Blood Superoxide Dismutase Activity Research Articles

Effect of changing the proportion of C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in fat supplements on rumen fermentation, glucose and lipid metabolism, antioxidation capacity, and visceral fatty acid profile in finishing Angus bulls

This study evaluated the effects of different proportions of palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (cis-9 C18:1) acids in fat supplements on rumen fermentation, glucose (GLU) and lipid metabolism, antioxidant function, and visceral fat fatty acid (FA) composition in Angus bulls. The design of the experiment was a randomized block design with 3 treatments of 10 animals each. A total of 30 finishing Angus bulls (21 ± 0.5 months) with an initial body weight of 626 ± 69 kg were blocked by weight into 10 blocks, with 3 bulls per block. The bulls in each block were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets: (1) control diet without additional fat (CON), (2) CON + 2.5% palmitic calcium salt (PA; 90% C16:0), (3) CON + 2.5% mixed FA calcium salts (MA; 60% C16:0 + 30% cis-9 C18:1). Both fat supplements increased C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in visceral fat (P < 0.05) and up-regulated the expression of liver FA transport protein 5 (FATP5; P < 0.001). PA increased the insulin concentration (P < 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST; P = 0.030) in bull's blood while reducing the GLU concentration (P = 0.009). PA increased the content of triglycerides (TG; P = 0.014) in the liver, the content of the C16:0 in visceral fat (P = 0.004), and weight gain (P = 0.032), and up-regulated the expression of liver diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2; P < 0.001) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1; P < 0.05). MA increased plasma superoxide dismutase activity (SOD; P = 0.011), reduced the concentration of acetate and total volatile FA (VFA) in rumen fluid (P < 0.05), and tended to increase plasma non-esterified FA (NEFA; P = 0.069) concentrations. Generally, high C16:0 fat supplementation increased weight gain in Angus bulls and triggered the risk of fatty liver, insulin resistance, and reduced antioxidant function. These adverse effects were alleviated by partially replacing C16:0 with cis-9 C18:1.

Local and systemic responses to repeated gluteal muscle microbiopsies in mature sedentary horses

We aimed to test the hypothesis that repeated muscle collections would impact mitochondrial function, antioxidant status, and markers of inflammation and muscle damage. Twenty-six horses (8 geldings, 18 mares; mean ± SD 9.5 ± 3.5 y) had gluteus medius muscle biopsy samples collected at: 0 and 24h (n=7); 0 and 6h (n = 6); 0, 6, and 12h (n=7); or 0, 6, 12, and 24h (n=6). Blood was collected from all horses every 6h for 72h, starting 24h prior to the 0h muscle collection. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models. Muscle integrative (per mg tissue) electron transfer capacity of complex II decreased (P=0.004) and intrinsic (relative to citrate synthase (CS) activity) LEAK increased (P<0.03) from 0 to 6h but both returned to 0h levels by 12h. Activity of CS was greater at 0 than 12 and 24h (P≤0.02). Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was similar from -24 through 0h but increased in all horses at 6h and remained elevated through 48h (P<0.05) though not above reference ranges. Whole blood superoxide dismutase activity fluctuated throughout the 72-h collection period (P=0.03) and serum cortisol concentration displayed a circadian pattern (P<0.0001) but neither were altered by muscle collections. No other variable, including muscle mitochondrial capacities and function, blood and muscle antioxidant status and concentrations of select cytokines, and serum amyloid A, differed by time or muscle collection. Repeated gluteal collections had limited short-term or no effect on physiological markers in unstressed, mature horses except serum CK activity, which should be interpreted with caution during repeated tissue collections.

55 Impacts of dietary Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer on antioxidant status of mature, sedentary horses

Reactive oxygen species are normal by-products of cellular metabolism but may have detrimental effects on cellular matrices when overproduced. Dietary antioxidants may neutralize excess free radicals and prevent the imbalance of oxidants to antioxidants, referred to as oxidative stress. To test the hypothesis that supplementation of an herbal extract combination (Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer, LifeVantage Corporation) would improve the body's enzymatic defense system, 40 mature, sedentary horses (32 mares, 8 geldings, mean ± SD; 15.7 ± 4.9 y, 519 ± 46 kg) were stratified by age, sex, and body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatment groups for 56 d: 1) 0 mg (CON); 2) 675 mg (Pro1); 3) 2,025 mg (Pro3); or 4) 4,050 mg (Pro6) Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer per day (n = 10 per group). Horses were group housed and received a basal diet of coastal bermudagrass hay ad libitum and a custom-formulated concentrate grain fed individually at 0.5% BW/d (dry matter basis) split evenly between 2 meals per d. The supplement was top-dressed on the morning grain meal. Blood samples were collected at d 0, 28, and 56 of supplementation before the morning feeding and analyzed for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and concentration, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Data were analyzed using linear models in SAS v9.4; sex, treatment, time, time × treatment were fixed effects and time was a repeated effect with horse(treatment) as the subject. Day 0 was included in all models as a covariate. No measure was impacted by dietary treatment. Regardless of treatment, whole blood SOD activity, plasma MDA, and serum H2O2 concentration decreased from d 0 to 28 (P ≤ 0.0001) and remained suppressed at d 56 (P ≤ 0.0007). Conversely, whole blood GPx activity increased from d 0 to 28 (P = 0.01) and decreased from d 28 to 56 (P = 0.02) to be similar to d 0 at d 56. Serum H2O2 production was greater in geldings than mares (P = 0.04) but no other variable was impacted by sex. Dietary supplementation of up to 4,050 mg/d Protandim Nrf2 Synergizer did not impact antioxidant status in mature, sedentary horses. Effects of supplementation on antioxidant status should be investigated in horses subjected to elevated oxidative insult, such as exercise.

Dietary vitamin C in pre-parturient dairy cows and their calves: blood metabolites, copper, zinc, iron, and vitamin C concentrations, and calves growth performance.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin C supplementation on blood parameters of pre-parturient (PP) dairy cows and growth performance and immune system of their newborn calves. Forty PP cows (at approximately 21days before calving and an average weight 791 ± 50kg) were allocated into two experimental treatments: (1) basal diet without vitamin C supplementation (CO) and (2) basal diet with 20g of vitamin C supplementation from 21days before calving to parturition (VC). After parturition, the experiment continued by grouping the calves into four dietary treatments with 8 calves in each treatment. The experimental treatments were (1) control calves with no vitamin C supplementation and from cows that received no vitamin C supplement (CON), (2) calves supplemented with 600mg of vitamin C per day and from cows that received no vitamin C supplement (CVC), (3) calves supplemented with no vitamin C and from cows that received 20g of vitamin C per day (MVC), and (4) calves supplemented with 600mg of vitamin C per day and from cows that received 20g of vitamin C per day (CMVC). Serum concentrations of glucose, HDL and LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and albumin of cows were not affected by vitamin C supplementation during pre-parturient period. However, cows that received VC diet had lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations, higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and vitamin C concentration in their blood compared to CO cows. Vitamin C supplementation had no effect on plasma iron, copper, and zinc concentrations of PP cows. Similarly, vitamin C supplementation had no effect on total feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of suckling calves. However, calves in the CMVC group had higher (P < 0.05) overall daily weight gain compared to the other groups. Calves in the CVC and CMVC groups had lower (P < 0.05) blood MDA concentration on days 7 and 21. The highest (P < 0.05) blood TAC level was recorded in CMVC calves. Control group calves had lower (P < 0.05) blood superoxide dismutase activity compared to the other calves. Blood levels of alanine aminotransferase on days 7 and 21 and aspartate aminotransferase on day 7 were higher (P < 0.05) for calves in the CON and MVC groups. Based on the results, vitamin C supplementation had positive health effects on the oxidative parameters of PP dairy cows and also improved the performance and health status of the calves.

Relationship between blood superoxide dismutase activity and zinc, copper, glutathione and metallothioneines concentrations in calves

RedOx processes determine the resistance of the organism to pollutants. The aim of the study was to establish a possible relationship between copper and zinc concentration in the blood of calves and the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase. The study was conducted in 2019 on 50 calves with a weight of 201-250 kg. The samples of venous blood were taken to estimate the level of hemoglobin, glutathione, metallothioneins, as well as zinc, copper, and superoxide dismutase activity. The obtained average values of these substances concentration were compared between each other. A positive correlation between the activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of zinc (r = 0.64) and copper (r = 0.87) in the blood of calves has been established. It may be because both metals are obligatory components of superoxide dismutase. There is also a positive relationship between the levels of copper and zinc (r = 0.68). For the other parameters, no reliable relationship was found. The data obtained indicate a positive relationship between the activity of superoxide dismutase and metal concentrations of copper and zinc in the blood of calves. At the same time, a more significant positive relationship is established for copper.

The effect of butaselmevit and clozaverm A on the antioxidant status of cows in experimental fasciolosis

Fasciolosis is one of the most dangerous helminthiasis, causing significant economic damage to farms. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of clozaverm A and butaselmevit on the antioxidant status of cows in experimental fasciolosis. Fifteen 4-5-year-old cows of the black and speckled breed were selected for the experiments, from which three groups were formed, with five animals in each. Animals of the control group were experimentally infected with adolescents. Cows of the first experimental group in experimental fasciolosis were administered intramuscularly clozaverm A at a dose of 0.5 ml per 10 kg of body weight. In animals of the second experimental group, in experimental fasciolosis, clozaverm A was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 0.5 ml of the drug per 10 kg of body weight of animals and butaselmevit at a dose of 10 ml of the drug per animal. In experimental fasciolosis in the blood of cows, we note an increase in the processes of lipid peroxidation, as indicated by elevated levels of lipid hydroperoxides and TBA-active products. Fasciola inhibits the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant defense system in the liver of the hosts, as indicated by a decrease in the activity of catalase by 23.4 % (P &lt; 0.001) superoxide dismutase by 24.6 % (P &lt; 0.001). The obtained data indicate that under the influence of clozaverm A and butaselmevit in the body of experimental cows with experimental fasciolosis is the normalization of redox processes and reduces the level of LPS products, the intoxication of the body. The use of clozaverm A and butaselmevit in cows with experimental fasciolosis improved the antioxidant status of their body, which was accompanied by an increase in blood superoxide dismutase activity by 31.6 % (P &lt; 0.001) and catalase by 30.1 % (P &lt; 0.001), as well as suppression of intensity peroxide oxidation of lipids, reducing the level of lipid hydroperoxides by 31.5 % (P &lt; 0.001), TBA-active products by 18.1 % (P &lt; 0.001). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes in the treatment of animals with Clozaverm A and Butaselmevit is due to the activation of metabolic processes in the body, which involve enzymes, including antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the oxidation and phosphorylation functions, and bone marrow.

Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers in acute mercury intoxication.

Very few studies have evaluated the association between mercury exposure and oxidative stress in humans, particularly in children. This is the first report where we aimed to determine the oxidative stress status of children who were accidentally exposed toelemental mercury. In the present study, the study group was composed of 86 randomly selected children poisoned by mercury; the control group was composed of 78 children who had no history of mercury exposure. At admission, blood samples were collected. Blood superoxide dismutase activity, catalase enzyme activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity were measured by Fridovich, Beutler, and Lawrence Burk methods respectively, and the results were given as U/g Hb. Malondialdehyde level was measured byOhkawa methods, and the results were given as mmol/ml. Catalase activity was significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group (1.28±0.62 vs. 3.90±0.86 U/g Hb, p=0.010). In exposed children, SOD activity was significantly higher than the controls (5936±810 vs. 2226±464 U/g Hb, p=0.03), while the GSH-Px activity was significantly lower (13.01±3.21 vs. 34.97±7.32 U/g Hb, p=0.013). The MDA levels of the mercury group were significantly higher than the MDA levels of the control group (2.85±0.84 vs. 2.05±0.79 mmol/ml, p=0.04). The results of the present study showed that acute mercury poisoning causes an alteration of oxidative stress status in children exposed to elemental mercury.

The influence of mulberry leaf flavonoids and Candida tropicalis on antioxidant function and gastrointestinal development of preweaning calves challenged with Escherichia coli O141:K99

This study investigated the effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf flavonoids and Candida tropicalis on the growth, gastrointestinal development, enzyme activity of gastrointestinal digesta, and blood antioxidant function of dairy calves challenged with Escherichia coli O141:K99. A total of 15 Holstein preweaning bull calves (age = 28 d; body weight = 51 ± 3.9 kg, mean ± standard deviation) were randomly divided into 3 homogeneous groups with no supplementation (control, CON), Candida tropicalis added at 1 g/calf per day (CT), and mulberry leaf flavonoids added at 3 g/calf per day (MLF). The feed efficiency was greater in calves fed MLF than in CON either before or after the E. coli challenge test. The fecal score increased after E. coli challenge, but it was greater in the CON group than in the CT treatment and in the MLF group at d 1, 2, and 3 after the E. coli challenge. Calves fed the CT diet showed decreased blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations compared with those on the CON and MLF diets before the E. coli challenge. Dietary supplementation with CT resulted in lower blood superoxide dismutase activity than the CON after E. coli challenge. The calves fed CT and MLF showed much lower blood glutathione peroxidase activity than the CON group after being challenged with E. coli. The tunica mucosa of the duodenum was lower in CT and MLF than in CON. The lactase activity of the jejunal digesta was greater in MLF than in CON and CT. In summary, MLF and CT supplementation might effectively improve antioxidant function and reduce the incidence of oxidative stress after challenge with E. coli in 28-d-old preweaning calves, and this effect may be partially explained by the relative decreases in blood superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as well as fecal score.

Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Acacia Polyphenol in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

We have previously demonstrated that acacia polyphenol (AP) exerts strong anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-atopic dermatitis effects. In the present study, we investigated the anti-hypertensive effects of AP. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with hypertension and control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used. WKY and SHR were fed AP-containing food or AP-free food (control group) ad libitum for 4 weeks, and their blood pressures were measured. After AP administration, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the SHR group than in the control group. There were no differences in the systolic or diastolic blood pressure of WKY between the AP group and the control group. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase expression, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in SHR kidneys were not altered by AP administration. Blood SOD activity in SHR was significantly higher in the AP group than in the control group. AP exerts anti-hypertensive effects on hypertension but has almost no effect on normal blood pressure. The anti-hypertensive effects of AP may be related to the anti-oxidative effects of increased blood SOD activity.

Antioxidant Activities of Basella alba Aqueous Leave Extract In Blood, Pancreas, and Gonadal Tissues of Diabetic Male Wistar Rats.

Background:Oxidative stress is frequently identified as a key element in the pathophysiology of many complications of diabetes mellitus, including reproductive complications. The antioxidant potential of medicinal plants have been suggested for therapeutic focus of diseases in recent reports.Objective:To investigate the effect of Basella alba (Ba) aqueous leave extract on diabetes-induced oxidative stress.Materials and Methods:Forty male Wistar rats (8–10 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) and treated as follows; Control (C + Ns) and Diabetic (D + Ns) animals received oral normal saline 0.5 ml/100 g body weight daily, while Healthy Treatment (H + Ba) and Diabetic Treatment (D + Ba) rats were given Ba extract at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily. Treatment was by gavage and lasted 4 weeks in all groups. Diabetes was induced in D + Ns and D + Ba rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) recorded weekly in all rats afterwards. Animals were euthanized at the end of the experiment and blood samples, pancreas, testes, and epididymis were preserved for analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers.Results:Oral administration of aqueous leave extract of Ba significantly (P < 0.0001) lowered FBS in D + Ba rats. There was significantly higher blood superoxide dismutase activity and serum ferric reducing antioxidant power, but lower serum concentration of conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in D + Ba compared to D + Ns rats (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Ba exerts antioxidant effects in the gonads by enhancing antioxidant parameters in circulating blood, but not necessarily in the gonadal tissues.SUMMARY Oral treatment of diabetic rats with aqueous leave extract of Basella alba exerts antioxidant effects in the gonads by enhancing antioxidant parameters in circulating blood, but not necessarily in the gonadal tissues. Abbreviations Used: AP – Antioxidant parameters, Ba – Basella alba, CAT – Catalase, CDs - Conjugated dienes, DM – Diabetes mellitus, FBS – Fasting blood sugar, FRAP - Ferric reducing antioxidant power, GSH - reduced glutathione, Ns – Normal saline, ORAC - oxygen radical antioxidant capacity, RNS - reactive nitrogen species, ROS - reactive oxygen species, SOD - superoxide dismutase, TAC - Total antioxidant capacity, TBARS - thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TEAC - trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity.

The effect of dietary methionine levels on fattening performance and selected blood and tissue parameters of turkeys

ABSTRACTA total of 490 eight-week-old female Hybrid Converter turkeys (body weight 4.11 ± 0.03 kg) were divided into 5 groups with 7 replicates of 14 birds each. For 8 weeks, basal diets were supplemented with methionine (Met) at following levels (weeks 9–12/weeks 13–16 of age): Group 1 – 0.34/0.29%, Group 2 – 0.39/0.34%, Groups 3 and 4 – 0.45/0.38% and 0.51/0.41%, respectively, Group 5 – 0.58/0.47%. Only in the first feeding phase the body weight gain (BWG) was affected by Met levels with the significantly highest BWG in Group 3. No treatment effects were found for feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, carcass composition and meat colour. The blood superoxide dismutase activity was significantly highest in Groups 2 and 3. The concentrations of reduced glutathione in the liver were linearly increased (p = 0.018), whereas the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione was highest in Group 3 (quadratic contrast, p = 0.004). It can be concluded that turkeys from Group 3 (Met levels age depending 15% and 10% above recommendations by NRC) were characterised by a well-balanced physiological response. Attention should be paid to the immune response of birds to higher dietary Met levels: plasma IgA concentrations decreased, whereas IL-6 and TNF-α levels increased in turkeys fed diets with the highest Met content.

Oxidative stress influence on renal dysfunction in patients with obstructive jaundice: A case and control prospective study

Background: Obstructive Jaundice (OJ) is associated with a significant risk of developing acute renal failure (ARF). The involvement of oxidative stress in the development of cholestasis has been demonstrated in different experimental models. However, its role in the morbidity of human cholestasis is far to be elucidated. The aim of the study was the evaluation of oxidative stress markers in blood from patients with OJ and its relation to complications and benign/malignant evolution of cholestasis. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study of 105 patients with OJ and 34 control subjects were included. Several markers of liver function and oxidative stress, such as lipoperoxides (LPO), as well as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were assessed. Results: The patients with OJ showed a marked increase in plasma levels of LPO, SOD and GSH, while GSH-Px levels were decreased. The increase in lipid peroxidation products and the depletion of SOD activity in blood were also related to renal dysfunction. The highest level of LPO was associated with malignant etiology of the disease. The logistic regression analysis showed that the age of the patient and the levels of LPO in blood were predictors of renal dysfunction in OJ patients. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a correlation between oxidative stress and renal dysfunction patients with OJ.

Assessment of Protective Effects of Extracts of Zingiber officinale and Althaea officinalis on Pyloric Ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Experimental Animals

Gastric ulcer is one of the most gastro-intestinal disorders in world. There are many drugs used for the treatment of gastric ulcer, but most of these associates with several adverse effects. In the present study we investigate the protective effects of extracts of Zingiber officinale and Althaea officinalis on pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Animals were divided into 5 groups; a normal control group, an ulcer control group, a standard treatment group receiving famotidine (20 mg/kg), and two treatment groups receiving Z. officinale extract (100 mg/kg) and A.officinalis extract (100 mg/kg). Treatments were given orally for 14 days. On the 15th day, animals were subjected to pyloric ligation except normal control group. Four hours later, rat stomachs were excised and gastric juice and blood samples were collected. Pyloric ligation significant increases ulcer number, ulcer index, gastric volume, titratble acidity, acid output, mucin content and peptic activity, accompanied by significant decreases in blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) activity and gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) contents. In addition, elevations in gastric mucosal lipid peroxide and histamine contents were observed. Pretreatment with famotidine, Z. officinale or A.officinalis extracts significantly corrected all blood and tissue parameters by varying degrees.Famotidine, Z. officinale and A.officinalis extractsmay protect against pyloric ligation-induced peptic ulcer in rats, being promising for further clinical trials.

Protective effects of ginger and marshmallow extracts on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in rats.

Background:Gastric ulcer is one of the most serious diseases. Most classic treatment lines produce adverse drug reactions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of two natural extracts, namely ginger and marshmallow extracts, on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats.Materials and Methods:Animals were divided into five groups; a normal control group, an ulcer control group, and three treatment groups receiving famotidine (20 mg/kg), ginger (100 mg/kg), and marshmallow (100 mg/kg). Treatments were given orally on a daily basis for 14 days prior to a single intra-peritoneal administration of indomethacin (20 mg/kg).Results:Indomethacin administration resulted in significant ulcerogenic effect evidenced by significant elevations in ulcer number, ulcer index, and blood superoxide dismutase activity accompanied by significant decreases in gastric mucosal nitric oxide and glutathione levels. In addition, elevations in gastric mucosal lipid peroxides and histamine content were observed. Alternatively, pretreatment with famotidine, ginger or marshmallow significantly corrected macroscopic and biochemical findings, supported microscopically by results of histopathological study.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that administration of either ginger or marshmallow extract could protect against indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in rats presumably via their antioxidant properties and inhibition of histamine release.

Imidacloprid-treated seed ingestion has lethal effect on adult partridges and reduces both breeding investment and offspring immunity

The ingestion of imidacloprid treated seeds by farmland birds may result in exposure to toxic amounts of this insecticide. Here we report on the effects that the exposure to the recommended application rate and to 20% of that rate may produce on birds feeding on treated seeds. Experimental exposure to imidacloprid treated seeds was performed on red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) (n=15 pairs per treatment group: control, 20% or 100% of the recommended application rate) during two periods that corresponded to the autumn (duration of exposure: 25 days) and late winter (10 days) cereal sowing times in Spanish farmlands. We studied effects on the survival, body condition, oxidative stress biomarkers, plasma biochemistry, carotenoid-based coloration, T-cell mediated immune response and reproduction of exposed adult partridges, and on the survival and T-cell immune response of their chicks. The high dose (recommended application rate) killed all partridges, with mortality occurring faster in females than in males. The low dose (20% the recommended application rate) had no effect on mortality, but reduced levels of plasma biochemistry parameters (glucose, magnesium and lactate dehydrogenase), increased blood superoxide dismutase activity, produced changes in carotenoid-based integument coloration, reduced the clutch size, delayed the first egg lay date, increased egg yolk vitamins and carotenoids and depressed T-cell immune response of chicks. Moreover, the analysis of the livers of dead partridges revealed an accumulation of imidacloprid during exposure time. Despite the moratorium on the use of neonicotinoids in the European Union, birds may still be at high risk of poisoning by these pesticides through direct sources of exposure to coated seeds in autumn and winter.

Oxidative Stress and Arsenic Exposure among Copper Smelters

Copper is widely used in industry. It has been associated with several health hazards among exposed workers. Aim: to measure the indicators of oxidative stress as malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and their association with copper and arsenic levels among copper smel=ter workers. Subjective and methods: This study was conducted on forty workers in a secondary copper smelting factory, who were occupationally exposed to copper. They were compared with forty non-exposed individuals. Full history, clinical examinations were done. Serum copper, serum arsenic, urinary arsenic, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were measured. Environmental measurements of copper and arsenic dusts were carried out at different workplace areas. Results: Environmental measurements in the workplace were within the normal permissible limits in Egypt. Statistically significant differences were found between exposed and control as regards the prevalence of the respiratory and neurological Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(15): 2955-2968, 2014 2956 symptoms. Compared to the control group, serum copper, serum arsenic, urinary arsenic and malondialdehyde blood levels were significantly higher among the exposed worker (P<0.01). Each one was positively correlated with the duration of employment. Superoxide dismutase activities in blood were significantly decreased and negatively correlated with the duration of employment. Conclusion: The disruption of hemostasis induced by oxidative stress may promote the development of health hazards with continued occupational exposure to copper fumes. Recommendation: Blood levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity can be used as indicators of oxidative stress among exposed workers.

Ethanol in lactation promotes oxidative stress in different phases of rat offspring

Summary Backgroud & aims To evaluate the effect of ethanol on body weight and biomarkers of oxidative stress such as the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and levels of lipoperoxidation (TBARS) in blood and liver of rat offspring. Methods Offspring ( n = 36) of adult Wistar rats in a Control Group (CG; n = 3) and in an Experimental Group (EG; n = 3) were randomized in phases of lactation, young and adult ( n = 6 rats/group). Controls received water ad libitum while EG received water with 20% ethanol during 12 days of lactation. Results Comparing EG to CG, there was lower weight gain in lactation and young ( p p = 0.018, p p p = 0.008, p = 0.008, p = 0.004, respectively) and adults ( p p = 0.017, p = 0.053, respectively) were found. Conclusions The maternal consumption of ethanol during lactation caused lower body weight gain in lactation and young offspring groups, normalizing in adults, as well as decreases in the activity of SOD in blood and in GST, GPx and CAT in liver of young and adults.

Picroside II Diminishes Oxidative Stress Induced By Cerebral Ischemic Injury In Rats

Stoke is a major health problem and there is no effective treatment of the disease. Therefore, finding novel chemicals that can be used to treat stroke has been an intensive research area. Picroside II seems to be a promising compound, yet its utilization in particular, the dosage and time window of its application after stroke has not been optimized. In this study, we wanted to address this problem using Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as two parameters. MDA, a lipid peroxidation product formed by reactions between free radicals and polyunsaturated fatty acids, can be measured to reflect the magnitude of oxidative stress [1]. The aldehyde of MDA can occur crosslinking reaction with the amino groups of phosphatidylserine in neuronal membrane phospholipids [2]. The lipid peroxidation of biomembrane and its lipid peroxide products can also implicate the protein in the membrane to result in oxidative damage and apoptosis[3,4]. The content of MDA can reflect the levels of the free radicals and lipid peroxidation in tissue [5,6]. When the level of oxygen free radicals (OFR) elevates, SOD can react with superoxide anion with the generation of hydrogen peroxide. And hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can turn into water under the effect of catalase and glutathione peroxidase to remove the OFR to protect cells from damage. Therefore, the level of SOD activity can reflect the ability of the body in clearing OFR [7,8]. Cell culture experiments confirmed that picroside II can reduce H2O2-induced injury in PC12 cells and improve cell survival [9,10,11]. Animal experiments showed that picroside II, an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine, can also inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and apoptosis in cerebral ischemic penumbra, thus improve the neurobehavioral functions in rats [12,13,14]. Our group dealt the rats with different doses of picroside II at different ischemic time, and the result showed that the optimized therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury was ischemia 1.5 h with 20mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection [15]. This study was designed to detect the MDA levels and SOD activity in blood and brain tissue to further explore the anti-oxidation effect and the optimal therapeutic dose and time window of picroside II in cerebral ischemic injury. Abstract

Impact of dietary oils and fats on lipid peroxidation in liver and blood of albino rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different dietary fat and oils (differing in their degree of saturation and unsaturation) on lipid peroxidation in liver and blood of rats. MethodsThe study was conducted on 50 albino rats that were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals. The groups were fed on dietary butter (Group I), margarine (Group II), olive oil (Group III), sunflower oil (Group IV) and corn oil (Group V) for 7 weeks. After 12 h of diet removal, livers were excised and blood was collected to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the supernatant of liver homogenate and in blood. Blood superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), serum vitamin E and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were also measured to determine the effects of fats and oils on lipid peroxidation. ResultsThe results indicated that no significant differences were observed in SOD activity, vitamin E and TAC levels between the five groups. However, there was significant decrease of GPx activity in groups IV and V when compared with other groups. The results indicated that feeding corn oil caused significant increases in liver and blood MDA levels as compared with other oils and fats. There were positive correlations between SOD and GPx, vitamin E and TAC as well as between GPx and TAC (r: 0.743; P<0.001) and between blood MDA and liver MDA (r: 0.897; P<0.001). The results showed also negative correlations between blood MDA on one hand and SOD, GPx, vitamin E and TAC on the other hand. ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that feeding oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increases lipid peroxidation significantly and may raise the susceptibility of tissues to free radical oxidative damage.

The Influence of Eleutheroside on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipid of D-Galactose-Induce Rats through Inhibiting Blood Superoxide Dismutase Activities

The present study aims at evaluation mechanisms of natural plant eleutheroside extracts for ameliorating the blood lipid and blood glucose. The eleutherosides derived from the roots of eleutheroccus senticosus and is purported to behave as an “adaptogen”, we assessed effects of eleutheroside at doses of 3.6, 7.2 and 14.4 g/(kg day) on SD rats injected daily with D-gal (50 mg/(kg day)). Eleutheroside-fed rats showed higher the level HDL-C, decrease the level of HCT, TG, TC, LDL-C compared with D-gal-treated rats. We further examined the mechanisms involved in effects of 3.63.6, 7.2 and 14.4 g/(kg day) on rat blood. In summary, eleutheroside significantly increased Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the Malondialdehyde (MDA) level.