Superoxide Dismutase In Gills Research Articles

Effects of Ulva prolifera Degradation on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Capacity of Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Family

Massive macroalgae blooms, primarily caused by the overgrowth of Ulva prolifera (U. prolifera) in the Yellow Sea of China, pose a severe risk to both marine organisms and the aquaculture industry. This study’s aim was to evaluate the impact of U. prolifera degradation on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and select some potential Japanese flounder families (labeled 2101–2108, established by crossbreeding) tolerating U. prolifera degradation conditions. Thus, a 60-day U. prolifera exposure experiment was conducted. The results showed that the contents of Na, K, Mg, and Fe elements in the U. prolifera degradation water were significantly increased. The specific growth rate and survival rate of flounder were significantly decreased under the U. prolifera degradation condition, while the 2101 and 2103 flounder families showed a better growth performance compared with the positive control (PC) group. Moreover, the results showed that activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum were significantly decreased, while the 2103 flounder family showed higher activities. Furthermore, U. prolifera degradation significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content while decreasing catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver. Specifically, SOD and CAT activities of the 2103 flounder family were higher than the 2101 flounder family and PC group. In addition, the gill SOD and CAT activities of the 2103 flounder family were significantly higher than the PC group. Similarly, the antioxidant-related gene (sod and cat) expressions were synchronously upregulated or downregulated in the liver and gills in response to U. prolifera degradation. These results revealed that U. prolifera degradation decreased the growth performance and influenced the antioxidant capacity of Japanese flounder, while the 2103 flounder family had better advantages in the U. prolifera degradation condition. Therefore, the 2103 flounder family could be regarded as the potential flounder family tolerating U. prolifera degradation. The increased Fe content in the U. prolifera degradation water may be one of the main causes of the physiological alterations observed in Japanese flounder.

Effects of salinity on physiological responses in the sesarmid crab Episesarma mederi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853)

ABSTRACT The sesarmid crab Episesarma mederi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) lives in mid to upper intertidal mangroves, while its physiological responses to salinity are still poorly known. Here, we examined the effects of salinity on osmoregulatory and antioxidant enzyme responses of E. mederi. The crabs were exposed to experimental salinities ranging from 5 to 40 PSU for 96 h under the laboratory conditions. After that, haemolymph osmolality, oxygen consumption rates (OCR), gill Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) activity and selected antioxidant enzyme activities of the crabs were analysed. Our results showed that E. mederi was a euryhaline hyper-hypo-osmoregulator. Hyperosmoregulation at low salinities was achieved by elevated gill NKA activity. The crabs acclimated to 5 PSU exhibited a significant increase in their OCRs compared to those in the control group (25 PSU). Conversely, the gill NKA activities were unchanged at high salinities. The OCRs increased only at a salinity of 35 PSU under high salinity conditions. Salinity changes can cause modulations in gill catalase (CAT) activity, while the gill superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was unaffected. This result indicates that the crab gills could experience some degrees of oxidative stress during salinity acclimation. Overall, these physiological abilities can enable E. mederi to thrive in salinity-fluctuating areas.

Application of bioflocculating agent in inoculum enhances quality of biofloc and influences growth, feed utilization and stress responses of GIFT tilapia reared in-situ

An experiment was conducted for in-situ rearing of GIFT tilapia to evaluate the efficacy of bioflocculating agent chitosan at various dosages in the inoculum. Growth and physiological responses of GIFT Tilapia was studied in a biofloc system developed with a bioflocculating agent based inoculum. A dose optimization study was carried out to determine the optimum dose of chitosan in the inoculum using 3 different doses viz. 30, 60 and 90 ppm. Based on the results of dose optimization, the second experiment was conducted using 10, 20 and 30 ppm of chitosan dosage in the inoculum designated as T1, T2, T3, respectively, and one control (without chitosan) with in-situ rearing of tilapia. The tanks (12 Nos) were stocked randomly with an equal number of fishes of initial mean weight (1.70 ± 0.36 g) at 50 numbers per 250 L of water and C: N ratio was maintained at 15:1 using tapioca flour as carbon source. The biofloc developed with the inoculum using 30 ppm (T3) chitosan showed highest floc volume, highest flocculation activity (83.82 ± 1.84%) and highest total suspended solids level (550.67 ± 32.23 mg L - 1). Higher body weight gain (11 g), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio (1.5) and feed efficiency ratio were observed to be significantly similar for 20 and 30 ppm chitosan supplemented biofloc groups, where as they indicated higher response compared to 10 ppm (T1) and 0 ppm (C) chitosan supplemented group. The activities of amylase was increased in T2 and T3 groups, while the activities of hepatic and gill superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly lower in T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to control. However, activities of protease, lipase and catalase, serum cortisol and glucose were non-significant. The study concluded that the introduction of bioflocculating agent chitosan at a dosage of 20–30 ppm in the inoculum for in-situ biofloc technology can enhance growth, feed utilization, amylase activity and ameliorating stress in GIFT tilapia.

Investigating the mechanism of vanadium toxicity in freshwater organisms

Vanadium (V) could present a risk for aquatic organisms from the Alberta oil sands region, if present in high concentrations. An industry pilot project has used petroleum coke (PC) as a sorbent to remove organic toxicants from oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), but it also caused V to leach from PC into the OSPW, reaching concentrations of up to 7 mg V/L (a level known to be toxic to aquatic organisms). Vanadium is a transition metal with several oxidation states, which could potentially elicit its toxicity through either ion imbalance or oxidative stress. This study investigated the effect of V on Daphnia magna and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Daphinds and O. mykiss were exposed to concentrations of V up to their respective calculated median lethal concentration (LC50): 3 mg V/L for D. magna and 7 mg V/L for O. mykiss. For both organisms, the influence of V on sodium flux and whole body sodium was evaluated. Its effect on whole body calcium and the oxidative stress responses in O. mykiss at the gill and liver levels was also studied. Results suggested that 3.1 mg V/L for D. magna and 6.8 mg V/L for O. mykiss caused an overall increase in sodium influx in both the daphnids and rainbow trout. However, concentrations of V ranging between 0.2 and 4 mg V/L for D. magna and 1.8 and 6 mg V/L for O. mykiss reduced whole body sodium in both organisms and whole body calcium in O. mykiss. Concentrations above 3.6 mg V/L caused significant lipid peroxidation in the gills and liver of rainbow trout, while 1.9 mg V/L produced a substantial decrease in the fish gill GSH:GSSG ratio, but no change in the ratio between these thiols in the liver. Concentrations of 6.62 mg V/L sharply increased catalase activity in the liver but not in the gills. Neither liver nor gill superoxide dismutase was altered by V. Overall, results suggest that both ion imbalance and oxidative stress are part of the mechanism of toxicity of V in D. magna and O. mykiss and that further research is warranted to fully elucidate the mechanism(s) of V toxicity in aquatic organisms.

How potential endocrine disruptor deltamethrin effects antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant status on model organisms

Abstract Objective Deltamethrin, synthetic pyrethroid, is a suspected endocrine disruptor contaminating ecosystems as toxic pollutant via agricultural activities and vector controls. The objective of the study is to determine the possible effects on human by evaluating antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant status (TAS) of invertebrate model organism crayfish exposure to sublethal deltamethrin. Materials and methods Crayfish were exposed to 0.05 μg/L deltamethrin for 48 h and 7 days. Hemolymph samples were taken for TAS and total haemocyte counts (THCs). Gill, hepatopancreas and muscle tissues were examined for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. Results THCs were decreased (p < 0.05) and hemolymph TAS levels were increased according to control groups. Gill SOD, CAT and GPx enzyme activities were significantly rised. Hepatopancreas SOD activities unchanged. Hepatopancreas CAT activities were increased significantly after 48 h (p < 0.05), but returned back to controls after 7 days. Hepatopancreas GPx and muscle SOD activities were rised (p < 0.05), while muscle CAT and GPx values did not affect from deltametrin. Conclusion Deterioration of ecosystems are directly affect the humans. The toxic effects of deltamethrin for different stages of organisms on the food web will provide basic data to understand and estimate the effects on the human beings.

Enzymes from kidney, gill and brain tissues of Astyanax bimaculatus (lambari) as biomarkers of environmental impact in the Una River basin

The Una River and its basin constitute an important water source for public supply in the municipality of Taubaté (SP, Brazil). The present work aimed to investigate biochemical markers of environmental pollution in the Una river basin using enzymes extracted from the kidneys, gills and brains of Astyanax bimaculatus, a fish commonly found in this basin. Tissue levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were determined in tissues of A. bimaculatus collected in water bodies localized at Fazenda Piloto of the University of Taubaté (P1), the Remédios municipal road (P2) and at a small lake near the neighborhood of Ipiranga (P3), all located in the municipality of Taubaté. The lowest activities of renal and gill SOD were found in fish collected from P2 and P3, respectively. Renal and branchial CAT, renal MDH and LDH, as well as the activity of cerebral LDH were not affected by collection site. The activities of brain MDH and AChE were higher in fish from P3 in comparison with P1. These results along with earlier published findings, indicate that the hepatic SOD and CAT, gill SOD and LDH, muscle MDH and brain MDH and AChE are sensitive to contamination in the environment and hence can be considered as good candidate biomarkers of environmental change in the Una River basin.

Humoral immune responses and gill antioxidant-related gene expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to lufenuron and flonicamide.

The aim of this study was to investigate plasma proteins, total immunoglobulin (Ig), lysozyme and complement (ACH50) levels, and gill superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), following exposure to lufenuron (LUF) and flonicamide (FL). Fish were distributed in 12 tanks as three quadrupled treatments: control (fish were kept in pesticide-free water), LUF [fish exposed to 10% of LUF LC50 (4.3mg/L)], and FL [fish exposed to 10% of FL LC50 (0.1mg/L)]. The plasma parameters were assessed after 7 and 21days exposure to pesticides, whereas the gene expressions were assessed after 21days. The results showed that LUF exposure significantly decreased plasma total protein and globulin levels compared to the control group. Both pesticide significantly decreased plasma total Ig levels compared to the control group; however, LUF exhibited a greater effect. There were no significant effects of pesticides or sampling time on plasma ACH50 activity. Pesticides and sampling time interacted to affect plasma lysozyme activity. Seven days after exposure, both pesticides significantly increased lysozyme activity, and the effect of FL was greater than LUF. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in plasma lysozyme activities among the pesticides, 21days after the exposure. Both pesticides significantly decreased SOD and CAT gene expression, nevertheless, FL exhibited greater effects than LUF. In conclusion, both pesticides induced immunosuppression in the fish, though such effects were more severe in LUF group, compared to the FL. These pesticides negatively affect expression of gill antioxidant genes, and the FL effects were greater than the LUF.

Exposure to aluminum, aluminum + manganese and acid pH triggers different antioxidant responses in gills and liver of Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) males

Exposure to aluminum (Al) and aluminum + manganese (Mn) can trigger an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modify the activity of oxidative defense enzymes. This study investigated whether exposure to Al and Al + Mn at acid pH for 24 and 96 h causes oxidative stress evidenced by antioxidants and oxidative damage in the gills and liver of sexually mature Astyanax altiparanae males. The fish were subsequently immersed in metal-free water for 24 and 96 h to see whether they recovered from the effects of these metals. Exposure to an acid pH boosted the activity of gill superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 96 h and the fish did not recover when immersed for the same period in water at neutral pH. Exposure to Al increased glutathione (GSH) levels (24 h) in the gills, returning to control levels during the recovery period, showing the efficiency of the antioxidant system in preventing lipid peroxidation of the gills and liver. Mn did not modify the activity of the enzymes studied, but did trigger late hepatic lipid peroxidation during the recovery period. The group exposed to Al + Mn exhibited several alterations, including increased concentration of GSH, as well as higher GPx and GR activity in the gills. Despite the defensive responses triggered by acute exposure, during the recovery period there were alterations in catalase (96 h) and an increase in hepatic metallothionein (24 h), but this did not prevent hepatic lipid peroxidation. Al and Al + Mn produced different effects, and the timing of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses also differed.

Metabolic and haematological responses of Labeo rohita to dietary fucoidan

ABSTRACTImmunomodulatory properties of fucoidan have been extensively studied in fish. However the effect of dietary fucoidan on the metabolic enzymes is not studied in detail with respect to aquatic organisms. An investigation of the effect of dietary fucoidan on the metabolic and haematological status of Labeo rohita fingerlings is presented. One hundred and eighty fingerlings were distributed into four experimental groups in triplicates. Each group was fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing 0% fucoidan (T1), 1% fucoidan (T2), 2% fucoidan (T3) and 3% (T4) seaweed powder to satiation for a period of sixty days. Dietary fucoidan was found to significantly (P < 0.05) reduce malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the liver tissue. Alanine aminotransferase activity in the muscle tissue of fucoidan fed groups was significantly higher than the control. The liver and gill superoxide dismutase activity was significantly reduced in the fucoidan fed groups compared to the control. The catalase activity in the liver and gill was significantly lowered in the T3 group. The blood profile of the different experimental groups also revealed beneficial effects of dietary fucoidan yielding a superior haematological status in the groups fed with fucoidan.

Oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and non-specific immune responses in juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major, exposed to different waterborne selenium concentrations

Juvenile Pagrus major (mean length 15.8±1.6cm, and mean weight 90.4±4.7g) were exposed for 4weeks with waterborne selenium concentration (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400μgL−1). In oxidative stress indicators, liver and gill superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were markedly elevated after 4weeks exposure. Similarly, glutathione (GSH) level in liver and gill was also increased in response to the highest Se exposure after 4weeks exposure. In neurotoxicity, AChE activity was inhibited in brain and muscle tissues by waterborne Se exposure. In the non-specific immune responses, lysozyme activity of plasma and kidney was significantly increased by waterborne Se exposure. Peroxidase activity and anti-protease activity were decreased at high Se concentration. The results suggest that waterborne Se exposure can induce significant oxidative stress, inhibition of AChE activity, and immunological alterations.

The arsenic accumulation and its effect on oxidative stress responses in juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, exposed to waterborne arsenic (As3+)

Juvenile rockfish (mean length 16.4±1.9cm, and mean weight 71.6±6.4g) were exposed for 20 days with the different levels of waterborne arsenic concentration (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400μg/L). The profile of As accumulation among tissue of rockfish is dependent on the exposure periods and As concentration. After 4 weeks, the highest accumulation of As was observed in the kidney, and the order of As accumulation in tissues was liver>kidney>spleen>gill>intestine>muscle. Generally, significant As accumulation increase in most tissues was observed at the higher concentration of 200μg/L waterborne As exposure, whereas there was no considerable increase in muscle except the concentration of 400μg/L at 20 days. In oxidative stress indicators, liver and gill superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity were considerably increased after the 20 days exposure. Glutathione (GSH) level in liver and gill was also notably increased in response to the waterborne As exposure after 20 days. The results demonstrated that waterborne As exposure can induce considerable As accumulation in major tissues and alterations in antioxidant enzyme parameters of experimental fish, rockfish.

Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on activity of enzyms in different tissues of crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus)

Di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP),a member of the phthalate acid ester(PAE) family,is thought to have an endocrine disrupting effect on vertebrates and humans and has been identified as priority controlled hazardous substance in the United States and China.In order to evaluate the effect of DPB,we examined liver and gill levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA),and brain levels of acetylcholinesterase(AChE) in the crimson snapper(Lutjanus erythropterus).Groups of fish were exposed to 0,0.125,0.5,or 2.0 mg/L DBP for 0,6,12,24,48,or 96 h.The 24,48 and 96h LC50 values were 7.13,7.02,and 6.75 mg/L,respectively.The safe con-centration(SC) of DBP was 2.04 mg.L.1.Gill superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity increased significantly as the concentration of DBP increased.In contrast,there was no clear pattern of induction or inhibition for liver SOD activity,though levels in the groups exposed to 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L were significantly different from the control(P0.05).Gill MDA content was significantly higher after 6 h,but decreased thereafter.Similarly,liver MDA content increased then decreased,and was not different from the control after 96 h(P0.05).Brain levels of ace-tylcholinesterase(AChE) were 32.07%,62.07%,and 61.60% higher in fish exposed to 0.125,0.5 or 2.0 mg/L,respectively,after 48 h.However,AChE activity was lower in the treatment groups than in the control group after 96 h exposure(28.87%,20.12%,and 21.14% lower,respectively).Our results suggest that the effects of DBP on enzyme activity is related to the time of exposure.It could be concluded that DBP causes oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in aquatic organisms.Thus,attention should be given to the potential ecological risk posed by this contaminant.

Seasonal variation of pollution biomarkers to assess the impact on the health status of juvenile Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas exposed in situ

In this study, a suite of sublethal stress biomarkers were analyzed in juveniles of the sentinel species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, with a view to using them as pollution monitoring tools. The aim of this work was (1) to study baseline seasonal variations of biomarkers in different body compartments of C. gigas in the reference site and, after selecting biomarkers presenting no seasonal variations, (2) to compare responses of these biomarkers between contaminated and reference sites. Juvenile oysters were transplanted from Bouin (France), a reference site, to three different sites in Marennes-Oleron Bay (France), located in another water body and next to different contamination sources. Animals were exposed in situ for 3 months in summer, autumn, and winter. The following biomarkers were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in gills and digestive gland and lysozyme and phenoloxidase (PO) in plasma. No significant seasonal variations for SOD in gills and digestive gland, GPx in gills, and PO in plasma were observed in the reference site. Significant differences in enzyme activity were observed between contaminated and reference sites for SOD in gills and digestive gland and PO in plasma, depending on the body compartment, the season, and/or the site. In conclusion, these data suggest the potential application of these biomarkers in C. gigas to provide ecologically relevant information and, therefore, to be used as biomarkers in coastal pollution monitoring.

Bioaccumulation of cadmium and its biochemical effect on selected tissues of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The present study examines the pattern of accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its biochemical effects on selected tissues of a variety of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), after exposure to various doses of Cd. The results obtained indicate that at the end of 21 days of exposure, the total tissue organ cadmium concentration followed the pattern kidney > gill > liver > muscle for each of the exposure concentrations. The levels of Cd in these organs were higher than those in ambient water. Moreover, while the rate of uptake of Cd increased with time in the kidney, liver and muscle, it decreased in the gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated only in the kidney of catfish treated with 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of Cd for 7 days compared with the control. Conversely, gill SOD was significantly decreased in the same concentrations of Cd-treated catfish relative to the control. Statistically similar levels of SOD were observed in the liver, brain and muscle with all the treatments after the same duration of treatment. In the fish exposed for 21 days, SOD activity was significantly decreased in the kidney with a corresponding increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), but it manifested only with the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm Cd treatment relative to the control. In the liver, however, Cd exposure significantly increased SOD in the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm treatments of the same duration. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the accumulation of Cd and its effect on SOD and LPO in C. gariepinus is dependent on concentration, tissue and time.

Assessment of environmental pollution at Balearic Islands applying oxidative stress biomarkers in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

The antioxidant enzyme response of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to different degree of pollution was investigated. Antioxidant enzyme activities – catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) – and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were measured in gills and digestive glands of mussels. Mussels from the same origin were transplanted along the Balearic coastal waters in eight stations characterized by a different degree of contamination and human impacts. Antioxidant enzyme activities showed an adaptive response to increase the activities in the more polluted areas. CAT, GR and SOD in gills and CAT and GR in digestive gland presented significant differences between polluted and non-polluted stations. No significant differences were observed in MDA concentration indicating that the antioxidant response is capable to avoid the lipid peroxidation. The use of biomarkers such as CAT and GR in gills and digestive glands of the mussel M. galloprovincialis is a good tool to categorize differences between polluted and non-polluted areas.

Relationships between tissue concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and antioxidative responses of marine mussels, Perna viridis

Local mussels, Perna viridis, were transplanted from a relatively clean site to various polluted sites in Hong Kong. After a 30-day field exposure, different antioxidant parameters including glutathione S transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), NADPH DT-diaphorase (DT-d), glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation were quantified, and tissue concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) as well as a total of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with potential carcinogenicity were determined for individual mussels. Results indicated that: (1) tissue concentrations of B[a]P and total PAHs from the same site were highly variable; (2) gill SOD, DT-d and lipid peroxidation showed no response to tissue pollutants; (3) the majority of the antioxidant parameters were induced by increasing tissue pollutant concentrations; and (4) amongst the various parameters, oxyradical scavenger GSH best correlated with tissue concentrations of pollutants.

Antioxidant levels from different Antarctic fish caught around South Georgia Island and Shag Rocks

Antarctic fish have been isolated for over several million years in an environment with a very low and constant temperature and high oxygen concentration. In such conditions the oxidative stress might be an important factor affecting their metabolic adaptive strategies. Activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin E levels and total antioxidant capacity (TRAP) were measured in liver, gill, heart and muscle homogenates of red-blooded (Nototheniidae) and white-blooded (Channichthyidae) Antarctic fish. SOD activity was also measured in blood samples. Gill SOD activity was threefold higher in channichthyids than in nototheniids while CAT and GPx were significantly higher in the gills of channichthyids. The increased SOD activity of channichthyids probably reflects the large PO2 gradient across their gills. The H2O2 produced seems to be preferentially eliminated by diffusion, according to the low levels of CAT and GPx found in the gills of these species. In contrast, blood SOD was about fivefold higher in the latter group, which possesses erythrocytes and thus a much higher oxygen-carrying capacity. CAT activity was always higher in nototheniids except in muscle. However, vitamin E did not show clear differences between families except for the pattern observed in muscle. The higher content of vitamin E in this tissue shown in channichthyids is related to the higher volume density of mitochondria reported for this group, since vitamin E is responsible for preventing membrane lipid peroxidation. Accordingly, TRAP (representative of hydrosoluble antioxidant capacity) was also higher in muscle of channichthyids. This is probably related to the role of ascorbic (a hydrosoluble compound) acid in regenerating vitamin E.

Effect of Low Level Ozone Exposure on the Serum TBA-Reactive Substance (TBA-RS) Level and Gill Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activities in Rainbow Trout

Effect of Low Level Ozone Exposure on the Serum TBA-Reactive Substance (TBA-RS) Level and Gill Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activities in Rainbow Trout