Quantum Dense Coding Research Articles

OpenFlow arbitrated programmable network channels for managing quantum metadata

Quantum networks must classically exchange complex metadata between devices in order to carry out information for protocols such as teleportation, super-dense coding, and quantum key distribution. Demonstrating the integration of these new communication methods with existing network protocols, channels, and data forwarding mechanisms remains an open challenge. Software-defined networking (SDN) offers robust and flexible strategies for managing diverse network devices and uses. We adapt the principles of SDN to the deployment of quantum networks, which are composed from unique devices that operate according to the laws of quantum mechanics. We show how quantum metadata can be managed within a software-defined network using the OpenFlow protocol, and we describe how OpenFlow management of classical optical channels is compatible with emerging quantum communication protocols. We next give an example specification of the metadata needed to manage and control quantum physical layer (QPHY) behavior and we extend the OpenFlow interface to accommodate this quantum metadata. We conclude by discussing near-term experimental efforts that can realize SDN’s principles for quantum communication.

Quantum private comparison based on quantum dense coding

A serious problem in cloud computing is privacy information protection. This study proposes a new private comparison protocol using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. This protocol allows two parties to secretly compare their classical information. Quantum dense coding enables the comparison task to be completed with the help of a classical semi-honest center. A one-step transmission scheme and designed decoy photons can be used against various quantum attacks. The new protocol can ensure fairness, efficiency, and security. The classical semi-honest center cannot learn any information about the private inputs of the players. Moreover, this scheme can be easily generalized using the general EPR pairs in order to improve the transmission efficiency.

Generation of a macroscopic entangled coherent state using quantum memories in circuit QED.

W-type entangled states can be used as quantum channels for, e.g., quantum teleportation, quantum dense coding, and quantum key distribution. In this work, we propose a way to generate a macroscopic W-type entangled coherent state using quantum memories in circuit QED. The memories considered here are nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles (NVEs), each located in a different cavity. This proposal does not require initially preparing each NVE in a coherent state instead of a ground state, which should significantly reduce its experimental difficulty. For most of the operation time, each cavity remains in a vacuum state, thus decoherence caused by the cavity decay and the unwanted inter-cavity crosstalk are greatly suppressed. Moreover, only one external-cavity coupler qubit is needed, which simplifies the circuit.

A noise immunity controlled quantum teleportation protocol

With the advent of the Internet and information and communication technology, quantum teleportation has become an important field in information security and its application areas. This is because quantum teleportation has the ability to attain a timely secret information delivery and offers unconditional security. And as such, the field of quantum teleportation has become a hot research topic in recent years. However, noise has serious effect on the safety of quantum teleportation within the aspects of information fidelity, channel capacity and information transfer. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to address these problems of quantum teleportation. Firstly, in order to resist collective noise, we construct a decoherence-free subspace under different noise scenarios to establish a two-dimensional fidelity quantum teleportation models. And also create quantum teleportation of multiple degree of freedom, and these models ensure the accuracy and availability of the exchange of information and in multiple degree of freedom. Secondly, for easy preparation, measurement and implementation, we use super dense coding features to build an entangled quantum secret exchange channel. To improve the channel utilization and capacity, an efficient super dense coding method based on ultra-entanglement exchange is used. Thirdly, continuous variables of the controlled quantum key distribution were designed for quantum teleportation; in addition, we perform Bell-basis measurement under the collective noise and also prepare the storage technology of quantum states to achieve one-bit key by three-photon encoding to improve its security and efficiency. We use these two methods because they conceal information, resist a third party attack and can detect eavesdropping. Our proposed methods, according to the security analysis, are able to solve the problems associated with the quantum teleportation under various noise environments.

Dense Coding in a Two-Spin Squeezing Model with Intrinsic Decoherence

Quantum dense coding in a two-spin squeezing model under intrinsic decoherence with different initial states (Werner state and Bell state) is investigated. It shows that dense coding capacity χ oscillates with time and finally reaches different stable values. χ can be enhanced by decreasing the magnetic field Ω and the intrinsic decoherence γ or increasing the squeezing interaction μ, moreover, one can obtain a valid dense coding capacity (χ satisfies χ > 1) by modulating these parameters. The stable value of χ reveals that the decoherence cannot entirely destroy the dense coding capacity. In addition, decreasing Ω or increasing μ can not only enhance the stable value of χ but also impair the effects of decoherence. As the initial state is the Werner state, the purity r of initial state plays a key role in adjusting the value of dense coding capacity, χ can be significantly increased by improving the purity of initial state. For the initial state is Bell state, the large spin squeezing interaction compared with the magnetic field guarantees the optimal dense coding. One cannot always achieve a valid dense coding capacity for the Werner state, while for the Bell state, the dense coding capacity χ remains stuck at the range of greater than 1.

Quantum polarization fluctuations of an Airy beam in turbulent atmosphere in a slant path.

Polarization of light has many applications in quantum information processing, including quantum teleportation and dense coding. In this paper, we investigate the polarization fluctuations of Airy beams propagating in a slant turbulent channel under the "few-photon" limit. Using the quantum Stokes parameters and the quantum degree of polarization, we demonstrate that the degree of polarization of Airy beams increases significantly with the large number of the detection photons, and a higher photon-number level can retain the stability of polarization. Numerical simulations show that the longer propagation distance and the stronger turbulence will lead to less oscillatory behaviors and a decrease in the polarization degree of Airy beams, but a bigger exponential truncation factor will cause an increase in the polarization degree of Airy beams. In contrast with Gaussian beams, the degree of polarization of Airy beams is less affected by atmospheric turbulence and propagation distance under the same conditions, which means that Airy beams possess a resilient ability against turbulence-induced perturbations. These results indicate that Airy beams have great potential for applications in long-distance free-space optical communications to improve the performance of a polarization-encoded free-space quantum communication system.

Experimental realization of the analogy of quantum dense coding in classical optics

We report on the experimental realization of the analogy of quantum dense coding in classical optical communication using classical optical correlations. Compared to quantum dense coding that uses pairs of photons entangled in polarization, we find that the proposed design exhibits many advantages. Considering that it is convenient to realize in optical communication, the attainable channel capacity in the experiment for dense coding can reach 2 bits, which is higher than that of the usual quantum coding capacity (1.585 bits). This increased channel capacity has been proven experimentally by transmitting ASCII characters in 12 quaternary digitals instead of the usual 24 bits.

Generating multi-photon W-like states for perfect quantum teleportation and superdense coding

An interesting aspect of multipartite entanglement is that for perfect teleportation and superdense coding, not the maximally entangled W states but a special class of non-maximally entangled W-like states are required. Therefore, efficient preparation of such W-like states is of great importance in quantum communications, which has not been studied as much as the preparation of W states. In this letter, we propose a simple optical scheme for efficient preparation of large-scale polarization based entangled W-like states by fusing two W-like states or expanding a W-like state with an ancilla photon. Our scheme can also generate large-scale W states by fusing or expanding W or even W-like states. The cost analysis show that in generating large scale W states, the fusion mechanism achieves a higher efficiency with non-maximally entangled W-like states than maximally entangled W states. Our scheme can also start fusion or expansion with Bell states, and it is composed of a polarization dependent beam splitter, two polarizing beam splitters and photon detectors. Requiring no ancilla photons or controlled gates to operate, our scheme can be realized with the current photonics technology and we believe it enables advances in quantum teleportation and superdense coding in multipartite settings.

Non-Markovian dynamics in two-qubit dephasing channels with an application to superdense coding

We study the performance of two measures of non-Markovianity in detecting memory effects in two-qubit dephasing channels. By combining independent Markovian and non-Markovian noise on the qubits, our results show that the trace distance measure is able to detect the memory effects when at least one of the local channels displays non-Markovianity. A measure based on channel capacity, in turn, becomes non-zero when the global two-qubit dynamics shows memory effects. We apply these schemes to a well-known superdense coding protocol and demonstrate an optimal noise configuration to maximize the information transmission with independent local noises.

Arbitrated quantum signature scheme based on cluster states

Cluster states can be exploited for some tasks such as topological one-way computation, quantum error correction, teleportation and dense coding. In this paper, we investigate and propose an arbitrated quantum signature scheme with cluster states. The cluster states are used for quantum key distribution and quantum signature. The proposed scheme can achieve an efficiency of 100 %. Finally, we also discuss its security against various attacks.

Complete and nondestructive polarization-entangled cluster state analysis assisted by a cavity input–output process

We present two schemes to realize four- and five-photon polarization-entangled cluster state analysis. For four- and five-photon polarization cluster states, the complete bases are composed of 16 and 32 orthogonal state vectors, respectively. To distinguish all of these orthogonal bases completely and nondestructively, a parity analyzer, a polarization analyzer, and two cluster state phase analyzers are designed with some simple linear optical elements and auxiliary atoms trapped in cavities. After implementing the nondestructive cluster analysis process, the cluster states are preserved and thus could be used again in other schemes. The investigations of the fidelities show that our schemes are feasible under the current experimental technology. Our proposed schemes may be useful in multiparticle teleportation, quantum dense coding, and other quantum information processing tasks.

Deterministic mediated superdense coding with linear optics

We present a scheme of deterministic mediated superdense coding of entangled photon states employing only linear-optics elements. Ideally, we are able to deterministically transfer four messages by manipulating just one of the photons. Two degrees of freedom, polarization and spatial, are used. A new kind of source of heralded down-converted photon pairs conditioned on detection of another pair with an efficiency of 92% is proposed. Realistic probabilistic experimental verification of the scheme with such a source of preselected pairs is feasible with today's technology. We obtain the channel capacity of 1.78 bits for a full-fledged implementation.

Superdense Coding Interleaved with Forward Error Correction

AbstractSuperdense coding promises increased classical capacity and communication security but this advantage may be undermined by noise in the quantum channel. We present a numerical study of how forward error correction (FEC) applied to the encoded classical message can be used to mitigate against quantum channel noise. By studying the bit error rate under different FEC codes, we identify the unique role that burst errors play in superdense coding, and we show how these can be mitigated against by interleaving the FEC codewords prior to transmission. We conclude that classical FEC with interleaving is a useful method to improve the performance in near-term demonstrations of superdense coding.

Classical hypercorrelation and wave-optics analogy of quantum superdense coding.

We report the first experimental realization of classical hypercorrelation, correlated simultaneously in every degree of freedom (DOF), from observing a Bell-type inequality violation in each DOF: polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM). Based on such a classical hypercorrelation, we have realized the analogy of quantum superdense coding in classical optics. Comparing it with quantum superdense coding using pairs of photons simultaneously entangled in polarization and OAM, we find that it exhibits many advantages. It is not only very convenient to realize in classical optics, the attainable channel capacity in the experiment for such a superdense coding can also reach 3 bits, which is higher than that (2.8 bits) of usual quantum one. Our findings can not only give novel insight into quantum physics, they may also open a new field of applications in the classical optical information process.

More communication with less entanglement

We exhibit the intriguing phenomena of “Less is More” using a set of multipartite entangled states. We consider the quantum communication protocols for the exact teleportation, superdense coding, and quantum key distribution. We find that sometimes less entanglement is more useful. To understand this phenomena we obtain a condition that a resource state must satisfy to communicate a n-qubit pure state which has m terms. We find that an appropriate partition of the resource state should have a von-Neumann entropy of log2 m. Furthermore, it is shown that some states may be suitable for exact superdense coding, but not for exact teleportation.

Distributed quantum dense coding with two receivers in noisy environments

We investigate the effect of noisy channels in a classical information transfer through a multipartite state which acts as a substrate for the distributed quantum dense coding protocol between several senders and two receivers. The situation is qualitatively different from the case with one or more senders and a single receiver. We obtain an upper bound on the multipartite capacity which is tightened in case of the covariant noisy channel. We also establish a relation between the genuine multipartite entanglement of the shared state and the capacity of distributed dense coding using that state, both in the noiseless and the noisy scenarios. Specifically, we find that in the case of multiple senders and two receivers, the corresponding generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states possess higher dense coding capacities as compared to a significant fraction of pure states having the same multipartite entanglement.

Controlled Dense Coding Using the Maximal Slice States

In this paper we investigate the controlled dense coding with the maximal slice states. Three schemes are presented. Our schemes employ the maximal slice states as quantum channel, which consists of the tripartite entangled state from the first party(Alice), the second party(Bob), the third party(Cliff). The supervisor(Cliff) can supervises and controls the channel between Alice and Bob via measurement. Through carrying out local von Neumann measurement, controlled-NOT operation and positive operator-valued measure(POVM), and introducing an auxiliary particle, we can obtain the success probability of dense coding. It is shown that the success probability of information transmitted from Alice to Bob is usually less than one. The average amount of information for each scheme is calculated in detail. These results offer deeper insight into quantum dense coding via quantum channels of partially entangled states.

Entangling the Whole by Beam Splitting a Part

A beam splitter is a basic linear optical element appearing in many optics experiments and is frequently used as a continuous-variable entangler transforming a pair of input modes from a separable Gaussian state into an entangled state. However, a beam splitter is a passive operation that can create entanglement from Gaussian states only under certain conditions. One such condition is that the input light is suitably squeezed. We demonstrate, experimentally, that a beam splitter can create entanglement even from modes which do not possess such a squeezing provided that they are correlated to, but not entangled with, a third mode. Specifically, we show that a beam splitter can create three-mode entanglement by acting on two modes of a three-mode fully separable Gaussian state without entangling the two modes themselves. This beam splitter property is a key mechanism behind the performance of the protocol for entanglement distribution by separable states. Moreover, the property also finds application in collaborative quantum dense coding in which decoding of transmitted information is assisted by interference with a mode of the collaborating party.

Hyperdense coding and superadditivity of classical capacities in hypersphere theories

In quantum superdense coding, two parties previously sharing entanglement can communicate a two bit message by sending a single qubit. We study this feature in the broader framework of general probabilistic theories. We consider a particular class of theories in which the local state space of the communicating parties corresponds to Euclidian hyperballs of dimension n (the case n = 3 corresponds to the Bloch ball of quantum theory). We show that a single n-ball can encode at most one bit of information, independently of n. We introduce a bipartite extension of such theories for which there exist dense coding protocols such that bits are communicated if entanglement is previously shared by the communicating parties. For these protocols are more powerful than the quantum one, because more than two bits are communicated by transmission of a system that locally encodes at most one bit. We call this phenomenon hyperdense coding (HDC). Our HDC protocols imply superadditive classical capacities: two entangled systems can encode bits, even though each system individually encodes at most one bit. In our examples, HDC and superadditivity of classical capacities come at the expense of violating tomographic locality or dynamical continuous reversibility.

Quantum direct communication protocol strengthening against Pavičić’s attack

A quantum circuit providing an undetectable eavesdropping of information in message mode, which compromises all two-state [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] quantum direct communication (QDC) protocols, has been recently proposed by Pavičić [Phys. Rev. A 87 (2013) 042326]. A modification of the protocol’s control mode is proposed, which improves users’ 25% detection probability of Eve to 50% at best, as that in ping-pong protocol. The modification also improves the detection probability of Wójcik’s attack [Phys. Rev. Lett 90 (2003) 157901] to 75% at best. The resistance against man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack as well as the discussion of security for four Bell state protocols is presented. As a result, the protocol security is strengthened both theoretically and practically, and quantum advantage of superdense coding is restored.