Acid Sunflower Oil Research Articles

Improved synthesis of sophorolipid biosurfactants using industrial by-products and their practical application

Abstract Surfactants are amphipathic molecules that are generally chemically derived. Compared to these surfactants, biosurfactants have a better environmental profile and are derived from microorganisms. Among the biosurfactants, sophorolipids (SLs) are probably the most promising biosurfactants. In general, the costs of raw materials in the synthesis of biosurfactants accounts for about 10–30% of the total costs. These costs can be reduced to some extent by using industrial by-products as substrates for the synthesis of SLs. In this study, sunflower acid oil (SAO), a by-product of sunflower oil refining, and crude glycerol (so-called “sweetwater”), which is the glycerol-rich solution from the mixed fat hydrolysis reaction, also an industrial by-product, are used for the synthesis of SLs. We obtained comparable yields (0.8/50 mL) to previous reports using a combination of treated SAO (10% w/v) and sweetwater (19% w/v). For the bleaching process, we used 1% and 3% activated earth for normal and heavy treatments over a period of 1 h and 3 h, respectively. Glycerol is inexpensively available in the form of sweetwater from fat-splitting plants and was used as the hydrophilic source. The purification of the SL can be achieved by crystallization at pH 7. The purified SL is analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, it was incorporated into different liposomal formulations for the encapsulation of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen. The ratio of drug to cholesterol and SL was 1:1:0.5. The liposomal structures were examined for their size of 2 µ by direct light scattering.

STUDY OF THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SEVERAL TYPES OF VEGETABLE OILS WITH DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Vegetable oils are currently not only one of the most popular foods in the world, having a reputation for being healthy, but also the main source of unsaturated fatty acids, which prevent numerous cardiovascular and other diseases. In order to study the depth of oxidative changes in the chemical composition of the fatty acid phase in real technological processing processes and the preparation of culinary dishes using vegetable oils, the peroxide, acid, anisidine, Totox, thiobarbituric numbers for vegetable oil were studied under various conditions of model conditions: cooking (temperature 95-100 °C, processing time 30 min), frying (temperature 195-200 °C, processing time 15 min), short-term heating (microwave heating power 90 W, processing time 2 min), breaking the condition ovy storage (temperature 35-40 °C, and treatment time 3 to 7 days). With a comparative description of oxidative processes in coconut, palm, and sunflower oil, it was established that sunflower oil is prone to deep oxidative damage processes. A high propensity to increase the studied parameters was found for all treatment options, which indicates a deep occurrence of oxidative processes in vegetable oils. A particularly large effect, accelerating the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of sunflower oil, is observed in the case of storage at elevated temperatures and microwave heating. Based on these data, recommendations are made on the need to use natural antioxidants in the processing of vegetable oils, food production using vegetable oils, cooking culinary dishes, in the formulation of which vegetable oils are present.

SELECTED QUALITY INDICATORS OF SUNFLOWER SEED AND OIL SOLD IN UKRAINE

Abstract. Due to the growing need for healthy food, the demand for high-oleic sunflower oil is increasing every year, both in the world and in Ukraine. Oil has valuable properties for both manufacturers and consumers. Therefore, setting standards for the fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds and sunflower oil is quite relevant and important. The purpose of this work is to carry out a comparative analysis of the Ukrainian and the international regulations on the content of fatty acids in sunflower oil; to study the sunflower oil and sunflower seeds available on the Ukrainian market by separate quality indicators and to determine the proportion of high-oleic oil. The article provides a comparative analysis of national and international regulations. The current DSTU 4492: 2017 does not have a distribution of sunflower oil according to the oleic acid content. This acid is normalized in the range of 14.0-39.4%, which corresponds to ordinary oil. According to international requirements, sunflower oil is divided into ordinary, with an average content of oleic acid and high-oleic acid, and some more fatty acids regulated. We used gas chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds and sunflower oil samples received for research at ULQSAP during 2017–2019. It was found that the market of Ukraine had a significant share of high-oleic oil, particularly in 2019 (57.14%), compared to 2018 (18.8%) and 2017 (40%). This confirms the worldwide trend of growing varieties of high oleic acid sunflower breeds in Ukraine. A comparative analysis of sunflower seeds by mass fraction of oil for 2017-2019 was carried out. We established that by mass fraction of oil, sunflower seeds used for the production of sunflower oil in Ukraine mainly belong to the second class. Keywords: fatty acids, high-oleic oil , sunflower seed s , oleic acid, the mass fraction of oil

Optimization of the relation of ω-6 / ω-3 fatty acids in sunflower oil

According to the modern theory of nutrition, food must not only meet the physiological needs of man, but also have therapeutic and prophylactic properties. The disadvantage of sunflower oil is the practical absence of linolenic acid, which is attributed to the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 (vitamin F), in its fatty acid composition The enrichment of sunflower oil with linolenic acid transforms it into a product of prophylactic and therapeutic purpose, increasing the number of its functional properties.Purpose of the study: to obtain model mixtures with the optimum ratio of unsaturated fatty acids.Materials and methods: blending method, high-performance gas chromatography method.Results: The fatty acid composition of the obtained fat mixtures was investigated and the ratio of ω-3 / ω-6 polyunsaturated higher carboxylic acids was established, which justifies the use of 90:10 sunflower oil flax blends for daily nutrition and 70:30 for prophylaxis.Conclusions: The results obtained can be used to improve the ratio of higher carboxylic acids ω-3 and ω-6 in the diet, which can have a positive effect on the dynamics of cardiovascular disease. Oil mixtures with a balanced fatty acid composition can become an effective tool for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and increase the functionality of products of the oil and fat industry

Functional characterization and structural modelling of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) ketoacyl-CoA synthases and their role in seed oil composition.

The enzymes HaKCS1 and HaKCS2 are expressed in sunflower seeds and contribute to elongation of C18 fatty acids, resulting in the C20-C24 fatty acids in sunflower oil. Most plant fatty acids are produced by plastidial soluble fatty acid synthases that produce fatty acids of up to 18 carbon atoms. However, further acyl chain elongations can take place in the endoplasmic reticulum, catalysed by membrane-bound synthases that act on acyl-CoAs. The condensing enzymes of these complexes are the ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCSs), responsible for the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives in plants, these including waxes and cuticle hydrocarbons, as well as fatty aldehydes. Sunflower seeds accumulate oil that contains around 2-3% of VLCFAs and studies of the fatty acid elongase activity in developing sunflower embryos indicate that two different KCS isoforms drive the synthesis of these fatty acids. Here, two cDNAs encoding distinct KCSs were amplified from RNAs extracted from developing sunflower embryos and named HaKCS1 and HaKCS2. These genes are expressed in developing seeds during the period of oil accumulation and they are clear candidates to condition sunflower oil synthesis. These two KCS cDNAs complement a yeast elongase null mutant and when expressed in yeast, they alter the host's fatty acid profile, proving the encoded KCSs are functional. The structure of these enzymes was modelled and their contribution to the presence of VLCFAs in sunflower oil is discussed based on the results obtained.

Sunflower Acid Oil‐Based Production of Rhamnolipid Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Application in Liquid Detergents

AbstractUtilization of industrial waste as substrates for the rhamnolipid synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a worthy alternative for conventionally used vegetable oils and fatty acids to reduce the production cost of rhamnolipid. Sunflower acid oil (SAO), a by‐product of the oil industry, contains 70% 18:0 fatty acid, with oleic acid as a major component. In this scope, production and analysis of rhamnolipid was successfully demonstrated using SAO as a new substrate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced rhamnolipid (a glycolipid biosurfactant) at a maximum concentration of 4.9 g L−1 with 60 g L−1 of SAO in the medium. Structural properties of rhamnolipid biosurfactant are confirmed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Further surface‐active properties of the crude rhamnolipid were evaluated by measuring surface tension and emulsification properties. The synthesized rhamnolipid reduced the surface tension of water to 30.12 mN m−1 and interfacial tension (against heptane) to 0.52 mN m−1. Moreover, rhamnolipid shows the highest emulsification index (above 80%) for vegetable oils. This study confirms the use of SAO as a potential substrate for rhamnolipid production. The synthesized rhamnolipid was incorporated in liquid detergent formulation along with alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES). The performance properties including foaming and cleaning efficiency of liquid detergent were compared.

Evaluation of sunflower oil refinery waste as feedstock for production of sophorolipid

Abstract Sophorolipid, a glycolipid biosurfactant, was produced by submerged fermentation using Starmerella bombicola. Sunflower acid oil, waste from a vegetable oil refinery, has been studied as a newer feedstock with glucose for production of sophorolipid. Maximum sophorolipid production was found to be 41.6 g/L at shake flask and 51.5 g/L at fermenter level after 8 days of fermentation. Acidic and lactonic forms of sophorolipid were synthesized using acid oil, with the later being abundant. Structure of purified sophorolipid confirmed with the help of HPLC, LCMS and NMR analysis. The final product was characterized for its surface activity and exhibited equivalent performance when compared with the fresh substrate (oleic acid and sunflower oil) based sophorolipid. The sunflower acid oil based sophorolipid reduced the surface tension of water to 35.5 mN/m and interfacial tension (water/n-heptane) to 0.923 mN/m whereas it reduced to 30.69 mN/m and 5.8 mN/m respectively for synthetic surfactant polysorbate 20. The sunflower acid oil based sophorolipid was also shown to have better emulsification as well as wetting property but less foamability comparatively.

Food chain approach to lowering the saturated fat of milk and dairy products

Lactating cow diets were supplemented with high‐oleic acid sunflower oil over two production periods spanning two years, to modify the milk fat, partially replacing saturated fatty acids with cis‐monounsaturated fatty acids. The resulting milk was used for ultrahigh‐temperature milk, butter and Cheddar cheese production, and fatty acid profiles were compared with those of conventionally produced products. Fat from products made with modified milk had lower saturated fatty acids and higher cis‐ and trans‐monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations than that of conventional products. This was consistent over both production periods, demonstrating that this food chain approach could be adopted on a wider scale.

Simultaneous quantification of epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids as oxidation products of triacylglycerols in edible oils

Epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids are important intermediates during lipid oxidation; quantification of both structures may help evaluate the extent of competition among various lipid oxidation pathways. This article describes a method to simultaneously determine saturated- and unsaturated- epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids derived from oxidation of vegetable oils. The experimental procedures employed transesterification with sodium methoxide, separation of epoxy and hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using solid-phase extraction (SPE), and trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization of hydroxy groups. GC–MS was used to identify the epoxy and hydroxy FAME in two different SPE fractions, while GC-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to determine their quantities. Epoxy-octadecanoate/octadecenoate and hydroxy-octadecanoate/octadecenoate/octadecadienoate were determined as lipid oxidation products generated from oxidation of sunflower and canola oils. An isomer of methyl 13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate (13-HODE) TMS ether co-eluted with methyl 15-hydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate TMS ether, which was only present in canola oil; thus, GC–MS-selected ion monitoring (GC–MS–SIM) was used to determine the concentration of 13-HODE. The proposed method has been successfully applied to monitor epoxy and hydroxy fatty acids in sunflower oil and canola oil oxidized at 40 °C.

ОБРАТНЫЕ ЭМУЛЬСИИ, СТАБИЛИЗИРОВАННЫЕ МОНОЭТАНОЛАМИДАМИ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ ПОДСОЛНЕЧНОГО МАСЛА

Получены моноэтаноламиды жирных кислот подсолнечного масла, разработан способ разделения моноэтаноламидов насыщенных и ненасыщенных жирных кислот. С использованием фракции ненасыщенных жирных кислот получены обратные эмульсии на основе дизельного топлива и подсолнечного масла. Изучена стабильность обратных эмульсий в зависимости от объемов фаз, концентрации эмульгатора и природы гидрофобной фазы.

Proficiency testing performance of Turkish laboratories on determination of relative composition of fatty acids in sunflower oil

Proficiency testing performance of Turkish laboratories on determination of relative composition of fatty acids in sunflower oil

Proficiency testing performance of Turkish laboratories on determination of relative composition of fatty acids in sunflower oil

Proficiency testing performance of Turkish laboratories on determination of relative composition of fatty acids in sunflower oil

Utilization of sunflower acid oil for synthesis of alkyd resin

Abstract Sunflower acid oil, a by-product of sunflower oil refining is an important source of free fatty acids with minor amounts of glycerides and sterols. Sunflower acid oil was utilized to synthesize alkyd resin by alcoholysis-polyesterification method due to its availability and low cost. Three different alkyd resins have been synthesized from sunflower acid oil by using different ratios of phthalic and maleic anhydride. The various physico-chemical properties of sunflower acid oil like acid value, saponification value, iodine value, volatile matter, etc. and fatty acid composition was determined. In this study, physico-chemical properties of alkyd resins like acid value, viscosity, saponification value, volatile matter, etc. were measured and compared with refined sunflower oil based alkyd resins as well as commercial alkyd resin. The structural characterization of the resins was carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The drying properties of the alkyd resins had been significantly improved with the increase of maleic anhydride content in the resin. The film coating performance of the alkyd resins was characterized by drying time, pencil hardness test, cross-cut adhesion test, gloss measurement and chemical resistance test. It can be concluded that the sunflower acid oil can find potential application as a raw material in surface coating purposes.

The effect of dietary lipid sources on layer fertility and hatchability

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acids (FA) on the fertility and hatchability of laying hens at the end-of-lay period (69 - 77 weeks of age). Five isoenergetic (12.4 MJ ME/kg DM) and isonitrogenous (170 g CP/kg DM) diets were formulated using different lipid sources (30 g/kg inclusion) to manipulate the dietary FA profile. The control diet was formulated using a 50 : 50 blend of linseed and fish oil, while fish oil was used in the polyunsaturated n-3 treatment. Sunflower oil was used in the polyunsaturated n-6 treatment, while in the mono-unsaturated n-9 diet high oleic acid (HO) sunflower oil was used. Lastly, tallow was used as a lipid source in the saturated FA diet. One hundred and twenty five hens (n = 25/treatment) and 50 cockerels (n = 10/treatment) of the Hy-Line Silver-Brown genotype were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatments at 20 weeks of age. From 69 weeks of age, hens were inseminated with 0.06 mL undiluted semen from cockerels within the same dietary treatment. Between 71 and 78 weeks of age (49 days) a total of 588 eggs-per-treatment were collected, individually marked (date and hen number) and incubated in a single-stage still-air incubator. Eggs were candled on D7 and D14 to determine embryonic mortalities and a 24 h window for hatching was allowed (D21 + 24 h). Although the fish oil treatment resulted in the lowest egg weights (59.3 g) and fertility (84.6%), it recorded the highest hatchability (76%). In contrast, the sunflower oil treatment recorded the lowest hatchability (58.2%) of all treatments, despite its high egg fertility (89.6%). Results of the study suggest that the dietary fatty acid content, in particular the n-3 and n-6 levels, need critical consideration in terms of concentration and ratio in the formulation of breeder diets to limit embryonic mortalities during incubation.Keywords: Chicks, embryo, mortality, mono-, polyunsaturated fatty acids

The effect of lipid saturation on nutrient digestibility of layer diets

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary lipid saturation on nutrient digestibility of layer diets. Five isoenergetic (12.6 MJ AME/kg DM) and isonitrogenous (170 g CP/kg DM) diets were formulated using different lipid sources at a constant 30 g/kg inclusion level. The control n-3 diet was formulated using a blend (50 : 50) of linseed- and fish oil, while fish oil (polyunsaturated n-3), sunflower oil (polyunsaturated n-6), high oleic acid (HO) sunflower oil (monounsaturated n-9) and tallow (saturated fatty acid) were used as other supplementary lipid sources. The five dietary treatments were randomly allocated to the two hundred (200) individually caged Hy-Line Silver-Brown laying hens (20 weeks of age) (n = 40/treatment). Experimental diets were provided to the birds on an ad libitum basis for a 22 week period (from 20 to 42 weeks of age). At 42 weeks of age, six hens per treatment (n = 6 replicates/treatment), were randomly selected to partake in a digestibility study over a 7 day period using the total collection technique. The polyunsaturated n-6 treatment resulted in the lowest crude protein digestibility, whereas the saturated fatty acid treatment resulted in the lowest fat digestibility. Furthermore, the polyunsaturated n-3 diet resulted in the highest dietary AME (13.29 MJ/kg DM) and AMEn (12.74 MJ/kg DM) content.

Formulation of lubricating greases from renewable basestocks and thickener agents: A rheological approach

This work deals with the development and rheological characterization of a variety of green lubricating grease formulations based on different combinations of vegetable oil-derived basestocks and biopolymers obtained from renewable resources. Castor oil, high-oleic sunflower acid oil (HOS-AO) and a ricinoleic acid-derived estolide were tested as basestocks, whereas chitosan and Kraft cellulose pulp, apart from traditional lithium soap, were selected as thickener agents. Rheological behaviour was characterized by means of small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and viscous flow measurements. In addition to these, some standard mechanical tests were carried out in order to evaluate the suitability of these formulations for lubricant applications. The rheological response depends on the type of vegetable oil-derived basestocks and thickener agent. Higher values of the SAOS functions were obtained for chitosan-based formulations. High viscosity and consistency were particularly achieved by combining the estolide sample and lithium hydroxide. On the contrary, soft greases and generally higher flow indexes were found in cellulose pulp-based formulations. The effect of the different basestocks on the rheological response was explained attending to the influence exerted by oil viscosity and basestock-thickener polar interactions, as well as the chemical reaction between the basestock carboxylic moieties and lithium hydroxide to form different thickener structures.

Protein and energy metabolism of young male Wistar rats fed conjugated linoleic acid as structured triacylglycerol

Twelve 4-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 100 g were fed diets semi-ad libitum for 22 d containing either 1.5% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA-diet) or high oleic sunflower oil (Control-diet). The CLA was structured triacylglycerol with predominantly cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 fatty acid isomers in the inner position and oleic acid in the other positions of the glycerol molecule. The rats were kept individually in metabolic cages. From days 8–16 energy, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) balances as well as gas exchange measurements in open-air circuit respiration chambers were performed. CLA had no significant influence on feed intake, daily gain in weight or feed conversion efficiency, but the digestibility of nutrients and energy was significantly reduced (except for fat). CLA did not affect N-balance, but reduced the level of daily retained fat (RQ-method: 0.107 vs. 0.417 g/d, p < 0.01) and consequently energy retention in fat. This was explained by increased heat production (HP, RQ-method: 224.6 vs. 214.6 kJ/d, p < 0.001) caused by a higher fat oxidation (28.9% vs. 22.3%, p < 0.001) at the expense of oxidation of carbohydrates (65.6% vs. 71.4%, p < 0.001), while there was no significant effect on the oxidation of protein (5.5% vs. 6.3%). Consequently, the non-protein respiratory quotient (RQnp) was lower in the rats fed the CLA-diet than in the rats fed the Control-diet (0.907 vs. 0.928, p < 0.001). Plasma total lipids of the CLA-fed rats had higher concentrations of the cis-9, trans-11 than the trans-10, cis-12 CLA-isomer. This study shows that young male Wistar rats respond to CLA fed as structured triacylglycerol.

Esterification of free fatty acids in sunflower oil over solid acid catalysts using batch and fixed bed-reactors

The esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) found in vegetable oils with CH3OH using a solid catalyst is a promising method to convert FFA into valuable fatty acid methyl ester (FAME, biodiesel) and obtain a FFA-free oil that can be further transesterified using alkali bases. The present work aimed at determining active and durable solid catalysts for the esterification of palmitic acid (PA, C16H32O2) dissolved in commercial sunflower oil with methanol. Contrary to the case of experiments realized at high dilution in solvents or in pure FFA medium, in which methanol is fully soluble, a lack of full miscibility occurred in the present case. Both a stirred batch reactor and, for the first time to our knowledge, a recirculating system using a fixed bed-reactor were used to investigate this system. A silica-supported Nafion® resin (SAC-13) appeared as the most promising catalyst, requiring no activation, contrary to sulfated zirconia (SZ) that must be activated above 400 °C. The SZ material could not be fully regenerated after use because of sulfate group leaching and the fact that the adsorbed oil decomposed to form carbonaceous deposits at the higher temperatures needed to activate the sample by dehydration. The poisoning of SAC-13 by water was mild and simply reversed using a moisture-free feed or purging with a dry gas. The activity of SAC-13 measured with the batch reactor was essentially equal to that obtained using a fixed bed-reactor in a recirculating system and no rate difference was observed whether an extrudate or a powder form of the sample was used. No rate differences were also observed at various stirring rates. These observations stress that no mass transport limitations were taking place. The TOF (based on the number of sulfur atoms) obtained over the SAC-13 was about seven times lower than that obtained using concentrated sulfuric acid. The possibility to use a fixed bed reactor paves the way for simplified studies of similar systems in terms of (1) the separation of the catalyst and product and (2) the mechanical stability of the catalyst particles. The combination of SAC-13 and a fixed bed-reactor system could lead to a practical and cost-effective FFA removal unit in front of typical oil transesterification units.

The effects of fatty acids on the particle size distribution of the Portland cement

The cement has to be ground fine enough and have the optimum particle size distribution (PSD) to meet the requirements such as strength properties and setting times in current standards. As it takes quite a long time to determine especially the late strength, grinding has to be based on the cement fineness and the PSD. In this study, the effects of fatty acids were investigated on the PSD of Portland cement. Experimental results showed that the fineness of the cement was decreased for that replaced with 0.025 wt.% lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA) and sunflower oil acid (SO), then increased for the other additions. The fineness measurements revealed that the cement grains aggregated for an amount of 0.025 % (w) during the grinding. Also, when the PSD of the ground cement is examined, the relationship between the saturated and the unsaturated components is evident that milling the cement clinker together with 0.1% (w) LA and 0.1 wt. % MA gave the finer cement from that with 0.1 wt.% SO.

Cyclic fatty acids in sunflower oils during frying of frozen foods with oil replenishment

AbstractFrying of frozen foods has become popular because it considerably reduces cooking time. Polymers and cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) formed during frying are potentially toxic and therefore their production should be minimized. Twenty discontinuous fryings of different frozen foods were carried out over ten consecutive days, in sunflower oil (SO) and in high‐oleic acid sunflower oil (HOSO), by adding fresh oil after each frying to bring the volume of the fryer oil back to 3 L. CFAM methyl ester derivates were hydrogenated, isolated, concentrated and quantified by HPLC using a reverse‐phase column, followed by gas chromatography. After 20 fryings, significantly higher contents of polar material, polymers and CFAM (all p &lt;0.001) were found in SO than in HOSO. Bicyclic compound formation was four times higher in SO (p &lt;0.001). The fat from the fried potatoes presented a polymer content very similar to that of their corresponding oils. The 100‐g rations of the SO‐fried potatoes from the 20th frying supply 49 or 15%, respectively, more polymers and CFAM and 1 mg more bicyclic fatty acids than the 100‐g rations of HOSO‐fried potatoes. Because digestion and absorption of polar material, polymers and CFAM occur, the data clearly show the advantageousness and advisability of frying with HOSO rather than SO.