon was found after the CEO/β-CD-MOFs treatment than CEO and synthetic antioxidant (BHT) treatments. These results suggested the enhanced preservation effects of microencapsulated CEO on the processing of Chinese bacon and the great potential of β-CD-MOFs as carriers for essential oils in food industry applications.

Extraction, structure analysis and antioxidant activity of Sibiraea laevigata (L.) Maxim polysaccharide

ABSTRACT Sibiraea laevigata (L.) Maxim (SLM) is a kind of traditional Tibetan food homologous plant with health-protection function. In this paper, PEG-UAEE method was used to extract SLMPs. The effects of different experimental parameters on the extraction efficiency of SLMPs were optimized by RSM. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: PEG-400 concentration of 30%, E/S ratio of 21 U/g, ultrasonic time of 2 h, extract pH value of 4.0, ultrasonic power was kept at 400 W, and ultrasonic temperature of 80°C. The SLMPs yield and content could reach at 10.95% and 21.82%, respectively. Then, the preliminarily structure of SLMPs was characterized by HPLC, FT-IR, and SEM. It was found that the SLMPs were typical hetero polysaccharides considering the main constitutive monosaccharides including galactose (13.34%), glucose (46.76%), rhamnose (8.78%), fructose (2.89%), and arabinose (11.79%). The FT-IR analysis indicated that SLMPs are pyran-type polysaccharides containing α-glycosidic bonds, β-glycosidic bonds, and the SEM analysis showed that SLMPs have a prominent non-crystal structure. Moreover, SLMPs exhibited significant antioxidant activities, the IC50 values of the SLMPs for DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals scavenging activities were 0.42, 2.08, and 0.28 mg/mL, respectively. The results suggest that SLMPs have potential applications as natural antioxidants and food ingredients in functional foods.

Proximate composition and physicochemical properties of Red seaweed Hypnea valentiae (Turnur) and their potential of antioxidant activities

The present study focused on proximate composition, moisture, ash, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber and physicochemical properties to determine the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and water swelling capacity of H. valentiae red seaweed. The antioxidant properties of methanol extract were performed by superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. The superoxide scavenging radical (50-250 μg/mL) was an inhibition of 89.06 ± 0.44μg/mL which is significantly higher than the standard ascorbic acid 75.67 ± 0.20μg/mL. Nitric oxide assay observed that (15-100 μg/mL) exhibited the maximum nitric oxide scavenging was 87.22 ± 0.80μg/mL which is significantly higher than the standard ascorbic acid 74.35 ± 0.67μg/mL. The results were establishing the potential of the seaweed was exploited the nutritional value and pharmaceutical applications.

Phytochemical Properties and In Vitro Biological Activities of Phenolic Compounds from Flower of Clitoria ternatea L.

Phenolic compounds from the flower of Clitoria ternatea L. (PCFCTL) were extracted using a high-speed shearing extraction technique and purified by AB-8 macroporous resins, and the phytochemical composition of the purified phenolic compounds from the flower of Clitoria ternatea L. (PPCFCTL) was then analyzed. Subsequently, its bioactivities including antioxidant properties, enzyme inhibitory activities, and antiproliferative activities against several tumor cell lines were evaluated. Results indicated that the contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, flavanols, and phenolic acids in PPCFCTL were increased by 3.29, 4.11, 2.74, 2.43, and 2.96-fold, respectively, compared with those before being purified by AB-8 macroporous resins. The results showed PPCFCTL have significant antioxidant ability (measured by reducing power, RP, and ferric reducing antioxidant power method, FRAP) and good DPPH, ABTS+, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities. They can also significantly inhibit lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. In addition, morphological changes of HeLa, HepG2, and NCI-H460 tumor cells demonstrated the superior antitumor performance of PPCFCTL. However, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was relatively weak. These findings suggest that PPCFCTL have important potential as natural antioxidant, antilipidemic, anti-glycemic and antineoplastic agents in health-promoting foods.

A comparative study of selected vitex species for phenolics estimation along with their antioxidant and herbicidal activities

This study aims to quantitative, qualitative estimation of phenolics, antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activity), and herbicidal properties of methanol extract of Vitex species {(Vitex negundo L. collected from Haldwani (VNH), Bhimtal (VNB) and Salari (VNS); Vitex agnus-castus L. collected from Pantnagar (VACP); Vitex trifolia L. collected from Pantnagar (VTP)}, Kumaun region, Uttarakhand, India. Herbicidal activity of methanol extracts of Vitex species was evaluated against Raphanus sativus at various concentrations for 120 h. The results revealed that the phenolic content varies from species to species as well as their location. HPLC profiling of Vitex species was carried out to identify the presence of different phenolic acids viz: vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, etc. In methanol extracts of Vitex species. VTP showed the highest DPPH (IC50 = 6.84 μg/mL), nitric oxide (IC50 = 2.86 μg/mL) and superoxide radical scavenging (IC50 = 3.12 μg/mL) activity. The maximum reducing power was observed in VNH (RP50 = 28.22 μg/mL) and the highest ion chelating capacity in VNB (IC50 = 6.80 μg/mL). The effective herbicidal activity was shown by VNS, resulting in complete inhibition of seed germination. Based on the heatmap clustering selected species are divided into two clusters. The first cluster comprises VNB and VTP are there whereas in the second cluster there are two sub-clusters including VNS only in one sub-cluster and VNH and VACP in the second sub-cluster.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Ontology-Based Model of the Antioxidant and Cell Protective Activity of Peat Humic Acids.

Peat humic acids are well known for their wide range of biological effects which can be attributed to the complex chemical structure of naturally occurring humic substances. One of the promising tools is an ontology-based quantitative analysis of the relationship between physical and chemical parameters describing a chemical structure of peat humic acids and their biological activity. This article demonstrates the feasibility of such an approach to estimate the antioxidant and cell protective properties of the peat humic acids. The structural parameters of the peat humic acids were studied by electronic, fluorescence, infrared, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, titrimetric analysis, elemental C,H,N, and O- analysis, and gel chromatography. Antioxidant and antiradical activities were assessed by physicochemical methods of analysis: electronic paramagnetic resonance, cathodic voltammetry, ABTS•+ scavenging, assay of DPPH radical-scavenging activity, assay of superoxide radical-scavenging activity, iron chelating activity, and scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. Cytoprotective activity was evaluated by the neutral red-based cytotoxicity test in 3T3-L1 cell culture in a wide range of concentrations. Assessment of intracellular ROS production was carried out using a 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) fluorescent probe. Intracellular ROS production was induced using two common prooxidants (tert-butyl hydroperoxide, Fe2+ ions). We suggested an ontology-based model for the antioxidant and cytoprotective activity of humic acids based on experimental data and numerical models. This model establishes the way to further research on the biological effects of humic acids and provides a useful tool for numerical simulation of these effects. Remarkable antioxidant and cell protective activity of humic acids makes them a promising natural source of new pharmaceutical substances that feature a wide range of biological effects.

Oxo-Carotenoids as Efficient Superoxide Radical Scavengers.

Oxo-carotenoids containing conjugated carbonyl groups in their chains were designed to be more efficient superoxide radical scavengers than natural carotenoids, β-carotene and canthaxanthin. A practical chain-extension method for polyene dials (e.g., crocetin dial) was also proposed based on Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination. Double aldol condensation between polyene dials and acetophenones with ring substituents produced oxo-carotenoids with substituted benzene rings. The antioxidant activity of oxo-carotenoids was measured using DPPH (radical) and ABTS (cationic radical) scavenging assays and compared with the analysis with the superoxide (anionic radical) probe. An effective conjugation length by carbon–carbon double bonds is important to provide superior antioxidant activity for oxo-carotenoids, regardless of the type of radical probe used in the assay. Increasing electron density is favorable to strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, and the phenol group is favored in ABTS, whereas electron deficient oxo-carotenoids are very potent in the superoxide radical assay. All oxo-carotenoids exhibited 105~151% better superoxide radical scavenging activity compared to beta-carotene (100%), whereas 38~155% in DPPH and 16~96% in ABTS radical scavenging activities were observed.

Preparation, characterization, and in vitro antioxidant activities of natural selenium-enriched peanut protein fractions

In this work, the content of selenium (Se), physicochemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of Se-enriched peanut proteins isolate (S-PPI) and its fractions arachin (S-Arachin) and conarachin (S-Conarachin) were investigated. The S-PPI, S-Arachin, and S-Conarachin were prepared using natural Se-enriched peanut with alkali extraction, acid precipitation, and sedimentation coefficients method. The Se content of S-PPI (420.83 μg/kg) was two times compared to ordinary peanut protein isolate (O-PPI, 203.10 μg/kg). Besides, the Se is more likely to bind with conarachin than arachin. The solubility curves of these peanut proteins at different pH were similar. The emulsifying activities and the emulsion stability of S-Arachin was relatively low, as well as its foaming activity and the foam stability was the lowest. The DPPH scavenging activity of peanut proteins were decreased in order of S-Conarachin, S-PPI, S-Arachin, and O-PPI, as well as reducing power and the superoxide radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity trend was similar to Se content distribution trend, suggesting that the content of Se is related to antioxidant activity. The finding may indicate that Se content played a positive role in promoting the antioxidant activity of peanut protein.

Synthesis, Characterization, and the Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Acid Chitooligosaccharide Derivatives.

A series of phenolic acid chitooligosaccharide (COS) derivatives synthesized by two mild and green methods were illuminated in this paper. Seven phenolic acids were selected to combine two kinds of COS derivatives: the phenolic acid chitooligosaccharide salt derivatives and the phenolic-acid-acylated chitooligosaccharide derivatives. The structures of the derivatives were characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra. The antioxidant experiment results in vitro (including DPPH-radical scavenging activity, superoxide-radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl-radical scavenging ability, and reducing power) demonstrated that the derivatives exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity compared to COS. Moreover, the study showed that the phenolic acid chitooligosaccharide salts had stronger antioxidant activity than phenolic-acid-acylated chitooligosaccharide. The cytotoxicity assay of L929 cells in vitro indicated that the derivatives had low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. In conclusion, this study provides a possible synthetic method for developing novel and nontoxic antioxidant agents which can be used in the food and cosmetics industry.

Evaluation Of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory And Anticancer Activities Of Delonix Regia Flower Extracts

Non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cancer are the major cause of death worldwide. Various drugs are used for the treatment of these diseases. However, they cause lots of side effects. There is a need for alternate drugs with fewer side effects. Medicinal plants serve as a good source for alternate form of treatment. Therefore, in this study, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of D. regia flowers were evaluated for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity to justify its use as a medicinal plant. Total phenol and flavonoid content of the extracts were measured. GC-MS analysis of the extracts were done to investigate the presence of various bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed by radical scavenging and reduction assays. Antidiabetic activity was assessed by the ability of extracts to inhibit enzyme alpha amylase. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by membrane stabilization activity. Anticancer activity against MCF-7 and A549 cell lines were measured by the MTT assay.The ethanolic extract contained more phenols (282.940.80 mgGAE/g) and flavonoids (140.912.27 mgQE/g). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of compounds belonging to fatty acids, alkanes, phenols and organic alcohols. The aqueous extract showed strong superoxide radical scavenging activity with a low IC50 of 39.35±0.74 µg/mL. The ethanolic extract showed higher ferric reducing power with an IC50 of 59.65±0.28µg/mL. Ethanolic extract was more potent in inhibiting alpha amylase with a low IC50 value of 47.14±0.6 µg/mL. Ethanolic extract also showed maximum inhibition of 88.86±0.1% against heat induced lysis of cell membrane. Both extracts affected the proliferation of MCF-7 and A549 cell lines at 160 µg/mL. The results of the present study support the use of D. regia flower as a potential source of bioactive phytochemicals and can be used as a plant-based antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent.

Synthesis and characterization of 2-thiophen flavonoid analogue for free radical scavenging antioxidant analysis

Introduction and Aim: Currently research is focussed on the use of antioxidants in preventing oxidative stress induced diseases. Flavonoids present in plant sources gaining more therapeutic importance due to their antioxidant property, but their solubility and some pharmacokinetic concern, diverted the current research study towards the synthesis of these flavonoids for their therapeutic potential. The study was aimed to synthesize and characterize the 2-thiophen flavonoid analogue for free radical scavenging antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: The test synthetic compound PNF(3-hydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one) a thiophen substituted flavonoid was synthesized from condensation fallowed cyclization reaction in laboratory and DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was determined through established in vitro methods. Results: It suggests that the test flavonoid (PNF) possesses the potent free radical scavenging on DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals with IC50 values of 6.89±25?g/ml,4.04?g/ml, 2.44?g/ml and 2.96?g/ml respectively. The radical scavenging potential of test PNF synthetic compound at different concentrations(10?g-150?g) was compared with that of standard antioxidants such as BHA , ascorbic acid used in the study. Conclusion: Results from this study indicates that the novel flavonoid PNF exhibited the considerable dose dependant invitro antioxidant activity. These possible activities could be useful to consider the novel synthetic thiophen derived flavonoid as therapeutic antioxidant agent.

Antioxidant Activity and Flavonoid Estimation in Rosa multiflora and Rosa wichuraiana Fruits and Flowers

The fruits of Rosa multiflora Thunberg and Rosa wichuraiana Crépin are oriental medicine resources used complementary in management dropsy, edema and nocturnal enuresis in Korea. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the content of kaempferol and quercetin of Rosa multiflora and Rosa wichuraiana fruits and flowers. Crude ethanol extracts of the species’ fruits and flowers from the two Rosa species were fractionized with hexane, ether, ethyl acetate and water, and antioxidant activities of the resulting fractions were evaluated in vitro using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. The content of kaempferol and quercetin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The water fraction of R. multiflora and ethyl acetate fraction of R. wichuraiana exhibited the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity, which are generally proportionally to concentration, and the ethyl acetate fraction of fruit and ether fraction of the flower from the two Rosa species exhibited the highest superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate and ether fraction of flower and fruit from the two Rosa species contained high level content of kaempferol and quercetin. These findings indicate that the antioxidant activity and the content of kaempferol and quercetin of Rosa multiflora and Rosa wichuraiana is dependent on solvent fraction. Moreover, both Rosa species fruits and flowers are promising sources of antioxidant phytochemicals, which further supports their use in complementary oriental medicine resource in Korea.

Enhancement of the functional properties of vegetable sponge beverage fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Korean dongchimi

This study aimed to enhance the functional activities of vegetable sponge beverage (VSB) through fermentation. A total of 300 species of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from 6 types of kimchi, were screened to obtain the one suitable for fermenting a VSB with high sugar content. The selected strain was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum WiKim0067 by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The treatment groups were set as LCC (fermentation broth) and LFP (freeze-dried powder), depending on the strain inoculation method. Both treatment groups showed a higher number of Lactobacillus than the control (VSB) group during storage. In particular, LFP showed similar level of sensory attributes as VSB. Subsequently, probiotic properties of LFP were investigated. After 1 and 2 months of bacterial inoculation, contents of lactic acid and acetic acid were increased in LFP. Moreover, LFP exhibited significantly higher superoxide dismutase (85.67%) and radical scavenging (71.14%) activities than VSB (71.88 and 55.68%, respectively). In addition, LFP treatment decreased the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β more than VSB treatment in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our results suggested that fermentation with L. plantarum WiKim0067 could enhance functional activities of VSB without affecting the sensory properties negatively.

Bioactive Components from Ampelopsis japonica with Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activities

The dried root of Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino (A. japonica.) is a traditional medicine used to treat fever, pain, and wound healing. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antityrosinase, and antimelanogenic activities. In this paper, we used different solvent extracts from the root of A. japonica to determine their antioxidant activity. Acetone extract showed relatively strong antioxidant properties by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In addition, these extracts also showed significant α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. Acetone extract significantly inhibited α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 8.30 ± 0.78 μg/mL, and ethanol extract remarkably inhibited AChE with an IC50 value of 37.08 ± 7.67 μg/mL. Using HPLC analysis and comparison with the chemical composition of various solvent extracts, we isolated seven active compounds and assessed their antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, and anti-AChE activities. Catechin (1), gallic acid (2), kaempferol (3), quercetin (4), resveratrol (6), and epicatechin (7) were the main antioxidant components in the root of A. japonica. According to the results of DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging assays, these isolates showed stronger antioxidant capacity than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Moreover, 1, 3, 4, euscaphic acid (5), 6, and 7 also expressed stronger anti-α-glucosidase activity than the positive control acarbose, and all the isolated compounds had a good inhibitory effect on AChE. Molecular docking models and hydrophilic interactive modes for AChE assays suggest that 1 and 5 exhibit unique anti-AChE potency. This study indicates that A. japonica and its active extracts and components may be a promising source of natural antioxidants, α-glucosidase, and AChE inhibitors.