Supercritical Fluid Extraction Of Oil Research Articles

Phenomenological modeling of supercritical fluid extraction of oil from Elaeagnus angustifolia seeds

This research addressed the supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) extraction of Elaeagnus angustifolia oil and its mathematical modeling. After experimental sc-CO2 extraction, the process was modeled based on mass transfer equations. Design of experiments and optimization were accomplished by Box-Behnken design to analyze the effects of the main operational parameters including pressure (20–30 MPa), temperature (313–333 K), and particle size (0.30–1.20 mm). Then, correlation of experimental extraction data with mathematical models was performed. The tunable parameters of the models were obtained by Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. The model results were compared with experimental findings based on the average absolute relative deviation. The highest extraction yield (84.9% w/w) was achieved at the optimum conditions involving the pressure, temperature, and particle size of 30 MPa, 323 K, and 0.30 mm, respectively.The results obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated high and acceptable accuracy of mathematical models for the supercritical extraction process.

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from medlar (Mespilus germanica l.) seeds

The production of SC CO2 extracts from different types of biologically active raw materials growing in different soil and climatic conditions has been studied and continues to be studied. The object of this study was the bones of a wild medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) growing in Azerbaijan. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal technological parameters of extraction. The experimental part of the work included obtaining oil from medlar seeds by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide at the extraction plant of the company “SITEC” Switzerland at different technological parameters and determining the content of fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography with mass-selective detection (GC-MS). Data were obtained characterizing the oil yield in a wide range of temperatures (40 …80°C) and pressures (100 …280 bar), as well as its physico-chemical parameters and fatty acid profile. It has been established that the optimal parameters for the extraction process are a pressure of 150-250 bar (preferably 200 bar), a temperature of 40°C, a time of 1 - 1.5 h. The data obtained allow us to get a more complete picture of the biotechnological potential of the local medlar as a raw material for processing by modern extraction methods.

Experimental Optimization and Modeling of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oil from Pinus gerardiana

AbstractThe influence of different temperatures, pressures, and flow rates on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of oil from Pinus gerardiana was investigated. Extraction was designed using the Box‐Behnken design and artificial neural network. Furthermore, a mathematical model of broken and intact cells was applied to consider mass transfer kinetics of extracted natural materials. The experimental oil extraction was performed by Soxhlet and supercritical carbon dioxide methods and the yield and composition of the obtained oils was compared. Although the yield of the SFE process was lower than that of the Soxhlet extraction, the SFE presented the advantage of shorter extraction time and lower temperatures. Also, the chemical compositions of the obtained oils from Soxhlet and SFE processes were the same.

Kinetičko modelovanje superkritične ekstrakcije ulja semena amaranta

Amaranth seeds contain oil with important nutritional properties, in particular, because of the presence of essential fatty acids, high content of minerals, vitamins, lysine and squalene. In this study, the kinetics of the supercritical fluid extraction of oil from three amaranth seed varieties has been investigated. The average oil content in amaranth seed was 58.2 g/kg, ranging from 54.6 to 61.1 g/kg depends on varieties, while squalene content ranged from 3.3 to 3.8 g/kg with an average content of 3.5 g/kg dry seed. Five empirical kinetic equations were successfully applied for kinetic modeling of extraction. As indicated by the appropriate statistical "goodness of fit" tests (such as the sum of squared errors, the coefficient of determination and the average absolute relative deviation), empirical models show good agreement with experimental data. The mathematical modeling of a process is beneficial to predict the process conduct and furthermore extend the procedures from laboratory to industrial scales.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oils and Waxes from Grape Seeds with Carbon Dioxide

Abstract—The effect of carbon dioxide pressure, temperature, and time on the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction of fatty oil and wax from grape seeds is studied. We find the optimum conditions for the production of oil and wax from grape seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide as an efficient extracting solvent, which showed an advantage over traditionally used organic solvents. The organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of extracts are determined; the fatty acid composition of grape oil is studied using chromato-mass spectrometry. It has been shown that two natural valuable products can be obtained from grape seeds by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide, namely, grape-seed oil and wax, which are used widely in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetological industries.

RECEIVING OIL FROM CLOUDBERRIES FRUITS BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION

Comparative researches of ways of oil extraction from the fulfilled fruits of cloudberries (Rubus chamaemorus) with application of hexane and supercritical carbon dioxide as solvents are executed. Optimization is performed and optimum conditions of supercritical fluid extraction of oil are defined with use of central composite design of 2nd order. Pressure of carbon dioxide of 350 atm, temperature 85 °C, duration of extraction of 80 min are the optimum conditions of carrying out of the process. The yield of oil is 9.0%. Quality key indicators of the received oil were defined. The difference between the oil received by the SKF-CO2 method and the oil received by hexane extraction consists in improvement of organoleptic properties, the raised share of the combined fatty acids at decrease of a share of the free acids and high content of unsaturated fatty acids. It is shown that supercritical carbon dioxide can be an alternative to the hydrocarbons which are traditionally used for these purposes.

Kinetic behavior and economic evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction of oil from pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) for various grinding times and solvent flow rates

This paper presents the techno-economic influence of grinding time (GT) (10 s–90 s) and CO2 flow rate (FR) (1.08 × 10−4–2.17 × 10−4 kg/s) on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) performance of oil from pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) under 60 °C and 40 MPa. Then, in the economic approach, the best extraction curves were described in terms of Cost of Manufacturing (COM) in the laboratory scale for each combination of GT and FR for selecting the suitable mass to feed mass ratio (S/F) that yielded the lowest COM and the highest productivity. Thereafter, with this S/F, eight scenarios were tested in pilot (100 L) and industrial (500 L) scales with CO2 recycle, which included the purchase cost of pequi and acquisition cost of equipment. Within these eight scenarios tested, the most promising one indicated a COM of only US$ 37.03/kg pequi oil, whereas approximately 85% of the COM is dependent on the purchase cost of pequi and other raw materials (e. g., CO2).

Recovering value from organic waste materials: Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from industrial grape seeds

Supercritical extraction of oil from grape seed samples obtained from a Portuguese industry was carried out at temperatures from (313–333) K, pressures up to 40.0 MPa and different scCO2 flow rates.The qualitative analysis of the crude oil was carried out by NMR. The fatty acids were analyzed by GC-Fid with reference to the parameters in Annex I to European Commission Regulation.The results show similar content of TAGs and DAGs both in the n-hexane and scCO2 extraction methods, but the latter have higher PUFA and lower saturated fatty acids content.A dynamic model was used to simulate the extraction curves in gPROMS ModelBuilder. The grape seed oil was represented as either a one or a three component mixture of triacylglycerols, and the deviation between the experimental and calculated extraction yields was in the range (2–9) % for the first, and (4–11) % for the second case.

Optimization problems in a theory of supercritical fluid extraction of oil

In terms of shrinking core model we discuss optimization problems, which occur in supercritical fluid extraction of oil from polydisperse packed bed of ground plant material. We determine the optimal way of packing the particles into the extraction vessel and solve a problem of minimization of extraction time.

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from muskmelon (Cucumis melo) seeds

The objective of this present study was to develop a suitable supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method for extraction of oil from muskmelon seed (Cucumis melo). A Box–Behnken response surface design was applied to investigate and optimize the process variables (pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and time) on the yield of muskmelon seed oil. A second-order polynomial equation was developed to express the oil yield as a function of independent variables. The maximum oil yield (48.11%) was procured when SFE was carried out at 44MPa of pressure, 49°C of temperature, 0.64g/min of CO2 flow rate and 81min of extraction time. The total yield and fatty acids composition of muskmelon seed oil extracted by SFE was similar to that of oil extracted by Soxhlet extraction. Physicochemical properties of the oil at optimal SFE condition showed that the extracted oil could be adopted as food oil supplement. The experimental results indicated that SFE technique reduced the solvent consumption and extraction time with no adverse effect on the extraction yield and fatty acid composition of the oil.

Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of oil from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and its antidepressant activity.

A response surface methodology was applied to optimize the variables affecting the supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction of oil from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides using the Box–Behnken design. The optimum extraction parameters were an extraction temperature of 49.94 °C, an extraction pressure of 29.89 MPa and an extraction time of 93.82 min. Through a GC/MS analysis, we revealed 16 major components of the oil extract, which showed potent antidepressant effects in both of two behavior despair models in mice: tail suspension test and forced swimming test. Our results suggest that the oil extract of Gardenia jasminoides prepared using the supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction may contain effective constituents to be used for depression therapy.

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from potato chips: Two scale comparison and mathematical modeling

Oil was extracted from fried chipped potatoes using supercritical carbon dioxide. The goals of the study were to determine the effect of process parameters on the extraction, explore the scalability of the process, and determine useful kinetic parameters. Extraction conditions range 27.6–41.4MPa (4000–6000PSI), 35–80°C and solvent flow rate of 0.5–5.0g CO2/min. Up to 100% of the oil was recovered from the potato chips at the highest pressure and temperature conditions. Two process conditions were chosen for comparison of performance with a larger scale (1:5) system, maintaining the same CO2 flow rate to feed mass ratio. Good agreement between scales was seen at the higher pressure and temperature settings. Kinetic parameters, calculated using a literature model, indicated that, as expected, the extraction is limited by internal diffusion.

Mathematical modeling of supercritical fluid extraction of oil from canola and sesame seeds

Mathematical modeling of supercritical fluid extraction of oil from canola and sesame seeds with a two-phase model was performed in this work. A model based on differential mass balance was used to correlate the experimental data. Different adsorption isotherm models (Henry, Freundlich and Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET)) were used to describe the equilibrium state. Three model parameters such as effective diffusivity (Deff), mass transfer coefficient (Kf) and axial dispersion coefficient (Dax) of the bed were used as fitting parameters. The experimental data for yields were obtained at pressures of 10-20 MPa, temperatures of 313-333 K and solvent flow rates of 2-4 g/min. From the results, a nonlinear adsorption isotherm exhibited better agreement with experimental data of yield than a linear model in the range of studied conditions.

Extraction from a polydisperse granular layer of milled oilseeds with supercritical carbon dioxide

A mathematical model of the supercritical fluid extraction of oil from a polydisperse granular layer of milled oilseeds is proposed. An experiment on the extraction of a polydisperse layer of white lupin seeds with different realizations of the size distribution function of the grains was carried out. The results of the laboratory experiment were used for the adaptation of the mathematical model; a fair agreement between the calculated and experimental curves of the oil yield was achieved.

High-power ultrasonic system for the enhancement of mass transfer in supercritical CO2 extraction processes

Oil is an important component of almonds and other vegetable substrates that can show an influence on human health. In this work the development and validation of an innovative, robust, stable, reliable and efficient ultrasonic system at pilot scale to assist supercritical CO2 extraction of oils from different substrates is presented. In the extraction procedure ultrasonic energy represents an efficient way of producing deep agitation enhancing mass transfer processes because of some mechanisms (radiation pressure, streaming, agitation, high amplitude vibrations, etc.). A previous work to this research pointed out the feasibility of integrating an ultrasonic field inside a supercritical extractor without losing a significant volume fraction. This pioneer method enabled to accelerate mass transfer and then, improving supercritical extraction times. To commercially develop the new procedure fulfilling industrial requirements, a new configuration device has been designed, implemented, tested and successfully validated for supercritical fluid extraction of oil from different vegetable substrates.

High-power ultrasonic system for the enhancement of mass transfer in supercritical CO 2 extraction processes

Oil is an important component of almonds and other vegetable substrates that can show an influence on human health. In this work the development and validation of an innovative, robust, stable, reliable and efficient ultrasonic system at pilot scale to assist supercritical CO 2 extraction of oils from different substrates is presented. In the extraction procedure ultrasonic energy represents an efficient way of producing deep agitation enhancing mass transfer processes because of some mechanisms (radiation pressure, streaming, agitation, high amplitude vibrations, etc.). A previous work to this research pointed out the feasibility of integrating an ultrasonic field inside a supercritical extractor without losing a significant volume fraction. This pioneer method enabled to accelerate mass transfer and then, improving supercritical extraction times. To commercially develop the new procedure fulfilling industrial requirements, a new configuration device has been designed, implemented, tested and successfully validated for supercritical fluid extraction of oil from different vegetable substrates.

Ultrasound assisted supercritical fluid extraction of oil and coixenolide from adlay seed

Oil and coixenolide are important components of adlay seed ( Coix lachrymal-jobi L. var. Adlay) with many beneficial functions to human health. In this work, a novel extraction technique—ultrasound assisted supercritical fluid extraction (USFE)—was studied. Effects of operating conditions on the extraction, including extraction temperature ( T), pressure ( P), time ( t), CO 2 flow rate ( F) and ultrasonic power ( I) were investigated. There are optimum temperatures which gives the maximum extraction yields (EYs) for the supercritical fluid extractions with and without ultrasound. The effect of pressure on EYs for is similar to that of pressure on CO 2 density. Based on the yield of extraction, the favorable conditions for supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were: T at 45 °C, P at 25 MPa, t at 4.0 h and F at 3.5 L/h. While ultrasound was applied as in USFE, the following parameters were preferred: T at 40 °C, P at 20 MPa, t at 3.5 h and F at 3.0 L/h, respectively. The results show that supercritical fluid extraction with the assistance of ultrasound could reduce the temperature, pressure, CO 2 flow rate, as well as time used in the process. Compared with SFE, USFE could give a 14% increase in the yield for extracting oil and coixenolide from adlay seed with less severe operating conditions.

Supercritical fluid extraction of celery seed oil

The supercritical fluid extraction of oil from milled celery seeds, using CO 2 as a solvent, is presented in this study. The effect of the process parameters — pressure and temperature of extraction, particle size of celery seeds and flow rate of CO 2 — on the extraction rate was examined in a series of experiments. The results indicated a significant increase in extraction rate with increase of pressure or decrease of the particle size of celery seed. A similar effect was observed with the increase of the solvent flow rate and decrease of temperature. The experimental data were described by an empirical model and two mass balance models: (1) a simplified model, which takes into account only the time dependence of the extract concentration in the two phases and is coupled with various equilibrium relationships, and (2) an extended Lack's model. The correlation results were satisfactory especially for the mass balance models, which account for the double regime — solubility and diffusion controlled regimes — of the extraction.

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from millet bran

AbstractProso millet bran [Panicum miliaceum (L.)], variety Dakota White, was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) to yield crude oil. The effects of operating parameters (pressure, temperature, and specific solvent flow) and of features of the raw material (moisture content and particle size) on oil extraction were investigated. Complete de‐oiling of ground millet bran pellets was achieved under 300 bar at 40°C with a specific solvent flow of 2–10 h−1 within 200 to 500 min. Solvent requirements were 20–30 kg CO2/kg raw material. Composition of crude SC‐CO2 oil extracted under optimal conditions, i.e., fatty acid profile, amount of unsaponifiables, tocopherols, free fatty acids, sterols, sterol esters, waxes, hydrocarbons, and phospholipids, was compared to that of crude oil obtained by petroleum ether extraction. These two oils were similar in terms of fatty acid profile and amount of free fatty acids, unsaponifiables, peroxides, and tocopherols. They differed in respect to phospholipids (present in petroleum etherextracted oil and absent in SC‐CO2 extracted oil), metals, and waxes (lower levels in SC‐CO2 extracted oil). The effects of extraction procedures on oxidative stability of crude SC‐CO2 oil were studied. Ensuring that all pieces of the extractor in contact with the oil were in stainless steel; cleaning the separator, i.e., washing with KOH, rinsing, purging with N2 and CO2, and heating; performing a couple of extractions before the main extraction; and achieving the extraction without interruption all positively influenced the oxidative stability of the oil. Conversely, increasing CO2 purity above 99.5% had no effect. Oxidative stability of the SC‐CO2 oil extracted under these conditions was only slightly lower than that of the oil extracted with petroleum ether.

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil and triterpenoids from Neem seeds

The selective extraction of nimbin, salannin, azadirachtin and oil from Neem seeds, using supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical carbon dioxide:methanol, has been investigated using various conditions. Extraction for 30 min with 100% carbon dioxide using a capillary restrictor to maintain the critical pressure removed only small amounts of oil and triterpenoids. Slightly higher levels of oil and triterpenoids were removed when a backpressure regulator was used. Over a 150 min period, in 30 min intervals, 100% carbon dioxide extracted all the nimbin and salannin from the seeds, whilst leaving some azadirachtin behind. Using carbon dioxide:methanol, no conditions were found which would allow the selective extraction of azadirachtin. However, the highest pressures (34.4 MPa) and percentages of methanol (20%) removed the most azadirachtin in this experiment. An optimum was observed for extracting nimbin and salannin at 20.6 MPa and 6% methanol. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.