Sunscreen Activity Research Articles

The Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil as Sunscreen and Anti-Aging Agents: An In Vitro and In Silico Study

The earth thermal conditions increase exposure to sunlight, triggering skin damage. The skin has defense mechanisms but needs additional protection to prevent photoaging. Using sunscreen is an effort to reduce the harmful effects of sun exposure. Natural ingredients with antioxidant activity can be developed into sunscreen and antiaging products, including cloves. This study aims to assess the antioxidant, sun protection, and anti-aging properties of essential oils derived from clove leaves and buds. The antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH system and then formulated into 5 and 10 % clove leaves cream, as well as 5 and 10 % clove bud cream. The SPF values were assessed using a spectrophotometer and the Mansur formula. The antiaging potential was assessed using the in silico method with MMP-1 protein employing the Auto Dock Vina software, followed by analysis and visualization using BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The essential oils from clove leaves and buds have DPPH IC50 values of 23.09 and 30.31 ppm. The SPF values of clove leaves essential oil, 5 % leaves cream, and 10 % leaves cream are 38.61, 14.32, and 22.15. Meanwhile, the SPF values of clove bud essential oil, 5 % bud cream, and 10 % bud cream are 38.19, 9.32, and 18.16. The in silico test revealed that caryophyllene, eugenol, humulene, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl), acetate) have strong interactions because they can interact with the active site of proteins using hydrogen, hydrophobic, and van der Waals bonds. The essential oils from clove leaves and buds exhibit very strong antioxidant activity and offer ultra-protection as a sunscreen. The cream formulations still exhibit sunscreen activity, albeit at a lower level compared to pure essential oil. Caryophyllene, eugenol, humulene, and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate), have potential as antiaging agents, as indicated by their binding affinity and chemical bond interactions observed in the in silico test. HIGHLIGHTS Clove buds and leaves exhibit antioxidant properties. Essential oil from clove buds and leaves demonstrates a substantial Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The compounds contained in clove essential oil exhibit promise as prospective agents in anti-aging applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Sunscreen activities from ethanol extract of Wodyetia Bifurcata L (family Arecaceae) fruit

Sunscreen activities from ethanol extract of Wodyetia Bifurcata L (family Arecaceae) fruit

Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. Leaf Extract as Sunscreen, Skin Lightening, and Antiaging

Plectranthus scutellaroides is a plant with attractive colored leaves. It contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics, which provide skin protection against ultraviolet rays from the sun. The research aims to investigate the activity of P. scutellarioides leaf extract from various variants and different solvents on sunscreen, skin lightening, and anti aging activities. The best extract is formulated in gel dosage form. Each P. scutellaroides leaf was extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane as solvents. The obtained extract was assessed for Sun Protecting Factor (SPF), UVA Protection grade (PA), antioxidant activity, and inhibition of tyrosinase, collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. Determination was conducted in vitro using spectrophotometric methods. The highest sunscreen activity was observed in the ethanol extract Va (Va-ET), which exhibited SPF and PA values of 25.618±0.265, and 0.681±0.007 (star 3), respectively at a concentration of 100 ug/mL. The most significant skin-lightening activity was observed in the ethanol extract Vc (Vc-ET), with an IC50 value inhibiting tyrosinase of 39.059 ug/mL. Regarding the anti-aging activity of the extracts, as determined by their antioxidant activity and inhibition of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase, the most promising extracts were obtained from ethanol extract Va (Va-ET) and ethyl acetate extract Va (Va-EA), with IC50 values of 79.734, 76.838, 143.384, and 122.467 ug/ mL, respectively. The Va-ET was formulated into a gel dosage form, and there was a significant effect of the gelling agent on the SPF value of the extract after formulation (p < 0.05). All extracts exhibit activity as sunscreen, skin lightening, and anti-aging, with the Va-ET showing the highest efficacy. Gelling agents significantly influence the SPF value of extracts after formulation into the gel dosage form. Among them, F3, formulated from the Va-ET of P. scutellaroides using Carbopol-940 as a gelling agent, exhibits the highest efficacy.

Formulation and Sunscreen Activity Test of Lotion of Buas-Buas (Premna Serratifolia Linn.) Leaf Extract

Excessive UV exposure can cause various skin disorders, so protection from UV rays is needed by using sunscreen. One of the plants that have the potential as a sunscreen is buas-buas leaf (Premna serratifolia Linn.) which contains flavonoid compounds. Sunscreen formulated in lotion form is the most common preparation found in the market. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of lotion preparations and to determine the potential of lotion of buas-buas leaf extract as a sunscreen. Buas-buas leaf extract was obtained through maceration extraction with 96% ethanol solvent. Lotion with the active substance of buas-buas leaf extract was made with concentration variations of 1, 2, and 3%. Evaluation of the physical characteristics of the lotion was tested with organoleptic observation parameters, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion. Then, it was tested for sunscreen potential using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed with SPSS Statistics 22 software, namely the One Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test. The results of the study were the three lotion formulas of buas-buas leaf extract met all the requirements of the physical characteristics evaluation test. The SPF value of F1 (1%) is 7.12 (extra protection), F2 (2%) is 9.54 (maximum protection) and F3 (3%) is 15.68 (ultra protection). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the lotion of buas-buas leaf extract meets the requirements of evaluating the physical characteristics of lotions and has activity as a sunscreen.

Aktivitas Tabir Surya Secara In-Vitro Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Kedondong (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G.Forst)

Excessive sun exposure to the skin can cause redness (erythema) and darkening of the skin (pigmentation). This effect can be prevented by using sunscreen. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G. Forst) can act as a natural sunscreen because they contain secondary metabolite compounds with a conjugated double bond structure (chromophore), including phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of conjugated double bonds in phenolic and flavonoid compounds is known to be able to absorb UV radiation thereby reducing its intensity on the skin. This study aims to determine the sunscreen activity of kedondong leaves based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), , the percentage of erythema transmission value (%Te), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission value (%Tp) and determine the secondary metabolite groups in kedondong leaf extracts and fractions. The research stages carried out were extraction of kedondong leaves by maceration, dechlorophyllation, followed by fractionation using n-hexane and dichloromethane, to obtain methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction and methanol fraction. Then phytochemical tests were carried out on the extracts and fractions. Phytochemical tests showed that the secondary metabolite compounds in the methanol extract of kedondong leaves were alkaloids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Furthermore, in the n-hexane fraction are steroids, the dichloromethane fraction is phenolic compounds, and the methanol fraction is alkaloid, phenolic and saponin compounds. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 200-400 nm, the sunscreen activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction at a concentration of 120 mg/L was included in the extra protection category with an SPF value of 7,86±0,23; fast tanning with a %Te value of 15,99±0,83 and sunblock with a %Tp value of 32,72±1,09.

Bougenville Flower (Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd) Extract (In Vitro) Activity Test as Sunscreen

A research has been conducted on the Sunscreen Activity Test of Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd (Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd) Flower Ethanol Extract. Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd is a shrubby and thorny plant. The flowers are collected into three, belonging to the Nytaginaceae family, which is efficacious as a sunscreen because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics, which are polyphenolic compounds. The researchers wanted to know whether or not Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd's ethanolic extract had any anti-inflammatory or sun protection properties, so they measured things like the SPF value, the amount of erythema transmitted (Te%), and the amount of pigmentation transmitted (Tp%). Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd was extracted by maceration for 3 days and remaceration for 2 days using ethanol as the solvent, and the yield percentage was 12.70%. Furthermore, phytochemical screening and an in vitro Sunscreen Activity Test were carried out using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Bougainvillae spectabilis Willd contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics. Based on the sunscreen activity test, the ethanol extract made in 4 concentrations showed maximum sunscreen activity at SPF values with concentrations of 600 ppm (20,715), 800 ppm (64,367).

Milk thistle extracts could enhance the UV-protection efficiency and stability of mineral filters in sunscreen formulations

This paper was aimed to determine the total silymarin content, total antioxidant capacity, free radical scavenging activity of methanolic extracts obtained by ultrasonic assisted extraction of defatted milk thistle fruits, as well as to evaluate the sunscreen activity of the cream formulation containing milk thistle extract (MTE) using in vitro SPF method. Antibacterial and antibiofilm effect of extract was also evaluated. Moreover, the probable mode of action for the antioxidant activity of the extract detected via the in vitro assay was explored through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The total amount of silymarin in MTE was determined spectrophotometrically as silibinin equivalent. While the total antioxidant capacity of MTE and cream containing MTE was determined by the copper ions (Cu2+) reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method, the radical scavenging capacity was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) method. Total tocopherol content was determined spectrophotometrically. In the present study, the amount of silymarin in the MTE was determined as 330.19 ± 1.95 mg silibinin equivalent/g-extract. The CUPRAC and DPPH values of MTE were calculated to be 2.49 ± 0.03, 0.675 ± 0.0006 mmol TE/g-extract, respectively, while the CUPRAC and DPPH values of the cream containing MTE were 0.327 ± 0.003, 0.156 ± 0.0006 mmol TE/g-cream, respectively. The total tocopherol content of the oils of milk thistle fruits was found to be 383.43 mg/kg oil. According to microbial tests results the MIC values of S. aureus and E. coli was detected 0.15625 and 0.3125, respectively. And inhibition rate of extract on biofilm formation on P. aeruginosa PAO1 was found 33 % rate. The molecular docking study demonstrated that the major constituent, silibinin, had a high potential of binding to the human peroxiredoxin 5. On the other hand, the MD simulation of the enzyme-silibinin complex revealed that the compound could be unstable in the binding region of the enzyme. The addition of MTE, which has antioxidant properties, to creams improved its effectiveness on sun protection and contributed to obtaining high SPF values. At the end of day 28 under accelerated test conditions, the combination of ZnO and MTE exhibited greater ability for sun protection compared to the cream containing ZnO as a sun filter agent. Additionally, milk thistle extracts is an ideal filter agent as an ingredient in sunscreens.

Antioxidant and SPF Activity of Sunscreen Cream Preparations from 96% Ethanol Extract of Bractea Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.

Bractea Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd contains antioxidants which are used to brighten and moisturize the skin. Antioxidants can delay and prevent free radicals in the skin. The aim of this research is to make sunscreen cream preparations from 96% ethanol extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd bractea ethanol extract with good physical quality, determine antioxidant activity and value. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and testing the stability of sunscreen cream preparations. Testing antioxidant activity uses the DPPH Free Radical Reduction method, while determining the SPF value using in vitro using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of the research show that 96% ethanol extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd bractea ethanol extract can be made into a cream that has good physical quality. Antioxidant activity of 1.5% ethanol extract (F3) bractea cream Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd with IC value50 amounting to 10.48 ± 3.92 (very strong category) has higher antioxidants compared to 0.5% ethanol extract cream (F1) has IC50 26,62 ± 6,73 (very strong category) and 1,0% ethanol extract cream (F2) has IC50 26.15 ± 3.22 (very strong category), compared to the positive control lower vitamin C cream 0.5% has IC50 6.95 ± 0.51 (very strong category). Sunscreen activity of 96% ethanol extract Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd Formula F3 has an SPF value of 21.22 ± 1.58 (ultra protection category) and has higher sunscreen activity than F1 with an SPF value of 12.48 ± 0.05 (minimal protection category) and F2 with an SPF value of 16.69 ± 0. 21 (ultra protection category) and positive control PABA2% cream SPF value 6.95 ± 0.51 (extra protection category).

ACTIVITY TEST OF BRACTEA BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS WILLD SOLAR SCREEN CREAM EXTRACT IN WAY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO

Excessive radiation exposure to the skin can cause erythema and pigmentation on the skin. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd\'s ethanol extract contains bioactive compounds that have medicinal properties, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids which have conjugated double bonds which are able to specifically absorb UV radiation so they can be applied chemical absorber. This study aims to test the sunscreen activity of the ethanol extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd bractea in vitro using the UV-Visible spectrophotometric method which is determined by calculating the % Transmission value of erythema (% Te), the value of % Transmission pigmentation (% Tp), and the value Sun Protection Factor (SPF). As well as regular testing alive by observing the effect of erythema on the skin of white mice (Rattus norvegicus) which is irradiated with UV light. Analysis results in vitro showed that Willd\'s Bougainvillea spectabilis ethanol extract cream was able to provide sunscreen activity with concentrations of 1.5%, 1.0%, 0.5% with SPF values respectively 21.22 (ultra protection); 16.69 (ultra protection) and 12.48 (maximum protection) compared to the Para amino benzoic acid (PABA) control 6.95 (extra protection), with a percent erythema (% Te) concentration value of 1.5%, 1.0% , 0.5% with consecutive values of 6.85 (standard suntan); 7.26 (standard suntan) and 10.42 (fast tanning) compared to control cream Para amino benzoic acid (PABA) 28.15 (fast tanning), with a percent pigmentation value (% Tp) concentration of 1.5%, 1.0 %, 0.5% with consecutive values of 7.29 (sunblock); 7.56 (sunblock) and 11.62 (sunblock) compared to the Para amino benzoic acid (PABA) control, namely 60.10 (extra protection). Then on to testing alive using one-way ANOVA analysis, it was found that Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd bractea ethanol extract was able to inhibit the emergence of erythema in test animals significantly (p<0.05) in all treatment groups, with the diameter of erythema formed at concentrations of 1.5%, 1.0% , 0.5% produces an erythema score of 1, which means very little erythema is produced.

The PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK DAUN MANGGA MANALAGI TERHADAP MUTU FISIK DAN EFEKTIVITAS TABIR SURYA EMULGEL KOMBINASI OCTINOXATE-AVOBENZONE

Avobenzone and octinoxate are often used as a combination of organic UV filters in sunscreen. At high exposure to UV light, these UV filters can be degraded so that their sunscreen’s effectiveness is reduced. Several studies reported that the combination of plant extracts with synthetic UV filters could increase sunscreen's SPF. Mango leaves contain high levels of flavonoids and in several studies have been shown to have photoprotective activity with good Sun Protection Factor (SPF) values. The Manalagi mango plant is a type of mango that is widely planted in yards, so it's easy to get the raw materials. This study aims to determine the effect of manalagi mango leaf extract with a concentration of 1, 3, and 5% on the physical quality (pH, viscosity, spreadability) and sunscreen activity (SPF, %TE, %TP) of sunscreen emulgel containing avobenzone and octinoxate. This study showes that increasing the concentration of manalagi mango leaf extract reduced the pH and viscosity of the preparation, and significantly increased the spreadability of all formulas. Besides that, it can also increase the SPF value and decrease the %TE and %TP values. The emulgel formula that had the highest sunscreen activity was F3 with an extract concentration of 5%, had an SPF value of 30.597 ± 0.600, %TE 0.0001 ± 0.0001, and %TP 0.0038 ± 0.0016.

Potential of purple eggplant skin fraction (Solanum Melongena Var. Serpentinum L.) as an in vitro sunscreen

Sunscreen is a product that is used as skin protection against sun exposure. The skin of purple eggplant is known to contain secondary metabolites which are used as sunscreens. This study aims to determine the activity of sunscreen fraction of the purple eggplant (Solanum melongena var. serpentinum L.) in vitro. Testing of sunscreen activity was carried out by calculating the value of SPF (Sun Protection Factor), %TE (Percent Transmission of Erythema) and %TP (Percent Transmission of Pigmentation) using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The purple eggplant skin fractionation method is by using LVC (Liquid Vacuum Chromatography). The results of the fractionation were identified using phytochemical screening and combined TLC. The fraction results were tested for SPF (Sun Protection Factor), %TE and %TP values. The results showed that the extract yield was 26.33%. The fractions used are fraction 9; 10; 11; and 12 which showed the same stain after being evaporated, which was a brownish yellow stain with a yield of 21,24%. The purple eggplant skin fraction (Solanum melongena var. serpentinum L.) has SPF, %TE and %TP values with optimal protection at a concentration of 400 ppm with each value obtained being 19; 1.35 and 9.79. The results of the statistical test of the purple eggplant skin fraction showed that the data were normally distributed but not homogeneous. The results of the homogeneity test for each concentration of results showed that the data were not significantly different.

The Comparison of the Sunscreen Activity of Ethanol Extracts and Fractions from Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Leaves using UV Spectrophotometer Method

Background: The development of sunscreen preparations has led to the use of natural ingredients as active substances. Robusta coffee leaves (Coffea canephora) contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids. From previous research the SPF value of its ethanol extract at 150 ppm was 12,989 (Maximum protection). The sunscreen activity of its fractions need to be determined, to find out which one has the highest potential sunscreen activities
 Method: Sunscreen activity examination was carried out in vitro using a UV spectrophotometer. The concetntration of each fraction used was 150 ppm.
 Results: The N-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions have sunscreen activity with extra protective power, SPF values respectively were 6.006, 7.609, and 8.046. This activities arises from the content of flavonoids, phenolics and tannins. While the remaining water fraction has the lowest protective activity, with SPF value 3.985 and only contain tannin. Compared to Its ethanol extract, the ethanol extract has better sunscreen activit, because at a 150 ppm it has SPF value 12.989 (Maximum sunscreen activity)
 Conclusion: the sunscreen activity of this fraction is lower than its ethanol extract. The ethanol extract of robusta coffee leaves has more potential to be developed into a sunscreen preparation.
 Keywords: ; Robusta coffee leaves ; Fraction ; SPF Value

Essential Oil of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.), Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activity and Its Formulation Tests as Sunscreen Cream

Essential Oil of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.), Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activity and Its Formulation Tests as Sunscreen Cream

Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activities of Cananga Oil and Its Formulation Test as A Facial Spray

Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activities of Cananga Oil and Its Formulation Test as A Facial Spray

Formulation of Ensulizole with Beta-Cyclodextrins for Improved Sunscreen Activity and Biocompatibility

In today's context, prolonged exposure to sunlight is widely recognized as a threat to human health, leading to a range of adverse consequences, including skin cancers, premature skin aging, and erythema. To mitigate these risks, preventive actions mainly focus on advocating the application of sunscreen lotions and minimizing direct exposure to sunlight. This research study specifically centered on ensulizole (ENS), a prominent ingredient in sunscreens. The objective was to create inclusion complexes (ICs) with Beta-cyclodextrin (B–CD) and its hydroxypropyl derivatives (H–CD). Using phase solubility measurements, we determined that both B–CD and H–CD form 1:1 stoichiometric ICs with ENS. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral (1H NMR) analysis confirmed that the phenyl portion of ENS is encapsulated within the B–CD cavity. Significant changes in surface morphology were observed during the formation of these ICs compared to ENS and CDs alone. Quantum mechanical calculations were employed to further support the formation of ICs by providing energy data. Particularly, the photostability of the ENS:B–CD ICs remained intact for up to four hours of UV exposure, with no significant alterations in the structure of ENS. Furthermore, comprehensive biocompatibility assessments yielded encouraging results, suggesting the potential application of these inclusion complexes in cosmetics as a UVB sunscreen. In summary, our research underscores the successful creation of inclusion complexes characterized by enhanced photostability and safe biocompatibility.

Protective Factor Evaluation of Purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) Magenta Flower Variety Herbs Extract Cream Formula

Background: Indonesia is an equatorial country that is rich in sunlight all year. UV light is divided into three wavelength groups: UV-A (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm), and UV-C (100-290nm). Intracell chromophores in skin cell membranes such as riboflavin, porphyrin, nicotinamide, and enzymes will absorb the UV-A light. The UV-B light penetrates the dermis layer and causes DNA structure changes, which lead to wrinkles and a rising risk of skin cancer. Premature skin aging and skin cancer can be prevented with sunscreen preparation containing compounds that can protect the skin from UV radiation. Flavonoid is one of the purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) active metabolites that have the potency to be developed as sunscreen. Objective: This research aimed to determine the ability of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) magenta flower variety herbs extract cream as a sunscreen as indicated by the %Te, %Tp, and Sun Protective Factor value. Methods: This research was an experimental study with various purslane magenta flower variety herbs extract cream formulas that were tested for their %Te, %Tp, and SPF value with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: The sunscreen cream preparation with 2.5% of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) magenta flower variety herb extract had %Te, %Tp, and SPF values of 25.86 ± 2.41%, 36.05 ± 2.82%, and 3.97 ± 0.35 respectively. At the same time, preparations with 5% concentration of extract had %Te, %Tp, and SPF values of 8.23 ± 0.86%, 16.65 ± 0.92%, and 8.03 ± 0.38, respectively. Conclusion: The sunscreen activity of all extract concentration creams was significantly different compared to the negative control (cream base) in all parameters. Flavonoids are the compounds responsible for the sunscreen activity of purslane extract.

Formulation, Characterization, and Sunscreen Potential Evaluation of Nutmeg Leaf Essential Oil Nanoemulsions (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)

Nutmeg leaf essential oil (Myristica Fragrans Houtt.) is one of the natural ingredients which have antioxidant activity and potential as a sunscreen. The research aims to formulate nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion, characterize, and determine its potency as a sunscreen. Nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion was formulated with 1; 3; and 5 mL of oil content with two variations of surfactant. The characterization included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, %T, nanoemulsion type, droplet size, thermodynamic and centrifugation stability tests. Evaluation was conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength range of 290-400 nm with ethanol as a blank and non-nano-emulsified as a comparison. The result showed that the nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion had clear and stable appearance, safe for skin, viscosity values of <200 mPas, %T values of near 100%, nanoemulsions type of o/w, and particles size of <200 nm. The evaluation showed that the sunscreen activities of nutmeg leaf oil nanoemulsion was higher than non-nano-emulsified. The highest sunscreen activity was the formula A nanoemulsion which an oil content of 5 mL and had an SPF value of 1.475; %Te value of 50.571%; and %Tp value of 77.218%. The nanoemulsion sunscreen activity of formula A was categorized as a regular suntan

Aktivitas Tabir Surya Pada Formulasi GEL Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia Calabura Linn) Secara In Vitro

The prevalence of breast cancer in the city of Surakarta was the second highest cancer prevalence in the province of Central Java in 2013, namely 678 cases, while in the city of Semarang as the first place there were 832 cases and the city of Magelang as the third place there were 348 cases. Kersen leaves (Muntingia Calabura L) have a high total flavonoid and phenol content so they can be used as a basic ingredient for making sunscreen gel. The aim of this research was to determine the sunscreen activity of a gel formulation containing ethanol extract of cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L), the effective dosage, and the good quality of the preparation. This type of research uses quantitative analytical experimental methods. Kersen leaf ethanol extract sunscreen gel was made using Carbopol 940 base. Three formulas were made with a Carbopol base concentration of 1% and varying doses of cherry leaf extract 4%, 6%, 9%. The total flavonoid content of cherry leaves was 21.55 mg QE/g. The result of physical characteristics of FI (pH 4,82 ; Viscosity 250 dpas ; Spreadability 6,05 cm ; Adhesion 3,57cm), FII (pH 5,41 Viscosity 330 dpas ; Spreadability 5,79 cm ; Adhesion 4,43 cm), FIII (pH 5,84 Viscosity 360 dpas ; Spreadability 5,21 cm ; Adhesion 4,64 cm) and FIV (pH 4,63 ; Viscosity 170 dpas ; Spreadability 6,14 cm ; Adhesion 4,88 cm). The SPF values ??produced at extract concentrations of 4% (FI), 6% (FII), 9% (FIII) were 17.02; 34.74, and 40.09. The highest SPF value is found in FIII, namely 40.09, which is included in the ultra protection category with a cherry leaf extract concentration of 9%.

Optimization of 3,4-Dimethoxychalcone and Rutin Containing Gel with Simplex Lattice Design and In Vitro-In Vivo Test as a Sunscreen

3,4-Dimethoxychalcone and rutin, a flavonoid that contains chromophore groups, can absorb UV light and thus can be developed as a sunscreen. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum formula of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin containing gel, evaluate its physical stability, and activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel as a sunscreen through in vitro and in vivo tests. HPMC, CMC-Na, and methylcellulose were formulated into a gel base to obtain good adhesion and a clear appearance gel. Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) with Design Expert software version 10 was utilized to determine the optimum gel formulation. UVA-PF protection, photostability with transpore method, and acute dermal irritation test were performed to evaluate sunscreen activity of 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin gel. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results showed that the optimum formula for 3,4-dimethoxychalcone-rutin gel consisted of 1.5% HPMC, 1.8% CMC-Na and 0.6% methylcellulose, which showed a pH of 6.96, viscosity of 89.10 dpa.s, and spreadability of 16.30 cm2. The pH, viscosity, and spreadability of base and 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin gel was stable for 4 weeks of storage. The UVA-PF value is 6.48 which according to the FDA is included in the category of a two star (**) sunscreen label. The sunscreen did not exhibit a shift in wavelength after 6 hours of irradiation. Based on the primary irritation test, 3,4-dimethoxychalcone- rutin sunscreen produced zero (0) erythema and edema index. Thus, it did not cause irritation to the skin of experimental animals. Therefore, the gel containing 3,4-dimethoxychalcone and rutin had potential as a sunscreen product based on in vitro-in vivo tests and was safe on animal skin.

Molecular Modelling Based on TD-DFT Applied to UV Spectra of Coumarin Derivatives

The optimization of geometry and electronic transition of seven coumarin derivatives for sunscreen activity have been conducted using Orca. DFT methods is applied to find optimum geometry and parameter data is measured like bond length and bond angle. TD-DFT is conducted to get electronic transition to get ultraviolet (UV) spectra. The result shows that the coumarin derivative transition type is n to π* and π to π*. All coumarin exhibits the properties of UV-B protection, however, two out of seven show properties as a UV-A protection. The energy difference HOMO-LUMO shows that coumarin with isopropyl substituent has the smallest energy gap, around 0.1559, whereas coumarin with fluorine atom substituent has the biggest energy gap.