Abstract
Amaranth seeds contain oil with important nutritional properties, in particular, because of the presence of essential fatty acids, high content of minerals, vitamins, lysine and squalene. In this study, the kinetics of the supercritical fluid extraction of oil from three amaranth seed varieties has been investigated. The average oil content in amaranth seed was 58.2 g/kg, ranging from 54.6 to 61.1 g/kg depends on varieties, while squalene content ranged from 3.3 to 3.8 g/kg with an average content of 3.5 g/kg dry seed. Five empirical kinetic equations were successfully applied for kinetic modeling of extraction. As indicated by the appropriate statistical "goodness of fit" tests (such as the sum of squared errors, the coefficient of determination and the average absolute relative deviation), empirical models show good agreement with experimental data. The mathematical modeling of a process is beneficial to predict the process conduct and furthermore extend the procedures from laboratory to industrial scales.
Highlights
Pseudocereals, like amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat, have been known as one of the favorite foods in the future, because of their high protein content and absence of gluten (Morales et al, 2020)
Five empirical kinetic equations were successfully applied for kinetic modeling of extraction
The oil content of three tested amaranth seed varieties ranged from 54.6 g/kg to 61.1 g/kg, with an average content of 58.2 g/kg dry seed (Table 2)
Summary
Pseudocereals, like amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat, have been known as one of the favorite foods in the future, because of their high protein content and absence of gluten (Morales et al, 2020). It has been reported that the protein, starch and oil of amaranth seeds are of high value of quality for food and feed use (D’Amico and Schoenlechner, 2017). Amaranth seed contains a high content of protein with a well-balanced profile of essential amino acids (Taniya et al, 2020). Oils from plant/vegetable seeds are presently attracting worldwide consideration due to their nutritional quality and medical advantages (Ergović-Ravančić et al, 2020). Seed oil isolated from vegetable amaranth is an important source of natural bioactive compounds. A significantly greater amount of squalene (2.4– 8.0%) was determined from amaranth seed oil in comparison to other plant oils like wheat germ, rice bran/husk and olive oils (Cicero et al, 2018). Amaranth seed was proposed to be a promising, natural plant source for the commercial production of squalene as another alternative to shark liver. Antioxidant triterpenes, has a few medical benefits including cardioprotective, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antitoxicant activity (Muzalevskaya et al, 2015)
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